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LATINE  REDDENDA: 

EXERCISES    FROM 

rHE    BEGINNER'S    UPitlU    BeeK. 


THE  authors  of  the  "  Beginner's  Latin  Book  "  are  of  the 
opinion  that  a  separate  edition  of  the  exercises  for 
turning  English  into  Latin  will  be  a  great  convenience  to 
teachers. 

After  the  exercises  have  been  done  once  with  the  help 
of  the  special  vocabularies  and  under  the  direction  and 
criticism  of  the  teacher,  it  will  be  found  useful  to  review 
them  again  and  again,  sometimes  orally,  sometimes  in 
writing,  with  all  helps  in  the  way  of  rules,  special  vocabu- 
laries, and  model  sentences  removed.  The  pupil  is  thus 
left  to  depend  entirely  upon  his  previous  study  and  faith- 
ful attention  to  his  teacher's  instructions. 

It  is  believed  also  that  teachers  who  use  other  elemen- 
tary Latin  books  will  be  glad  to  have,  in  cheap  and  con- 
venient form,  a  set  of  exercises  which  they  can  use  as 
supplementary  to  their  regular  work.  For  such,  an  edition 
is  published  with  an  English- Latin  vocabulary. 

Both  editions  have  the  Glossarium  Grammaticum  for 
the  aid  of  those  who  wish  to  conduct  recitations  in  Latin. 


INTRODUCTION    PRICES. 
Edition  with  Glossarium  Grammaticum  (bound  in  paper),  20  cents. 
Edition  with  Glossarium  Grammaticum  and  English-Latin  Vocabulary 
(bound  :n  cloth),  30  cents. 

^ > — ^ 


THE 


BEGINNER'S  LATIN  BOOK. 


BY 


WILLIAM   C.  COLLAR,  A.M., 

Head-Master  Roxbury  Latin  School, 


M.  GRANT  DANIELL,  A.M.. 

Principal  Chauncy-Hall  School,  Boston. 


JO  ^  t,  -•     *        v 


Longum  iter  est  per  praecepta,  hreve  et  efficax  per  exempla. 

Seneca. 


BOSTON,  U.S.A. : 
PUBLISHED   BY    GINN  &  COMPANy. 

1889. 


740 

C&97 

l-JL 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1886,  by 

William  C.  Collar  and  M.  Grant  Daniell, 
in  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


GIFT  OP 


J.  S.  CusHiNQ  &  Co.,  Printers,  Boston. 


PEEFAOE. 


THE  aim  of  this  book  is  to  serve  as  a  preparation  for 
reading,  writing,  and,  to  a  less  degree,  for  speaking 
Latin.  It  is  designed  primarily  for  boys  and  girls  who 
are  to  begin  the  study  of  Latin  at  an  early  age;  but  as 
all  who  would  get  from  Latin  the  best  mental  discipline, 
or  lay  a  broad  and  firm  foundation  for  Latin  scholarship, 
must  traverse  pretty  much  the  same  road,  and  as  Latin  is 
begun  in  this  country  by  most  learners  before  any  other 
foreign  language  is  studied,  a  beginner's  Latin  book  for 
those  who  take  up  the  study  at  the  age  of  ten  or  twelve 
need  not  be  essentially  different  from  one  designed  for 
learners  of  fourteen  or  fifteen.  The  most  important  dif- 
ference would  lie  in  the  knowledge  of  the  terminology  and 
principles  of  English  grammar  that  might  be  deemed  an  in- 
dispensable prerequisite.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  children  come 
to  the  study  of  Latin  with  all  degrees  of  ignorance  of  Eng- 
lish grammar,  and  the  minimum  of  necessary  knowledge  for 
the  beginner  is  unquestionably  very  small.  What  minimum  is 
considered  essential  for  those  who  use  this  book,  is  indicated 
on  page  6.  It  is  hoped,  therefore,  that  the  contents  of  the 
book  will  justify  its  title ;  that  it  does  not  assume  too  much, 
and  is  not  too  difficult  for  the  least  mature  who  are  likely  to 
use  it,  and  that  it  will  not  be  found  too  much  simplified, — 
too  juvenile,  for  those  who  begin  Latin  in  high  schools  and 
academies.  Simplicity,  clearness,  and  directness  have  been 
studied  throughout.  The  system  of  inflected  forms,  which 
is  seldom  mastered,  but  the  mastery  of  which  is  an  indis- 


IV  PREFACE. 

pensable  condition  of  further  pleasant,  successful,  and  profit- 
able study,  is  slowly  but  very  fully  developed,  with  the 
addition  of  abundant  and  varied  exercises.  For  conven- 
ience, as  well  as  on  educational  grounds,  the  paradigm  of 
the  verb  is  given  in  one  block,  instead  of  in  fragments  de- 
tached and  dispersed,  and  everywhere  the  active  and  passive 
forms  are  placed  side  by  side,  to  be  compared,  and  learned 
as  they  are  treated,  simultaneously. 

The  idea  underlying  and  controlling  the  plan  is  the  maxi- 
mum of  practice  with  the  minimum  of  theory,  on  the  princi- 
ple that  the  thorough  acquisition  of  the  elements  of  Latin 
must  be  more  of  art  than  science,  —  more  the  work  of 
observation,  comparison,  and  imitation,  than  the  mechanical 
following  of  rules,  or  the  exercise  of  analysis  and  conscious 
inductive  reasoning. 

The  book  contains  :  — 

1.  A  brief  introduction  explaining  the  Eoman  and  Eng- 
lish methods  of  pronunciation,  the  necessary  paradigms,  an 
outline  of  the  most  important  principles  of  syntax,  and  a 
large  number  of  exercises  for  translation  into  English  and 
into  Latin,  accompanied  by  short  explanatory  notes. 

2.  About  twenty-five  simple  Latin  dialogues,  added  to  as 
many  chapters.  Some  of  these  are  on  subjects  of  the 
lessons,  and  include  a  good  many  grammatical  terms  ;  some 
are  on  various  topics  of  school  and  holiday  life ;  and  otliers 
on  subjects  historical  and  mythological. 

3.  Easy  selections  for  translation,  consisting  besides  a 
number  of  fables,  of  extracts  from  Viri  Romae,  Nepos,  Ovid, 
Catullus,  Caesar,  and  Cicero,  some  interspersed  with  the 
lessons,  others  added  at  the  end  of  the  book. 

Those  who  seek  in  a  first  Latin  book  a  complete  presenta- 
tion of  the  facts  and  principles  of  the  Latin  language,  will 
not  be  satisfied  with  this  volume.  But,  in  the  opinion  of  the 
authors,  there  is  no  error  in  elementary  instruction  in  Latin 
more  common  and  more  deplorable  than  that  of  failing  to 


PREFACE. 


discriminate  between  the  relatively'  important  and  unimpor- 
tant ;  between  what  is  suited  to  the  beginning  and  what  to 
the  more  advanced  stages  of  the  study.  It  is  not  too  much 
to  say  that  a  very  great  part  of  the  barrenness  and  futility  of 
the  teaching  and  study  of  Latin  in  schools  is  due  to  this  lack 
of  discrimination,  and  to  a  false  conception  of  thoroughness. 
It  is  not  intended  to  imply  that  a  hard  and  fast  line  can  be 
drawn,  still  less  is  this  book  offered  as  a  realization  in  this 
respect  of  the  ideal.  The  ideal  is  never  realized.  But 
it  has  been  the  constant  aim  to  make  just  this  distinction : 
to  determine  ever^^ where,  in  the  light  of  much  observation 
and  reflection  and  of  long  experience,  what  should  be  made 
the  subject  of  immediate  study,  and  what  should  be  post- 
poned ;  what  is  entitled  to  prominence,  and  what  ought  to  be 
subordinated.  Some  excellent  teachers  think  that  the  sub- 
junctive mood  should  have  no  place  in  a  preparator}^  Latin 
book ;  and  undoubtedly  the  syntax  of  the  subjunctive  does 
involve  too  many  and  too  great  difficulties  for  such  a  work, 
if  anything  more  than  an  outline  of  some  commoner  uses  is 
attempted.  On  the  other  hand,  the  learner  can  hardly  read 
any  Latin  without  encountering  forms  of  the  subjunctive. 
The  best  way  then  seems  to  be  to  construct  a  large  number 
of  ver}^  short  sentences  for  practice  on  the  forms,  which 
shall  exhibit,  in  the  briefest  compass,  some  important  and 
most  frequently  recurring  uses  of  the  mood,  more  especially 
because  the  ways  of  translating  the  subjunctive  cannot  be 
illustrated  from  the  isolated  forms  in  the  paradigms,  as 
in  the  other  moods.  This  idea  has  been  worked  out  in 
part  in  Chapter  LIV.,  the  forms  having  been  previously  left 
untranslated. 

The  coUoquia  have  been  added,  not  as  an  integral  and 
necessary  part  of  the  lessons,  but  to  serve  as  an  incentive  to 
the  moderate  use  of  Latin  orally  in  recitation,  and  to  afford 
convenient  exercises  for  training  the  ear  and  for  enlarging 
the  vocabulary  of  the  learner.     The  grammatical  terms  have 


VI  PREFACE. 


been  drawn  chiefly  from  the  Institutiones  of  Rudimann. 
The  colloquium  on  page  5  has  been  borrowed  from  Dr.  H. 
Meurer's  Lateinisches  Lesehuch^  and  suggestions  and  parts 
of  the  materials  for  a  very  few  others  have  been  derived 
from  the  same  source  ;  also  two  or  three  of  the  pas- 
sages for  translation,  and  here  and  there  some  sentences 
in  the  exercises.  Whoever  examines  these  colloquia  with 
a  critical  eye,  will  find  some  words  which  are  confined  to 
the  vocabularies  of  grammarians  and  commentators,  and 
a  very  few  others  employed  in  senses  for  which  it  would 
be  embarrassing  to  be  required  to  cite  classical  authority. 
For  example,  the  word  pensum  is  used  often  in  the  sense 
of  a  schoolboy^s  tasJc^  something  to  be  done  or  learned^ 
a  lesson.  This  word  doubtless  meant  strictly  a  spinner's 
task.  But  in  classical  Latin  it  had  already  approached  the 
meaning  taslc  in  general,  and  it  is  but  a  very  slight  extension 
of  its  application  to  employ  it  as  it  is  in  the  colloquia.  Such 
a  moderate  decanting  of  new  wine  into  old  bottles,  it  is 
hoped  may  be  excused.  Still  if  any  teacher  thinks  that  the 
Latinity  of  his  pupils  will  be  injured  by  the  use  of  the  collo- 
quia^ it  is  optional  with  him  to  omit  them  altogether,  without 
losing  the  continuity  of  the  lessons. 

The  complaint  is  very  common,  and  its  justice  must 
be  acknowledged,  that  first  Latin  books  are  often  exces- 
sively and  needlessly  arid  and  wooden.  Accordingly  an 
effort  has  been  made,  while  following  a  rigorously  scientific 
method  in  the  development  of  the  successive  subjects,  to 
impart  something  of  attractiveness,  interest,  freshness,  and 
variety  to  the  study  of  the  elements  of  Latin  by  means  of 
the  colloquia^  the  choice  of  extracts  for  translation  (intro- 
duced as  earl}^  as  possible) ,  and  the  mode  of  treatment  in 
every  part,  extending  even  to  the  choice  of  Latin  words, . 
and  to  the  construction  of  many  of  the  exercises. 

Usage  is  not  fixed  in  respect  to   the  so-called  principal 
parts  of  verbs,  a  few  of  the  later  school  manuals  giving  the 


PREFACE.  Vll 

nominative  masculine  of  the  perfect  participle,  instead  of  the 
supine,  except  in  the  case  of  neuter  or  intransitive  verbs.  It 
has  been  thought  better  in  this  book  to  follow  the  prevailing 
practice,  only  to  treat  the  form  that  has  been  called  the 
supine  in  this  connection,  not  as  the  supine,  —  which  in  most 
cases  it  is  not  and  cannot  be,  since,  as  is  well  known,  only 
about  230  verbs  can  be  proved  to  have  a  supine, — but  as  the 
neuter  of  the  perfect  participle.^  Thus  the  learner  is  guarded 
against  errors  and  is  spared  the  perplexity  of  having  to 
memorize  now  one,  now  another  form. 

It  is  hoped  that  this  book  can  be  finished  and  reviewed  by 
the  average  learner  in  a  year,  and  that  the  transition  then 
to  Yiri  Eomae,  Nepos,  or  Caesar  will  not  prove  too  difficult. 
More  than  two-thirds  of  the  words  used  belong  to  the  vocab- 
ulary of  Caesar,  and  only  a  trifle  less  than  two-thirds  to  that 
of  Nepos.  In  the  case  of  young  pupils  it  may  be  advisable 
to  omit  the  translation  of  the  English  exercises  into  Latin, 
beginning  with  Chapter  LY.,  till  after  the  selections  for 
translation  at  the  end  of  the  book  have  been  read. 

It  remains  to  acknowledge  the  generous  assistance  of 
several  scholars.  Professor  George  M.  Lane,  of  Harvard 
University,  Professor  George  L.  Kittredge,  of  Exeter 
Academy,  N.H.,  George  F.  Forbes,  A.M.,  and  D.  O.  S. 
Lowell,  A.M.,  both  of  the  Roxbury  Latin  School,  and  Mar- 
shall W.  Davis,  A.B.,  of  Thayer  Academy,  Braintree,  read 
and  criticised  the  work  in  manuscript.  Mr.  Forbes  and  Mr. 
Lowell  also  read  the  proof-sheets  and  made  important  sug- 
gestions and  corrections.  The  authors  feel  especially  in- 
debted to  John  Tetlow,  A.M.,  Head-Master  of  the  Boston 
Girls'  High  and  Latin  Schools,  and  author  of  Inductive  Les- 
sons in  Latin ^  for  critically  reading  the  proof-sheets,  and  for 
materiaUj  contributing  to  the  improvement  of  the  book  by 

1  This  plan  has  been  followed  by  Dr.  R.  "F,  Leighton  in  his  First 
Steps  in  Latin. 


Vlll  PREFACE. 

the  correction  of  errors,  and  by  the  suggestions  of  his  con- 
scientious and  exact  scholarship. 

Thanks  are  due  to  Mr.  J.  S.  Gushing,  under  whose  per- 
sonal direction  the  book  has  been  printed,  for  the  patience, 
care,  and  skill  which  he  has  constantly  exercised  to  make 
the  work  typographically  as  faultless  as  possible. 

WM.  C.   COLLAR. 

M.   GRANT  DANIELL. 

Boston,  Sept.  1, 1886. 


OOIJTEI^TS. 


CHAPTER  PAGE 

I.    Introductory:   Alphabet,  Syllables,  Quantity,  Ac- 
cent, Cases,  Gender 1-6 

II.    First    Declension.  —  Direct    Object.  —  Possessive 

Dative. — Indirect  Object 7-12 

III.  Second  Declension.  —  Words  in  us  and  urn.  —  Pre- 

dicate Noun 13-17 

IV.  First   and    Second    Declensions.  —  Agreement    of 

Adjectives.  —  Colloquium,  58 17-19 

V.    Second  Declension. — -Words  in  er.  —  Ablative  of 

Agent 20-21 

VI.  Second  Declension.  — Words  in  er,  —  Paradigms  of 

Adjectives  of  First  and  Second  Declensions  .     .     22-24 

VII.  The  Verb  Sum :  Paradigm 25-26 

VIII.   The  Verb  Sum :   Present,  Imperfect,  and  Future 
Indicative;   Present  Imperative  and  Infinitive. 

—  Colloquium,  80 27-29 

IX.  The  Verb  Sum:  Perfect,  Pluperfect,  and  Future 
Perfect  Indicative  ;  Perfect  Infinitive.  —  Collo- 
quium, 85 30-31 

X.    First  Conjugation  :  Paradigm  of  the  Verb  Amo    .     32-34 

XI.    First  Conjugation  :  Present,  Imperfect,  and  Future 
Indicative ;  Present  Imperative  and  Infinitive.  — 
Ablative  of  Means. —  Colloquium,  95    ....     35-38 
XII.    First  Conjugation :  Perfect,  Pluperfect,  and  Future 

Perfect  Indicative ;  Perfect  Infinitive  ....     39-41 

XIII.  Third  Declension :  Mute  Stems.  —  Colloquium,  111  .     41-43 

XIV.  Second  Conjugation  :  Paradigm  of  the  Verb  Moneo     44-46 

XV.    Second  Conjugation :  Present,  Imperfect,  and  Future 

Indicative  ;  Present  Imperative  and  Infinitive   .     46-49 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  PAGE 

XVI.    Second  Conjugation:    Perfect,  Pluperfect,  and 
Future  Perfect  Indicative ;   Perfect  Infinitive. 

—  Colloquium,  126 49-52 

XVII.   Review  of   First   and   Second   Conjugations. — 

Ablative  of  Separation.  —  Colloquium,  133      .     53-55 

XVIII.   Third  Declension  :  Liquid  Stems.  —  Ablative  of 

Time.  —  Colloquium,  139 56-58 

XIX.    Third  Declension :   Sibilant  Stems.  —  Ablative 

of  Manner.  —  Colloquium,  148 59-62 

XX.    Third  Declension :  Stems  in  i.  —  Apposition. — 

Colloquium,  1^2 62-67 

XXI.    Third  Declension:    Mixed   Stems.  —  Rules   of 

Gender.  —  Colloquium,  173 68-72 

XXII.   Third  Declension :  Review 72-73 

XXIII.  Third  Conjugation :  Paradigm  of  the  Verb  Rego,     74-76 

XXIV.  Third  Conjugation :  Present,  Imperfect,  and  Fu- 

ture Indicative ;  Present  Imperative  and  Infini- 
tive.—  Colloquium,  187.  —  Passage  for  Trans- 
lation, 188 76-80 

XXV.  Third  Conjugation :  Perfect,  Pluperfect,  and  Fu- 
ture Perfect  Indicative ;  Perfect  Infinitive.  — 
Colloquium,  195 80-84 

XXVI.    Review.  — Passage  for  Translation,  199     .     .     .     84-86 

XXVII.   Irregular  Adjectives.  —  Colloquium,  204     ..     .     86-89 

XXVIII.    Comparison  of  Adjectives.  —  Declension  of  the 
Comparative.  —  Ablative  with  Comparatives. 

—  Passage  for  Translation,  215 89-92 

XXIX.  Formation  and  Comparison  of  Adverbs. —  Col- 
loquium, 222 93-96 

XXX.   Fourth    Conjugation :    Paradigm  of  the  Verb 

Audio 96-98 

XXXI.  Fourth  Conjugation :  Present,  Imperfect,  and 
Future  Indicative;  Present  Imperative  and 
Infinitive 99-100 


CONTENTS.  XI 


CHAPTER  PAGE 

XXXII.  Fourth  Conjugation :  Perfect,  Pluperfect,  and 
Future  Perfect  Indicative ;  Perfect  Infini- 
tive.—Co^/o^mwm,  234   101-103 

XXXIII.  Third  Conjugation :  Paradigm  of  the  Yerb 

Capio 104-105 

XXXIV.  Third  Conjugation :  Verbs  in  id.  —  Tenses  of 

the  Indicative ;  Present  Imperative ;  Pres- 
ent and  Perfect  Infinitive 106-107 

XXXV.   Review  of  the  Four  Conjugations.  —  Collo- 

quium,  242 108-110 

XXXVI.   Fourth  Declension 110-112 

XXXVII.   Fifth   Declension.  —  Ablative   of   Specifica- 
tion.—  Colloquium,  2Q1 112-115 

XXXVIII.   Special  Paradigms.— Passage  for  Translation,     115-116 
XXXIX.   Personal  and  Possessive  Pronouns.  —  Collo- 
quium, 269 117-119 

XL.   Determinative  Pronouns.  —  Colloquium,  274  .     120-122 

XLI.   Demonstrative  Pronouns 123-125 

XLII.   Relative,  Interrogative,  and  Indefinite  Pro- 
nouns. —  Agreement  of  Relative  ....     126-130 
XLIII.    Review  of  Pronouns.  —  Colloquium^  290.  — 

Passage  for  Translation,  291 130-134 

XLIV.    Compounds  of  Sum.  —  Dative 134-137 

XLV.   Deponent  Verbs  :  First  and  Second  Conjuga- 
tions. —  Colloquium,  302 137-140 

XL VI.   Deponent  Verbs:   Third  and  Fourth  Con- 
jugations. —  Ablative  with  Utor,  etc.  — 
Verbs  of  Remembering  and  Forgetting    .     140-142 
XL VII.    Numerals.  —  Accusative  of  Extent      .     .     .     143-146 
XL VIII.   Irregular  Verbs  :  Volo,  Nolo,  Malo.  —  Pas- 
sage for  Translation,  320 146-149 

XLIX.   Irregular  Verbs  :  Far 6  and  its  compounds  .     149-152 
L.   Irregular  Verbs  :  E6,  Tio.— Colloquium,  332,     152-156 
LI.    Prepositions.     Expressions  of  Place.  —  Pas- 
sage for  Translation,  339 156-160 


Xll 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER 

LII. 


LIII. 
LIV. 

LV. 
LYL 

LVII. 

LVIII. 
LIX. 

LX. 

LXI. 

LXII. 

LXIII. 

LXIV. 

LXV.. 

LXVI. 
LXVII. 


Partitive  Genitive.  —  Descriptive  Ablative  and 
Genitive.  —  Dative  with  Intransitives.  —  Da- 
tive of  Service 

Derivation.  —  Comparison  of  Words    .     .     . 

The  Subjunctive :  Sequence  of  Tenses.  —  Forms, 

—  Purpose  Clauses  with  Ut  and  Ne      .     . 
The  Subjunctive :  Relative  of  Purpose     .     . 

The  Subjunctive :  Kesult  Clauses  with  Ut 
and  Ne 

The  Subjunctive :  Cum  Temporal ;  Cum  Causal 
and  Concessive.  —  Passage  for  Translation, 
o7o    ••     

The  Subjunctive :  Indirect  Questions  .    .     .     . 

The  Subjunctive:  Wishes  and  Conditions. — 
Colloquium,  388 

The  Subjunctive  and  Imperative. — Passage  for 
Translation,  394 

The  Infinitive 

Accusative  and  Infinitive:  Indirect  Discourse. 

—  Passage  for  Translation,  407 

Participles 

Participles:  Ablative  Absolute    ...... 

Impersonal  Verbs  :  Miseret,  etc.  —  Intransitive 

Verbs  in  Passive. — Passage  for  Translation, 
421 

Periphrastic  Conjugations  :  Dative  of  Agent    . 

Gerund.  —  Gerundive.  —  Supine 


160-161 
162-164 

164-171 
171-172 

173-174 


175-178 
178-180 

180-184 

184-187 
187-188 

189-194 
194-196 
197-199 


200-203 
204-207 
208-210 


Reading  Lessons  :    Letters.  —  Fables.  —  Caesar's  Two 
Invasions  of  Britain .  —  Customs  and  Habits  of  the 

Britons 211-222 

Latin-English  Vocabulary 223-259 

English-Latin  Vocabulary 260-273 

Glossarium  Grammaticum  »,♦♦,,♦♦,.  274-276 


BEGINNEE'S    LATIN    BOOK. 


CHAPTER   I.         ^^.  > 
INTRODUCTORY. 

It  is  suggested  to  teachers  who  are  not  experienced  in  teaching  Latin  i 
that  this  chapter  may,  perhaps,  be  most  profitably  used  for  reference. 
Pupils  will  catch  pronunciation  quickly  from  the  lips  of  the  teacher  ;  and 
as  they  make  mistakes,  they  will  be  interested  in  being  referred  to  the 
rules  of  pronunciation.  It  is  therefore  advised  that  the  teacher  begin 
with  the  CoUoquhun,  page  5,  pronouncing  slowly  each  sentence,  the  pupils 
following  successively,  and  then  together.  In  the  same  way  the  teacher 
might  then  construe  literally. 

1.  Alphabet.  —  The    Latin    alphabet    has    no    w. 
Otherwise  it  is  the  same  as  the  English. 

2.  Vowels. — Vowels  may  be  long  (marked  thus  "),  - 
short  (marked  thus  "'),  or  common^  (marked  thus '^). 
The  long  vowel  occupies  double  the  time  of  the  short 
in  pronouncing. 

3.  Consonants.  —  Of  the  consonants 

The  mutes  are :  P-mutes     .     .     .  p,  b,  f 

T-mutes     .     .     .  t,  d 

K-mutes     .     .     .  k,  c,  g,  q  (u) 

The  liquids  are 1,  m,  n,  r 

The  sibilant  is s 

The  double  consonants  are  .     .     .  x  =  cs,2  z  =  ds. 


1  That  is,  sometimes  long  and  2  ^ig^  represents  the  combina- 

sometimes  short.  tions  lis,  qus,  gs,  vs. 


PRONUNCIATION. 


4.  Sounds  of  the  Letters,  Roman  Method. 

Vowels. 
5  is  sounded  like  the  last  a  in  papa'. 


i 


^ 

it 

it 

the  first  a  in  papdf. 

5  . 

a 

a 

e  in  thei/. 

^;  ; 

a 

a 

e  in  met. 

1 

a 

« 

i  in  machine. 

'd  ;\_ 

u- 

a 

i  in  pin. 

'6'""' 

'  'ii 

a 

0  in  holy. 

6 

u 

a 

0  in  wholly,^ 

U2 

it 

it 

00  in  boot. 

tl 

11 

a 

00  in  foot. 

Diphtl 

longs. 

ae  is 

sounded  like 

1  ai  in  aisle. 

au 

u 

li 

ou  in  our. 

ei 

it 

it 

ei  in  eight. 

oe 

u 

it 

oi  in  boil. 

eu 

a 

a 

eu  in  feud. 

ui 

a 

a 

we. 

Consonants. 

Consonants  generally  have  the  same  sounds  as  in  English.  But 
observe  the  following :  — 

c  is  sounded  like  c  in  come. 

g  "  "  ^  in  f/et. 

j  "      .     "  y  in  yes. 

S  "  "  5  in  sun.^ 

t  "  "  ^  in  time,^ 

V  "  "  2^  in  wine. 

ch        "  "  Jc  in  A;^7e. 

1  That  is,  as  the  word  is  com-  gu  and  su  before  a  vowel,  m  is  a 
monly  pronounced ;  the  sound  semi-vowel  or  consonant,  and  is 
heard  in  Aofy,  shortened.  pronounced  like  w. 

2  In  qu,  and  also  commonly  in  3  Never  like  z.    *  Never  like  sh. 


PRONUNCIATION.  8 


5.  Syllables. 

1.  A  syllable  consists  of  a  vowel  or  diphthong  with 
or  without  one  or  more  consonants.  Hence  a  word 
has  as  many  syllables  as  it  has  vowels  and  diphthongs : 
ae-gri-tu^-do,  sickness, 

2.  When  a  word  is  divided  into  syllables,  a  single  con- 
sonant is  joined  with  the  vowel  following :  a-ma^-bi-lis, 
ainiahle, 

3.  If  there  are  two  or  more  consonants  between  two 
vowels,  as  many  are  joined  with  the  following  vowel 
as  can  be  pronounced  at  the  beginning  of  a  word  or 
syllable:   im '-pro-bus,  5acZ;  ho-spes,  ^i6gs^. 

4.  But  in  compound  words  the  division  must  shoT 
the  component  parts:  alb -est  (ab,  away ;  est,  lie  is'), 
he  is  away, 

5.  The  last  syllable  of  a  word  is  called  the  ultima; 
the  one  next  to  the  last,  the  penult;  the  one  before  the 
penult,  the  antepenult, 

6.  Quantity. 

1.  A  vowel  is  short  before  a  vowel  (with  few  excep- 
tions) or  A,  also  probably  before  nt  and  nd :  po-e'-ma, 
poem;  gra'-ti-ae,  thanks;  ni'-hil,  nothing;  a'-mant, 
they  love;  mo-nen'-dus,  to  he  advised, 

2.  Diphthongs,  vowels  representing  diphthongs,  vow- 
els resulting  from  contraction,  and  vowels  followed  by 
^^/^  ^^9  y^  and  commonly  gn,  are  long :  in-i'-quus  (inae- 
quus),  unequal;  co'-go  (coago),  collect;  con'-fe-ro,  bring 
together;  men'-sa,  table;  hu'-jus,  of  him;  ina'-gnus,  great. 
In  this  book  only  long  vowels  are  marked,  unless  for 
some  special  reason. 


PRONUNCIATION. 


3.  A  syllable  is  long  when  it  contains  a  long  vowel 
or  a  diphthong :  vo^-ces,  voices  ;  ae'-des,  temple, 

4.  A  syllable  is  long  if  it  has  a  short  vowel  followed 
by  two  or  more  consonants  (except  a  mute  followed  by 
I  or  r),  or  by  a;  or  2 ;  but  the  short  vowel  is  still  pro- 
nounced short:  sunt,^  they  are;  tern '-plum,  temple; 
dux,i  leader, 

6.  A  syllable  is  common  if  it  has  a  short  vowel  fol- 
lowed by  a  mute  with  I  or  r:  te'-iie-l>rae,  darkness. 
The  vowel  is  pronounced  short. 

The  above  statements  are  useful  in  determining  the  place  of 
the  accent. 

7.  Accent. 

1.  Words  of  two  syllables  have  the  accent  on  the 
first :  tu'-ba,  trumpet, 

2.  Words  of  more  than  two  syllables  have  the  accent 
on  the  penult  when  the  penult  is  long,  otherwise  on  the 
antepenult:  prae-di'-co,  foretell;  prae'-di-co,  declare; 
ille'-ce-brae,  snares  ;  pa-ter'-nus,^  paternal, 

(1)  Several  words,  called  enclitics,  of  which  the  commonest  are 
ne,  the  sign  of  a  question,  and  que,  and,  are  appended  to  other 
words,  and  such  words  are  then  accented  on  the  syllable  preceding 
the  ne  or  que  :  amat'-ne,  does  lie  love  ?   dona'-que,  and  gifts. 

8.  English  Method  of  Pronunciation.  —  By  this 
method  the  above  rules  relating  to  syllables  (5)  and 
accent  (7)  are  observed,  and  words  are  pronounced 
substantially  as  in  English ;  but  final  es  is  sounded  as 
in  English  ease^  and  final  os  (ace.  plur.)  as  in  dose, 

1  u  pronounced  like  oo  in  foot.        the  penult  is  short,  the  syllable  is 

2  Here,   though   the    vowel   of      long  by  6.  4. 


PRONUNCIATION. 


The  following  colloquium  may  be  used,  if  the  teacher  wishes,  for 
practice,  and  to  illustrate  the  foregoing  statements.  See  introduc- 
tory note,  page  1. 


9. 


COLLOQUIUM. 


Augustus.  Quid  tibi  vis? 

lulus.  Tecum  ambulare  ve- 
lim. 

A,  Ego  nolo  ;  domi  manere 
malo. 

I.   Otir  mavis? 

A,  Ego  et  f rater  vesperi 
cum  patre  ambulare  malu- 
mus. 

J.  Our  mecum  per  silvas 
vagari  non  vultis  ? 

A,  Quod  vesperi  amoeni- 
tate  frui  malumus  quam  solis 
ardore. 

7.  At  jam  saepe  -mecum 
ambulare  noluisti. 

A,  Non  recte  dicis;  non 
est  causa  ctir  tecum  ambulare 
nolim ;  at  cum  tortus  avi  satis 
ampins  sit  et  lacum  silvamque 
contineat,  ibi  malumus  ludere. 
Si  vis,  nobiscum  veni. 


What  do  you  wish  (for  your- 
self) ? 

I  should  like  to  take  a  walk 
with  you, 

I  don't  want  to;  I  prefer  to 
stay  at  home. 

Why  do  you  prefer  (that)  ? 

My  brother  and  I  had  rather 
take  a  walk  at  evening  with  our 
father. 

Why  don't  you  want  to  roam 
tvith  me  through  the  woods? 

Because  we  had  rather  eyi- 
joy  the  pleasantness  of  evening 
than  the  heat  of  the  sun. 

But  often  before  now  you  have 
not  ivanted  to  walk  ivith  me. 

What  you  say  is  not  true; 
there  is  no  reason  why  I  should 
not  want  to  walk  with  you;  but 
since  grandfather's  garden  is 
quite  large ^  and  has  a  pond  and 
a  grove,  we  had  rather  play 
there.  If  you  like,  come  with  us. 


10.  Cases. 

1.    The  names  of  the  cases  in  Latin  are :  nominative, 
vocative,  genitive,  dative,  accusative,  ablative. 


6  .        CASE   AND   GENDER. 

2.  The  vocative  is  the  case  of  address,  but  it  does 
not  differ  in  form  from  the  nominative,  except  in  the 
singular  of  nouns  and  adjectives  in  us  of  the  second 
declension,  and  hence  is  not  elsewhere  given  separately 
in  the  paradigms. 

3.  Another  case,  the  locative,  which  denotes  the  place 
of  an  action,  is  mostly  confined  to  proper  names,  and 
has  the  form  of  the  ablative  (sometimes  dative)  singular 
or  plural,  or  of  the  genitive  singular. 

11.  Gender.  —  The  gender  of  Latin  nouns  is  deter- 
mined partly,  as  in  English,  by  the  meaning,  but  much 
often er  by  the  termination. 

1.  Nouns  denoting  males  are  masculine :  agricola, 
farmer;  Cicero,  Cicero, 

2.  Nouns  denoting  females  are  feminine :  regina, 
queen;  Tullia,  Tullia, 

3.  Names  of  rivers,  winds,  and  months  are  masculine : 
Padus,  Po  ;  aquilo,  north  wind  ;  Januarius,  January, 

4.  Names  of  countries,  towns,  islands,  and  trees,  are 
feriiinine :  Africa,  Africa;  Konia,  Rome;  Sicilia,  Sicily ; 
pirus,  pear-tree. 

5.  Indeclinable  nouns  are  neuter:  fas,  right. 

Other  rules  of  gender  will  be  given  under  the  several  declensions. 


It  is  assumed  that  the  learner  knows  the  names  and  functions 
of  the  parts  of  speech  in  English,  and  the  meanings  of  the  common 
grammatical  terms,  such  as  subject  and  predicate,  case,  mood,  tense, 
voice,  declension,  conjugation,  etc.  So  much  knowledge  is  absolutely 
essential  for  entering  upon  the  study  of  the  following  lessons. 


FIRST  DECLENSION. 


CHAPTER   II.    1. 
FIRST  DECLENSION. 

12.  The  stemi  ends  in  a. 

13.  Gender.  —  The  gender  is  feminine;  but  see 
general  rules,  11. 

14.  PARADIGM. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

N.  Y.  tub  a,  a  trumpet.  N.  V.  tub  ae,  trumpets. 

G.       tub  ae,  of  a  trumpet.  G.       tuha.Tum,  of  trumpets. 

D.       tub  ae,  to  or  for  a  trumpet.  D.       tub  is,  to  or  for  trumpets. 

Ac.     tub siin.j  a  trumpet.  Ac.     tnh as,  trumpets. 

Ab.    tuba,2  with  a  trumpet.  Ab.    tub  is,  with  trumpets. 

1.  For  the  reason  why  the  vocative  case  is  not  given  separately 
in  the  paradigm  see  10.  2. 

2.  Examples  of  the  locative  case  (10.  3)  in  this  declension  are : 
Romae,  at  Rome;  Athenis,  at  Athens. 

15.  Terminations.  —  These  consist  of  case-endings, 
joined  with  the  final  letter  of  the  stem.  But  sometimes 
the  final  letter  of  the  stem  is  lost,  and  sometimes  the 
case-ending. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

N.V.  a ae 

G.       ae arum 

D.       ae IS 

Ac.      am as 

Ab.     a IS 


1  The  stem  is  the  common  base  to 
which  certain  letters  are  added  to 
express  the  relation  of  the  word 
to  other  words. 

2  The  ablative  is  variously  ren- 


dered, according  to  its  connection. 
It  is  therefore  recommended  that, 
in  declining  words,  no  translation 
of  the  ablative  be  given  till  its  use 
has  been  illustrated.  See  p.  20,  n.  1. 


8 


FIRST  DECLENSION. 


16,  Observe  that  the  genitive  and  dative  singular  and  nomina- 
tive plural  are  alike ;  also  the  dative  and  ablative  plural. 

17,  In  Latin   there  is  no   article:    tuba  may  be  translated 
a  trumpet,  the  trumpet,  or  trumpet. 

18,  The  pupil  should  commit  to  memory  the  table  of  termina- 
tions. 


19. 


VOCABULARY. 


NOUNS. 

aquila,  f.,  eagle. 
Cauda,  r.,  tail. 
columba,  f.,  dove. 
filia,^  F.,  daughter. 
puella,  F.,  girl. 
regina,  f.,  queen. 
rosa,2  F.,  rose. 
via,  F.,  road,  street,  way. 


ADJECTIVES.^ 

alba,  wJiite. 
bona,  good. 
dura,  hard. 
lata,  wide,  broad. 
longa,  long. 
magna,  large. 
luala,  had. 
parva,  small,  little. 


est,  (he,  she,  it)  is. 
sunt,  (they)  are. 


habet,  (he,  she,  it)  has. 
habent,  (they)  have. 


20.   Observe  that  in  the  above  verb-forms  the  singular  ends 
in  t,  and  the  plural  in  nt. 


Nominative  and  Accusative. 

21.  exercises. 

I.^  1.  Viae  latae.  2.  Via  lata.  3.  Vias  latas.  4.  Viam 
latam.  5.  Cauda  longa.  6.  Caudas  longas.  7.  Caudam 
longam.     8.  Caudae  longae.     9.  Columbas  parvas.     10.  Co- 


1  Filia  and  dea,  goddess^  have 
a  dative  and  ablative  plural  in 
-dhus,  but  this  is  mostly  confined 
to  legal  and  religious  language. 

2  Caution:  Do  not  pronounce 
s  like  z,  if  you  use  the  Roman 
method.     See  page  2,  note  3. 


^  The  masculine  and  neuter  of 
adjectives  will  be  taken  up  in  con- 
nection with  nouns  of  the  second 
declension. 

^  Observe  that  the  adjective 
takes  the  case  and  number  of  the 
noun  to  which  it  belongs. 


FIRST  DECLENSION.  '  9 

lumbae  parvae.  11.  Columba  parva.*  12.  Columbam  par- 
vam.  13.  Rosam  albam.  14.  Rosae  albae.  15.  Rosa  alba. 
16.  Rosas  albas.     17.  Regina  mala.     18.  Reginas  malas. 

II.  In  like  manner  give  the  nominative  and  accusative  in  both 
numbers  of  the  words  meaning  little  girl,  great  eagle,  good  queen, 
wide  street.     Decline  together  rosa  alba,  via  longa,  bona  puella. 


22.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Via  est  longa.  2.  Dura  est  via.  3.  Puellae  rosas 
habent.     4.  Regina  columbam  habet.     5.  Rosae  sunt  albae. 

6.  Cauda  est  alba.  7.  Caudae  sunt  longae.  8.  Aquila  cau- 
dam  habet.  9.  Puellae  tubas  habent.  10.  Aquilae  sunt 
magnae. 

II.  1.  Via  dura  est  longa.  2.  Puella  bona  rosam  habet. 
3.  Columba  caudam  parvam  habet.  4.  Reginae  albas  rosas 
habent.     5.  Rosa  parva  est  alba.  ^  6.  Aquila  magna  est  alba. 

7.  Tubae  magnae  sunt  longae.  8.  Puella  tubam  longam 
habet.  9.  Filiae  bonae  columbas  habent.  10.  Aquila  magna 
Ifitam  caudam  habet. 

23.  Notice  the  order  of  the  words  in  the  above  sentences,  and 
see  wherein  it  differs  from  the  order  in  Englislf.  You  will  find 
that  — 

1.  The  adjective  is  commonly  placed  after  its  noun.  When 
placed  before  the  noun  it  is  for  emphasis. 

2.  The  verb  commonly  comes  at  the  end  of  the  sentence,  but 
est  and  sunt  are  less  frequently  so  placed. 

3.  The  object  commonly  comes  before  the  verb. 

24.  Observe  that  the  subject  is  in  the  nominative  case,  and 
that  the  verb  agrees  with  it  in  number,  as  in  English. 

25.  Observe  that  the  verb  habet  (habent)  is  transitive,  and 
has  its  object  in  the  accusative. 

26.  Rule  of  Syntax.  —  The  direct  object  of  a 
transitive  verb  is  in  the  accusative  case. 


10  '  FIRST.  DECLENSION. 

4. 
27.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  The  roads  are  broad.  2.  The  streets  are  long. 
3.  Queens  have  doves.  4.  The  girl  has  a  rose.  5.  Eagles 
have  tails.  6.  The  dove  is  white.  7.  The  girl  has  a  trumpet. 
8.  The  eagle  is  large.  9.  The  rose  is  white.  10.  The  girls 
are  small. 

II.  1.  The  long  wa}^  is  hard.  2.  Good  girls  have  roses. 
3.  Doves  have  small  tails.  4.  Great  eagles  have  broad  tails. 
5.  The  good  queen  has  a  dove.  6.  The  little  girls  have 
large  trumpets.  7.  The  little  dove  is  white.  8.  The  queen 
is  good.  9.  The  good  queen  has  a  little  daughter.  10.  A 
little  girl  has  a  white  rose. 

28.  Answer  the  following  in  Latin  :^  — 

1.  Estne^  via  lata?  2.  Habetne  puella  rosam?  3.  Ha- 
bentne  aquilae  caudas  longas?  4.  Quid  (what)  habet  regina 
bona?  5.  Quid  habent  puellae  bonae?  6.  Habentne  eo- 
lumbae  caudas? 

5. 

29.  VOCABULARY. 


NOUNS. 

ala,  F.,  wing. 

Galba,  m.,  Galha. 

Britannia,  f.,  Britain. 

hora,  f.,  hour. 

Cornelia,  f.,  Cornelia. 

luna,  F.,  moon. 

ADJECTIVES. 

VERBS. 

multa,  much  (pi.  many). 

amat,  (he,  she,  it)  loves. 

plena, /m/Z. 

amant,  (they)  love. 

prima,  Jirst. 

dat,  (he,  she,  it)  gives. 

secunda,  second. 

dant,  (they)  give. 

CONJUNCTION. 

ADVERB. 

et,  a7id. 

non,  not. 

1  Every  answer  should  form  a  ^  The  particle  ne  is  appended 

complete  sentence.  To  the  ques-  to  some  word  in  a  sentence,  often 
tion  est-ne  via  longa "?  the  answer  the  verb,  as  a  sign  of  a  question, 
should  be  via  est  longa.  and  is  not  to  be  translated  by  any 

separate  word. 


first  declension.  11 

Genitive  and  Dative. 

30.  exercises. 

I.  1.  Lunae  plenae.  2.  Lunariim  plenarum.  3.  LunTs 
plenis.  4.  Horarum  piimamm.  5.  Hoiis  primis.  6.  Filia 
Galbae.^  7.  Filils  Corneliae.  8.  Rosis  albis.  9.  Columbae 
parvae.     10.  Aquilarum  alarum. 

II.  1.  The  queen's  daughter.  2.  The  queens'  daughters. 
3.  For  the  gh-Fs  rose.  4.  Of  the  wings  of  the  dove.  5.  For 
Cornelia's  daughter.  6.  Of  Britain.  7.  For  eagles.  8.  Of 
the  long  streets.  9.  For  the  little  girls.  10.  To  the  small 
trumpet. 

6. 

31.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Puellae  {dative)  est  rosa.  2.  Puella  rosam  habet. 
3.  Eeglnis  sunt  columbae.  4.  Reginae  columbas  habent. 
5.  Rosa  puellae  est  alba.  6.  Rosae  puellarum  sunt  albae. 
7.  Galba  filiae^  columbam  dat.  8.  Cornelia  puellis  rosas 
dat.  9.  Galba  Corneliae  aquilam  dat.  10.  Galba  et  Cor- 
nelia filias  habent. 

II.  1.  Filiae  Corneliae  rosas  albas  habent.  2.  Cornelia 
puellae  parvae  rosam  magnam  dat.  3.  Est^  hora  prima  lunae 
plenae.  4.  Hora  est^  secunda  et  luna  est  plena.  5.  Magna 
est  rosa  puellae  parvae.  6.  Galba  puellae  tubam  parvam 
dat.  7.  Columbae  albae  sunt  filiae  bonae.  8.  Multae  et 
longae  sunt  Britanniae  viae.  9.  Britannia  reginam  bonam 
habet.     10.  Galba  filiis  bonae  reginae  rosas  multas  dat. 

32.  The  first  sentence  in  I.  is  literally  translated  to  the  girl  is 
a  rose.  Evidently  the  meaning  is  the  girl  has  a  rose,  the  same  as 
that  of  the  second.  The  dative  thus  used  with  est  or  sunt  is  called 
the  Dative  of  the  Possessor,  or  the  Possessive  Dative. 

1  Galba's  daughter.     The  geni-  ^  Translate,  his  daughter. 

live  is  often  to  be  translated  by  ^  jt  {^^ 

the  English  possessive. 


12  FIKST  DECLENSION. 

33.  Examine  the  seventh  sentence  in  I.  The  transitive  verb 
dat  has  a  direct  object,  columbam ;  but  it  also  has  a  dative  limit- 
ing it,  filiae.  This  dative  is  called  an  Indirect  Object.  Find 
other  illustrations  of  the  following : 

34.  Rule  of  Syntax.  —  The  indirect  ooject  is  put 
in  tlie  dative. 

7. 

35.  EXERCISES. 

1.  Before  turning  the  following  sentences  into  Latin,  translate 
mentally  2,  6,  and  10,  in  31.  II.,  taking  the  words  as  they  stand. 
Observe  that  the  indirect  object  precedes  the  direct. 

2.  In  the  following  exercises  try  to  cast  each  sentence  into  the 
Latin  form  before  thinking  of  the  Latin  words.  Thus,  the  sixth 
sentence  will  take  the  form,  the  gir^l  to  tlie  queen  a  rose  gives;  and 
the  eighth,  to  a  girl  little  is  a  rose  little,  or  a  girl  little  a  rose  little  has. 

I.  1.  It^  is  the  first  hour.  2.  There ^  is  a  full  moon. 
3.  The  moon  is  full.  4.  The  dove  is  small.  5.  The  tail  of 
the  eagle  is  broad.  6.  The  girl  gives  the  queen  ^  a  rose. 
7.  The  queen's  roses  are  white.  8.^*  A  little  girl  has  a  little 
rose.  9.  The  first  hour  is  a  long  one.^  10.  Galba  gives  the 
girls  some^  roses. 

II.  1.  The  queen's  daughter  has  a  white  rose.  2.  The 
queen  of  Britain  gives  the  girl  a  great  rose.  3.  It  is  the 
second  hour  of  the  full  moon.  4.  The  daughters  of  Cornelia 
are  small  girls .^  5.  The  daughters  of  Cornelia  are  good 
little^  girls.^  6.  The  little  dove's  tail  is  a  long  one.  7.  The 
wings  of  eagles  are  long  and  broad.  8.  Eagles  have  long, 
broad ^  wings.  9.  The  little  dove  has  a  white  tail.  10.^  Many 
doves  have  white  tails. 

1  Omit.  Compare  31.  II.  3  and  4.  *  Translate   in   two  ways,   like 

2  Omit.  31.  I.,  1  and  2,  3  and  4. 
^  That  is,  to  the  queen.    Compare  ^  Nominative. 

31.  I.  7,  8,  and  9 ;    and  31.  11.  2,  6  in  Latin,  good  and  little, 

6,  and  10.  '*  Long  and  broad. 


SECOND  DECLENSION.  13 

CHAPTER   III.    1. 
SECOND    DECLENSION. 

36.  The  stem  ends  in  o. 

37.  Gender.  —  Nouns  ending  in  um  are  neuter; 
most  others  are  masculine;  but  see  general  rules  for 
gender,  11.  4. 

38.  PARADIGMS.^ 


Hortus, 

garden. 

Bellum, 

war.     . 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

N.V.  hortus,  g 

horti 

N.V.  bellum 

bell  a 

G.      horti 

hort  oruxn 

G.      belli 

bell  orum 

D.      horto 

hortis 

D.      bello 

bell  Is 

Ac.    hortum 

hort  OS 

Ac.    bellum 

bell  a 

Ab.    horto 

hortis 

Ab.    bello 

bellis 

39.  The  vocative  singular  of  nouns  in  u%  of  this 
declension  ends  in  e, 

1.  As  these  are  the  only  Latin  nouns  having  a  form  for  the 
vocative  different  from  the  nominative,  this  peculiarity  is  best 
regarded  and  treated  as  an  exception. 

40.  Examples  of  the  locative  case  (10.  3)  in  this  declension 
are :  Corinthi,  at  Corinth ;  Thuriis,  at  lliurii, 

41.  TERMINATIONS. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

Masc.  Neut.  Masc.  Neut. 

N.Y.  us,  g  um  i  a 

G.      i  i  orum  orum 

D.      6  5  IS  IS 

Ac.    um  um  6s  a 

Ab.    6  6  IS  is 

42.  Although  .the  stem  ends  in  o,  the  o  does  not  appear  except 
in  the  dat.  and  abl.  singular  and  in  the  gen.  and  ace.  plural. 

1  For  peculiarities  of  nouns  in  ius  and  ium  see  79. 


14 


SECOND   DECLENSION. 


2. 

43.                                   VOCABULARY. 

NOUNS. 

Masculine.                                            Neuter. 

amicus,  friend.                               bracchlum,  arm. 

(79.) 

cihus,  food.                                      donum,  gift. 

discipulus,  pupil.                            ovum,  egg. 

doininus,  lord,  master.                    pilunif  javelin. 

equus,  horse.                                    poculum,  cup. 

servus,  slave  or  servant.                 vinum,  wine. 

ADJECTIVES. 

defessus,  -a,  -um,  tired. 
dnrus,  -a,  -um,  hard. 
gratus,  -a,  -umi,  pleasing. 
novus,  -a,  -um,  new. 


VERBS. 

laudat,  (he,  she,  it)  praises.^ 
laudant,  [they)  praise. 
portat,  [he,  she,  it)  carries. 
portaut,  (they)  carry.  ., 


44.  Adjectives  of  the  first  and  second  declensions 
have  three  terminations  to  mark  the  different  genders  : 
bonus,  masculine ;  bona,  feminine ;  boiium,  neuter. 
The  feminine  of  the  adjective  is  declined  like  tuba,  the 
masculine  like  liortus,  and  the  neuter  like  bellum. 
The  full  declension  of  bonus  is  given  on  page  24.^ 

1.  Form  the  masculine  and  neuter  of  all  the  adjectives  in  19 
and  29. 


45. 


Nominative  and  Accusative, 
exercises. 


I.  1.  AmTci  boni.  2.  Amicus  bonus.  3.  AmTcos  bonos. 
4.  Amicum  bonum.  5.  Poculum  novum.  6.  Pocula  nova. 
7.  Equus  defessus.  8.  Equum  defessum.  9.  Equos  defessos. 
10.  Equi  defessi.     11.  Pocula  magna.     12.  Servos  malos. 


^  Laudat  may  be  translated 
praises,  is  praising,  or  does  praise. 
So  of  the  other  verb-forms. 


2  In  declining  adjectives,  it  will 
be  found  advantageous  to  decline 
each  gender  separately. 


SECOND   DECLENSION.  15 

II.    1.  In  like  manner  form  the  nominative  and  accusative  in 
both  numbers  of  the  words  meaning  long'^  javelin,  hard  rnaster, 
small  horse,  good  wine.     Decline   together  bonus  cibus,  servus 
mains,  vinum  novum. 
46.   Examine  the  following  sentences :  — 

Galba  est  amicus,  Galha  is  a  friend. 

Galba  et  Cornelia  sunt  amici,  Galha  and  Cornelia  are  friends. 

1.  Observe  in  these  examples  that  the  subject  and  predicate 
nouns  are  in  the  same  case,  just  as  in  English. 

47.  Rule  of  Syntax.  —  A  noun  in  the  predicate 
referring^  to  the  same  person  or  thing  as  the  subject 
is  in  the  same  case. 

3. 

48.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Donum  est  gratum.  2.  Servus  bonus  est  defessus. 
3.  Amicus  pilum  portat.  4.  Discipulus  ovum  durum  habet. 
5.  Equus  defessus  cibum  portat.  6.  Dona  sunt  pocula 
parva.  7.  Discipulus  bracchia  longa  habet.  8.  Domini 
servos  laudant.  9.  Dominus  servum  laudat.  10.  ServT  po- 
cula parva  portant.  11.  Novum  equum  laudat.  12.  Equos 
novos  laudant. 

II.  1.  The  servant  has  the  cup.  2.  The  servants  have 
the  cups.  3.  The  pupil  has  wine  and  eggs.  4.  The  master 
has  good  food.  5.  The  gifts  are  long  javelins.  6.  The 
master  and  the  slave  are  good  friends.  7.  The  little  horses 
are  tired.  8.  The  new  pupil  has  a  big^  cup.  9.  They  praise 
the  second  horse.  10.  He  is  praising  the  good  master. 
11.  They  have  some  ^  good  friends.  12.  The  slave  carries 
the  cups  and  wine. 

1  The  adjective  must  be  of  the  2  g^g  page  19,  note  1. 

same  gender  as  the  noun.  ^  Omit. 


16  SECOND   DECLENSION. 

4. 

Genitive  and  Dative. 
49.  exercises. 

I.  1.  Amicis  bonis.  2.  Amico  bono.  3.  Amici  boni. 
4.  Amicoriim  bononim.  5.  Poculo  novo.  6.  Poculorum 
novorum.  7.  Poculis  no  vis.  8.  Equi  defessi.  9.  Equis 
defessTs.  10.  Equorum  defessorum.  11.  Equo  defesso. 
12.  Servis  bonis. 

II.  In  like  manner,  form  the  genitive  and  dative  in  both  num- 
bers of  the  words  meaning  long  javelin,  hard  master,  small  horse, 
good  wine.  Decline  together  bonus  amicus,  discipulus  malus, 
donum  gratum. 


50.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Donum  amici  bom  est  gratum.  2.  Servi  boni  domi- 
norum  malorum  sunt  defessi.  3.  AmicIs  discipull  dat^  pihi 
multa.  4.  Amic5  bono  discipuli  sunt  pTla  multa.  5.  Amici 
bonorum  discipulorum  pila  multa  liabent.  6.  Equus  defes- 
sus  cibum  domini  portat.  7.  Longa  sunt  bracchia  servi 
boni.  8.  Dona  domini  servis  sunt  grata.  9.  Puellis  parvTs 
ova  alba  dant.^     10.  Servi  reginis  ova  aquilarum  dant. 

II.  1.  The  gift  is  pleasing  to  the  good  friend.  2.^  The 
slave  has  the  master's  cup.  3.^  The  servants  have  the 
masters'  cups.  4.  The  master  gives  the  slave  ^  a  hard  Qg^. 
5.  The  food  of  the  master  is  wine  and  eggs.  6.  The  mas- 
ter praises  the  little  pupil's  cup.  7.  The  tired  horses  are 
carrying  gifts  for  the  friend.  8.  The  girl  has  many  new^ 
friends.  9.  The  broad  cup  is  pleasing  to  the  new  pupil. 
10.  The  eagle's  eggs  are  gifts  of  the  good  servant. 

1  When  there  is  no  subject  ex-  ^  Translate  in  two  ways.  Sec  32. 

pressed  in  the  sentence,  how  is  the  ^  Not  accusative, 

verb  to  be  rendered  ?  *  Many  and  new. 


FIEST   AND   SECOND   DECLENSIONS.  17 

61.  Answer  the  following  in  Latin  :^  — 

1.  Quid  portat  Jacobus  (Jaines)?  2.  Portatne  domino^ 
vinum  et  ova?  3.  Nonne^  portat  ova  columbae  albae? 
4.  Laudatne  caudam  longam  equi  albi?  5.  Quid,  Jacobe, 
habet  domini  f ilia  in  {in)  poculo  ? 

Form  and  answer  five  other  questions  in  Latin. 


CHAPTER   IV.   1. 
FIRST  AND   SECOND   DECLENSIONS. 
62.  VOCABULARY. 

NOUNS.  ADJECTIVES. 

MasculineA  clarus,  -a,  -um,  famous. 

agricola,  -ae,  farmer.  pectus,  -a,  -urn,  sJcilful 

nauta,  -ae,  sailor.  quartus,  -a,  -urn,  fourth. 

poeta,  -ae,  poet.  quintus,  -a,  -um,  ffth. 

carrus,  -i,  wagon.  ^^^^.^^^  _^^  _^^^^^  ^^^.  .^^^ 

remus,  -i,  oar.  validus,  -a,  -um,  s^ro??^/,  s^^rf/^. 
ventus,  -i,  ivind. 

Neuter.  PREPOSITION. 

frunientum,  -i,  grain.  in  (with  ablative),  in,  on. 

pabulum,  -I,  fodder.  in  (with  accusative),  into^  to. 

53.  In  the  preceding  exercises  an  adjective  qualifying  a  noun 
has  had  the  same  termination  as  the  noun.  Now  observe  the 
following  examples:  agricola  bonus,  a  good  farmer ;  agrioolae 
boni,  of  a  good  farmer  ;  agrioolae  bono,  to  or  for  a  good  farmer., 
etc.  Here  the  adjective  has  a  different  termination  from  the  noun. 
Since  agricola  is  masculine,  the  adjective  that  goes  with  it  must 
Iiave  the  masculine  form,  as  well  as  the  same  number  and  case. 

1  See  note  1,  p.  10.  note  2,  p.  10.     So  in  English,  a 

2  for,  not  to,  the  master.  question  ^sked  with   not  expects 

3  When  ne  is  appended  to  non,  the  answer  yes. 
the  answer  yes  is  expected.     See  ^  See  11.  1. 


18  FIRST   AND    SECOND   DECLENSIONS. 

54.  Rule  of  Syntax. — Adjectives  agree  with  their 
nouns  in  gender,  number,  and  case. 

65.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Agricolae  validi.  2.  Agricolam  valid iim.  3.  Agri- 
colas  validos.     4.  Agricola  validus.     5.    Agricolae  valido. 

6.  Agricolarum  validorum.     7.  Agricola  valide. 

II.  1.  A  skilful  sailor  {nom.  and  ace),  2.  Skilful  sailors 
{nom,  and  ace),  3.  Of  a  skilful  sailor.  4.  For  a  skilful 
sailor.      5.    Skilful   sailor    (voc).      6.    For    skilful   sailors. 

7.  Of  a  famous  poet.      8.  Of  famous  poets.      9.  Pleasing 
poets.     10.  A  pleasing  poet  (nom,  and  ace), 

2. 

56.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Hortus  agricolae  magnus  est.  2.  Agricola  validus 
hortum  magnum  habet.  3.^  Agricolae  (dat,)  est  hortus  mag- 
nus. 4.  Nautae  remus  longus  est.  5.  Poeta  vinum  bonum 
agricolae  periti  laudat.  6.  Hora  est  quarta.  7.^  Luna  est 
plena.  8.  Pabulum  equi  albi  est  frumentum.  9.  Dominus 
servum  peritum  laudat.  10.^  Nautae  (dat.)  grata  sunt  ova  et 
vInum  agricolae  boni. 

II.  1.  O*  agricola  valide,  carrus  est  plenus  frumenti. 
2.  Domine  bone,  secunda  hora  est,  et  discipulus  est  de- 
fessus.  3.  Hortos  agricolarum  peritorum  laudant.  4.  Po- 
culum  magnum  est  vini  plenum. .  5.  Agricola  bonus  equo 
valido  dat  pabulum.  ^ 

1  See  32.  ^  Translate  this  sentence  with- 

2  We  may  translate,  there  is  a  out  changing  the  order  of  the 
full  moon,  it  is  a  full  moon,  or  the  words,  and  you  will  feel  the  em- 
moon  IS  full.  There  is  nothing  in  phasis  imparted  to  nautae  from 
Latin  answering  to  our  it  and  there  its  position. 

used  in  this  way  at  the  beginning  4  q  sometimes  accompanies  the 

of  a  sentence.  vocative. 


FIKST   AND   SECOND   DECLENSIONS.  19 


57.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  The  poet  likes ^  the  farmer's  wine.  2.^  Farmers  have 
large  wagons  and  strong  horses.  3.  Skilful  sailors  like  a 
good  breeze.  4.  In  the  garden  there ^  are  many  roses.  5.  The 
poet  and  his^  daughter  are  in  the  wagon.  6.  The  horse 
carries  the  farmer's  grain.  7.  There  is  wine  in  the  little 
girl's  cup.  8.  There  are  many'*  small  girls  in  the  street. 
9.  Galba  carries  fodder  for  the  horses.  10.  The  food  of 
the  little  dove  is  grain. 

II.  1.  My  (0)  good  friend,  the  master's  cup  is  full. 
2.  The  servant  gives  the  queen ^  a  large  cup.  3.  The  strong 
sailors  are  carrying  javelins  in  their^  arms.  4.  In  the  strong 
wagon  is  good  fodder  for  tlie  farmer's  horses.  5.  In  the 
poet's  gardens  there  are  many  friends.  6.  Farmers  have 
horses,  wagons,  doves,  eggs,  and^  wine. 

4. 

58.  COLLOQUIUM. 

Datne^  Carolus  {Charles)  amico  cymbam  {boat)  ? 

Carolus  amico  cymbam  et  remos  dat. 

Quid  in  cymba  habet  Carolus  ? 

Carolus  remum  et  pilum  in  cymba  habet. 

Quota  (what)  hora  est?^      Hora  est  quinta. 

Quid  in  carro  habet  rusticus  (countryman)  validus  ? 

Quid  in  poculo  desiderat  (ivants)  rusticus  def essus  ? 


1  Occasionally  words  occur  in  ^  Omit, 

the  EngHsh  exercises  which   are  *  Many  and  small. 

purposely  not  given  as  definitions  ^  j^q^  accusative, 

in  the  vocabularies,  but  by  a  little  e  Remember  that  ne  is  append- 

thought  the  pupil  will  understand  ed  as  the  sign  of  a  question, 

what  Latin  word  is  meant.  7  lyhat  time  is  it  ?   or.  What  is 


2  Translate  in  two  ways.       _         the  time  of  day  ? 


20 


SECOND  DECLENSION. 


59. 


CHAPTER  V.   1. 

SECOND    DECLENSION. 
PARADIGM. 


Puer,  h 

oy. 

Terminations. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

SING. 

PLUR. 

N.V.  puer 

pueri 

— 

i 

G.       pueri 

puer  orum 

i 

orum 

D.       puer  6 

puer  IS 

6 

IS 

Ac.     puerum 

puer  OS 

um 

OS 

Ab.    puer  6  ^ 
►0. 

puer  is 

VOCABULARY. 

6 

Is 

gener,  -eri,  m.,  son-in-law. 
liberi,  -orum,  (pi.)  m.,  children 
socer,  -eri,  m.,  father-in-law. 
vir,  viri,  m.,  man,  hero. 


asper,  -era,  -erum,  rough. 
liber,  -era,  -eruin,2/ree. 
miser,  -era,  -erum,  poor,  wretched. 


tener,  -era,  -erum,  tender. 

sextus,  -a,  -um,  sixth. 

a  (ab),  prep.  w.  abl.,  hy,  away  from. 

amatur,  [he,  she,  it)  is  loved, 

amantur,  (they)  are  loved. 

laudatur,  {he,  she,  it)  is  praised. 

laudantur,  (they)  are  praised. 
pueri,  general  word  for  children. 
liberi,  children  of  free  parents. 

61.  The  farmer  is  praised  hy  the  queen  would  be 
expressed  in  Latin  thus:  Agricola  a  (or  ab)  regina 
laudatur  ;  and  The  queen  is  praised  hy  the  farmer^  thus : 
Regina  ab  (not  a)  agricola  laudatur. 

Observe  that  in  the  first  sentence,  regina,  and  in  the  second, 
agricola,  denotes  the  person  by  whom  the  thing  is  done  (the 
agent)  ;  also,  that  these  words  are  in  the  ablative,  and  are  preceded 
by  a  or  ab.  The  ablative  thus  used,  together  with  the  preposition,  an- 
swers the  question  by  whom  ?  and  is  called  the  Ablative  of  Agent. 


1  To  translate  puero,  "  with, 
from,  by  a  hoy,"  as  is  commonly 
done,  is  wholly  wrong.  With  a  hoy 
would  be  cum  puero ;  from,  or  by 
a  boy,  a  puero.    See  p.  7,  note  2. 


2  Decline  the  masculine  of 
adjectives  in  er  in  this  lesson 
like  puer.  The  full  declension  is 
given   on  p.  24. 


SECOND   DECLENSION.  21 

62.  Rule  of  Syntax.  —  The  agent  with  passive 
verbs  is  expressed  by  the  ablative  with  d  or  ah, — 
ah  before  vowels  or  h,  a  or  ah  before  consonants. 

ip 

63.  Read  again  53  and  54,  then  add  the  proper  terminations 
^f  the  adjectives,  and  translate  the  following:  — 

I.  1.  Generi  bon-,  gener  bon-  {nom,  and  voc).  2.  Vir 
magn-,  a  viro  magn-.  3.  Ab  agricola  defess-,  agricolae 
miser-.     4.  A  regina  tener-.     5.  Pueri  asper-. 

II.  1.  By  the  bad  father-in-law.  2.  By  the  rough  sailor. 
3.  By  the  children  of  the  hero.  4.  The  free  men  (nom.  and 
ace),     5,  Of  the  wretched  sons-in-law. 


64.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Gener  viri  servus  est.  2.  Puer  bonus  ab  amico 
laudatur.  3.  Liberi  a  nauta  aspero  amantur.  4.  Puella 
tenera  columbas  parvas  amat.  5.  Columbae  parvae  a  puella 
tenera  amantur.  6.  Miseri  servi  a  domino  bono  laudantur. 
7.^  Lata  in  via  sunt  pueri  multi  et  asperi.  8.  Equi  valid! 
agricolae  a  liberis  laudantur.  9.  Filia  soceri  est  misera. 
10.  Yiri  filias  poetae  laudant. 

II.  1.  The  sons-in-law  of  the  men  are  farmers.  2.  Good 
men  are  praised  by  their ^  friends.  3.  The  boy  is  loved  by 
the  rough  sailors.  4.  The  sixth  boy  is  a  new  one.^  5.  The 
tired  children  are  in  the  farmer's  wagon.  6.  The  tender 
dove  is  loved  by  the  little  girl.  7.  Poor  slaves  are  not 
praised  by  their  rough  masters.  8.  The  strong  man  is  in 
the  poet's  garden.  9.  The  heroes  are  praised  by  the  pupils. 
10.  They  love  the  daughter  of  the  poor  sailor. 

1  Adjective,  preposition,  noun,  the  three  are  combined.  What  is 
is  often  the  order  where,  as  here,       the  English  order  1      2  Orait. 


22  SECOND   DECLENSION. 

CHAPTER  VI.  1. 
SECOND   DECLENSION. 
65 


PARADIGM. 

Ager,  field. 

Terminations. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

SING.                  PLUR. 

N.V.  ager 

agri 

—               T 

G.      agri 

agr  orum 

T                 orum 

D.      agr  6 

agr  IS 

5                 IS 

Ac.    agrum 

agr  OS 

um             OS 

Ab.   agr  6 

agr  IS 

6                 IS 

Observe  that  the  above  termmations  are  the  same  as  those  on 
page  20.  Wherein  does  the  declension  of  ager  differ  from  that 
of  puer? 

66.  VOCABULARY. 

aper,  apri,  m.,  hoar.  aeger,  aegra,  aegruin,^  sick. 

culter,  cultri,  m.,  knifR,  niger,  nigra,  nigrum,  black. 

faber,  -bri,  m.,  smith.  pulcher,  pulchra,  pulchrum, 
liber,!  -bri,  m.,  hook.  heautiful,  handsome, 

magister,  -tri,  m.,  master.  ruber,  rubra,  rubrum,  red. 

minister,  -tri,  m.,  servant.  septlmus,  -a,  -um,  seventh. 

magister,  a  superior,  director ;  hence,  master  of  a  school,  etc. 
dominus  (43),  master  of  a  household,  slaves,  etc. 
minister,  an  inferior,  attendant,  servant, 
eervus  (43),  a  serving  man,  slave. 

67.  Most  nouns  in  er  are  declined  like  ager,  and  most  adjec- 
tives in  er  like  aeger.  The  most  important  nouns  and  adjectives 
that  keep  the  e  before  r  in  all  the  cases  were  given  in  the  vocabu- 
lary, 60,  and  should  now  be  committed  to  memory. 

68.  Decline  together  equus  niger,  bonus  faber,  aper  asper, 
vir  aeger. 

^  Distinguish  liber,  free,  from  liber,  book.        ^  See  p.  24. 


SECOND  DECLENSION.  23 


69,  EXERCISES. 

I,  1.  Socer  est  faber.  2.  Magister  est  discipul!  amicus. 
3.  Generi  vhi  sunt  ministri.  4.  Colter  puero  est  gratus. 
5.  Libri  magistri  diseipulis  sunt  grati.  6.  Vinum  rubrum 
a  fabro  defesso  amatur.  7.  Libii  poetae  a  magistro  aman- 
tur.  8.  Puellae  pulchrae  viris  rosas  rubras  dant.  9.  Nauta 
cultrum  longum  habet.  10.^  Libros  multos  in  bracchiis  por- 
tat  puer. 

II.  1.  The  fathers-in-law  are  smiths.^  2.  The  masters 
are  loved  by  their  pupils.  3.  The  man's  son-in-law  is  a 
servant.  4.  The  knives  are  pleasing  to  the  little  boy. 
5.  The  pretty^  cups  are  liked  by  the  boys  and  girls.  6.  A 
girl  gives  a  man^  a  beautiful  rose.  7.  The  sailors  have  many 
long  knives.  8.  The  children  of  the  master  are  carrying^ 
the  books  in  their  arms.  9.  The  smith's  son-in-law  has 
children.     10.  There  is  a  rough  boar  in  the  farmer's  field. 

70.  Answer  the  following  in  Latin :  — 

1.  Quis  (ivJio)  est  amicus  poetae?  2.  Quis  est  socer 
Carol!?  3.  Ubi  {where)  sunt  discipuli  magistri?  4.  Amantne 
hodie  (to-day)  pensum  (task)  ?  5.  Nonne  Carolus  columbae 
frumentum  hodie  dat  ?  6.  Quae  (ivho,  fern.)  rosas  rubras 
habet?  7.  Quis  bracchia  longa  habet?  8.  Quis  est  vir  liber? 
9.  Ubi  est  equus  rustic!?  10.  Quae  puellas  pulchras  habet? 
11.  Reglnane  puellas  pulchras  habet?  12.  Ubi  sunt  Jacob! 
amlci  ? 


^  What  is  pecuhar  in  the  order  and  sunt  1  Compare  the  first  three 

of  the  words  1     Translate  as  the  sentences  in  I.     See  rule,  47. 
words  stand,  and  see  what  word  is  ^  See  p.  19,  note  1. 

made  emphatic  by  its  position.  •*  Not  accusative. 

2  What  case  is  used  after  est  ^  Not  passive.    See  p.  14,  note  1. 


24 


SECOND  DECLENSION. 


Adjectives  :  First  and  Second  Declensions. 

71. 

PARADIGMS. 
Bonus,  good. 

MASCULINE.              FEMININE. 

NEUTER, 

Sing.  N.V. 

bon  US,  S 

bona 

bon  um 

G. 

boni 

bonae 

boni 

D. 

bono 

bonae 

bono 

Ac. 

bonum 

bon  am 

bon  um 

Ab. 

bono 

bona 

bono 

Plur.  N.V. 

boni 

bonae 

bona 

G. 

bon  orum           bon  Srum 

bon  orum 

D. 

bonis 

bon  is 

bon  is 

Ac. 

bon  OS 

bon  as 

bona 

Ab. 

bonis 

bonis 
Liber, /ree. 

bonis 

Sing.  N.V. 

liber 

libera 

liber  um 

G. 

liber  i 

liber  ae 

liberi 

D. 

liber  6 

liber  ae 

liber  6 

Ac. 

liber  um 

liber  am 

liber  um 

Ab. 

liber  6 

libera 

liber  6 

Plur.  N.V. 

liberi 

liber  ae 

libera 

G. 

liber  orum          liber  arum 

liber  orum 

D. 

liber  IS 

liberis 

liberis 

Ac. 

liber  OS 

liber  as 

libera 

Ab. 

liber  IS 

liberis 
Aeger,  sick. 

liberis 

Sing.  N.V. 

aeger 

aegr  a 

aegrum 

G. 

aegri 

aegrae 

aegri 

D. 

aegr  6 

aegrae 

aegr  6 

Ac. 

aegrum 

aegr  am 

aegrum 

Ab. 

aegr  6 

aegr  a 

aegr  6 

Plur.  N.V. 

aegri 

aegr  ae 

aegr  a 

G. 

aegr  orum          aegr  arum 

aegr  orum 

D. 

aegr  is 

aegr  is 

aegr  is 

Ac. 

aegr  6s 

aegr  as 

aegr  a 

Ab. 

aegr  is 

aegr  is 

aegr  is 

THE   VERB   Sum. 


25 


CHAPTER   VII. 
THE   IRREGULAR  VP:RB   Sum  (stems  es,  fu),  /  am. 

72,  Principal  parts,  sum^  esse^  fui, 

73,  For  convenience  the  inflection  of  sum  is  given  in  full. 
Directions  will  be  given  from  time  to  time  as  to  what  parts  are 
to  be  learned. 

INDICATIVE    MOOD. 

Present  Tense, 
singular.  plural. 

^     1.  sum,i  lam.  suinas,  ive  are. 

estis,  you  are. 
sunt,  they  are. 

Imperfect. 

eramus,  we  icere. 
eratis,  you  icere. 
erant,  they  were.     . 

Future. 

erimus,  we  shall  he. 
eritis,  you  tvlll  be. 
erunt,  they  will  he. 

Perfect. 

1.  fui,  /  have  heen,  ivas.  fuimus,  ice  have  been,  were. 

2.  fuisti,  thou  hast  heen,  icast.        fuistis,  you  have  heen,  icere. 

3.  fuit,  he  has  heen,  icas.  \  fu  erunt,  or 

(  fu  ere,  they  have  heen,  loeiie. 

Pluperfect. 

1.  fueram,  /  had  heen.  fu  eramus,  we  had  heen. 

2.  fueras,  thou  hadst  heen.  fu^ratis,  you  had  heen. 

3.  f u  erat,  he  had  heen.  fu  erant,  they  had  heen. 


es,  thou  art.^ 
est,  he  {she,  it)  is. 

er  am,3  /  was. 
er5s,  thou  wast. 
3.  erat,  he  was. 

1.  ero,^  I  shall  he. 

2.  eris,  thou  wilt  he. 

3.  erit,  he  will  he. 


^  Sum  for  esum. 

2  Or,  you  are,  as  in  the  plural. 
But  in  translating  into  Latin  be 
careful  to  use  the  singular  form 


of  the  verb,  if  by  you  one  person 
only  is  meant. 

^  Erain  for  esam. 

^  Ero  for  eso. 


26 


THE  VEKB    Sum. 


Future  Perfect. 


SINGULAR. 

1.  fuero,  /  shall  have  been. 

2.  fueris,  thou  wilt  have  been. 

3.  fuerit,  he  will  have  been. 


PLURAL. 

fu  erimus,  we  shall  have  been, 
f  u  eritis,  you  will  have  been. 
f u  erint,  they  will  have  been. 


SUBJUNCTIVE.^ 


Present, 
sing.  plur. 

1.  sim  slmus 

2.  SIS  sitis 

3.  sit  sint 

Perfect. 

1.  fuerim  fu  erimus 

2.  fueris  fu  eritis 

3.  fuerit  fu  erint 


Imperfect, 
sing.  plur. 

essem  essSmus 

es  sgs  es  sStis 

esset  essent 

Pluperfect. 
fuissem        fuissSmus 
f  u  issSs  f  u  issStis 

fuisset  fuissent 


SINGULAR. 

2.  es,  be  thou. 


IMPERATIVE. 
Present. 


Future. 


2.  est6,  thou  shall  be. 

3.  esto,  he  shall  be. 


PLURAL. 

este,  be  ye, 

estote,  ye  shall  be, 
s  unt6,  they  shall  he. 


INFINITIVE. 
Present,  esse,  to  be. 
Perfect,   fuisse,  to  have  been. 
Future,    futurus  esse,  to  be  about  to  be, 

PARTICIPLE, 
futurus,  -a,  -um,  about  to  be. 


I 


^  No  meanings  can  be  given  to 
the  subjunctive  that  are  not  mis- 
leading.   Its  forms  are  therefore 


better  left  untranslated  until  its 
use  has  been  illustrated.  The  sub- 
junctive is  treated  on  pp.  164-186. 


THE  VERB  Sum.  27 


CHAPTER    VIII.    1. 
THE  VERB  Sum. 

74.  Learn  the  present,  imperfect,  and  future  indicative,  and 
the  present  imperative  and  infinitive. 

75.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Est,  erat,  erit.  2.  Sunt,  erant,  erunt.  3.  Sumus, 
eramus,  erimus.  4.  Ero,  eram,  sum.  5.  Eras,  es,  eris. 
6.  Estis,  eritis,  eratis.     7.  Es,  este.     8.  Esse. 

II.  1.  I  am,  we  are,  I  was,  w^e  were,  I  shall  be,  we  shall 
be.  2.  He  was,  they  were,  he  is,  they  are,  he  will  be,  they 
will  be.  3.  You  (sing.)  will  be,  are,  were.  4.  You  (plur,) 
will  be,  are,  were.     5.  Be  ye,  be  thou.     6.  To  be. 

2. 

From  this  point  the  vocabularies  follow  the  exercises,  and  it  is 
recommended  that  the  pupil  go  through  the  exercises  mentally, 
referring  to  the  vocabularies  for  the  meanings  of  words.  Before 
writing  the  translations  into  Latin  the  vocabularies  should  be  re- 
viewed, but  the  task  of  committing  to  memory  will  then  be  found 
an  easy  one. 

76.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  InimTcus  pilum  habet.  2.  Inimico  est  pilum. 
3.  Somnus  puero  erit  gratus.  4.  Liberi  agricolae  erunt 
defessT.  5.  Minerva  aram  in  oppido  habebat.  6.  Minervae 
in  oppido  erat  ara.  7.  In  terra  viri,  in  aqua  ranae  sunt. 
8.  Inimici  eramus  incolarum  malorum.  9.  Oeuli  domini 
duri  erant  magni  et  nigrL  10.^  Domino  duro  erant  oculi 
magni  et  nigri.  11.^  Dominus  durus  oeulos  magnos  et 
nigros  habebat.     12.  Consilium  fabri  periti  bonum  erat. 

^  What  word  is  better  left  untranslated,  though  needed  in  the  Latin  ? 


28  THE  VERB   Sum. 


II.  1.^  The  farmer  had  a  wagon.  2.  I  shall  be  the  man's 
friend.  3.  There  ^  is  a  large  town  on^  the  island.  4.  There 
was  a  red  egg  on  the  table.  5.  Children  were  carrying  the 
food  of  the  men.  6.  A  boy  gave  a  smith'*  some^  javelins. 
7.  In  the  town  are  enemies  of  the  inhabitants.  8.  They 
were  praising  the  words  of  the  sturdy  farmer.  9.  The 
poet's  gifts  will  be  pleasing  to  Minerva.  10.  Boys,  be  3'e 
strong  and  skilful. 


77.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Eritis  valido  in  carro  agricolae  periti.  2.  Eras 
nonus  discipulus  et  filius  poetae  erat  octavus.  3.  O  miser 
serve,  tu  {thou)  es  inimicus  pulchrae  Minervae.  4.  Amicus 
ero  Minervae  magnae.  5.^  AgricolTs  aratra  diira  et  valida 
dabant  viri.  6.  In  Britannia  sunt  oppida  multa  et  magna. 
7.  Puer  bone,  es  amicus  cqui  miseri. 

II.  1.  A  girl  gave  a  sick  sailor^  some  wine  and  water. 
2.  The  wine  she  carried  in  a  pretty'  cup.  3.  He  praised  the 
maiden's^  pretty  cup  and  the  ruddy  wine.  4.  The  maiden 
and  the  sailor  were  inhabitants  of  Britain.  5.  Britain  is  a 
large  island,  and  has  handsome  towns. 

78.  VOCABULARY. 

aqua,  -ae,  f.,  water.  incola,  -ae,  m.  &  f.,  inhabit ani. 

ara,  -ae,  f.,  altar.  inimicus,  -i,  m.,  enemy. 

aratrum,  -i,  n.,  plough.  insula,  -ae,  f.,  island. 

consiliam,  -i,  n.,  advice^  plan.  inensa,  -ae,  f.,  table. 

^  Translate  in  two  ways.  of  69. 1. 10,  and  see  the  note  there. 

2  Omit.     See  p.  18,  note  2.  What  name  is  given  to  the  dative 

^  See  vocabulary,  52.  agricolis  ? 
*  Indirect  object,  see  33  &  34.  ^  See  69.  II.  6,  and  note. 

^  Compare  the  order  with  that  ^  See  p.  19,  note  1. 


THE   VERB    Sum.  29 


Minerva,  -ae,  r.,  Minerva,  god-  oppidum,  -i,  n.,  town. 

(less  of  wisdom.  rana,  -ae,  F.^frog. 

nonus,  -a,  -uni,  adj.,  ninth.  somnus,  -i,  m.,  sleep. 

octavus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  eighth.  terra,  -ae,  f.,  earth,  land. 

oculus,  -i,  M.,  eye.  verbum,  -i,  n.,  ivoi^d. 

ainabat,  (he  she  it)  was  loving,  loved. 
dabat,  {he,  she,  it)  was  giving,  gave. 
habebat,  {he,  she,  it)  was  having,  had. 
laudabat,  {he,  she,  it)  was  praising,  praised. 
portabat,  {he,  she,  it)  was  carrying,  carried, 

amabant,  they  were  loving,  loved. 
dabant,  they  were  giving,  gave. 
habebant,  they  were  having,  had. 
laudabant,  they  were  praising,  praised. 
portabant,  they  were  carrying,  carried. 

79,  Nouns  in  ius  and  ium  contract  the  genitive  ending  ii 
to  I :  consili.  FHius  (son)  and  genius  (guardian  deity)  y  and 
proper  nouns  in  ius,  drop  the  e  of  the  vocative:  fill,  Mercuri, 
Mercury.  But  the  word  is  accented  as  if  the  longer  form  were 
used. 


4. 

80.  COLLOQUIUM. 

Nonne  aqiiam  in  poeulo  habet  faber? 

Minirne.     Faber  in  poeulo  habet  novum  vinum. 

no 

DesTderatne  Galba  somnum  gratum  ? 

wishes 

Certe,  nam  hodie  est  Galba  defessus. 

certainly     for      to-day 

Ubi  est  amicus  agricolae  pigrl? 

lazy 

Est  in  oppido,  nam  non  amabat  amici  consilium . 
Ubi  sunt  arma  agricolarum  validorum? 

tools 

Agricolarum  equ!,  carrT,  aratra  sunt  in  agro. 


30  THE  VERB  Sum. 


CHAPTER    IX.    1. 
THE  VERB   Sum. 

81.  Learn  the  perfect,  pluperfect,  and  future  perfect  indicative, 
and  the  perfect  infinitive.     See  pp.  25  and  26. 

82.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Fuit,  fuerat,  fuerit.  2.  Fuerunt,  fuerant,  fuerint. 
3.  Fuimus,  fueramus,  fuerimus.  4.  Fuero,  fuerani,  fui. 
5.  Fueras,  fueris,  fuisti.  6.  Fuistis,  fueritis,  fueratis. 
7.   Fuisse. 

II.  1.  I  have  been,  we  have  been,  I  had  been,  we  had 
been,  I  shall  have  been,  we  shall  have  been.  2.  He  has 
been,  they  have  been,  he  had  been,  they  had  been,  he  will 
have  been,  they  will  have  been.  3.  You  (sing.)  will  have 
been,  had  been,  have  been.  4.  You  (plur.)  will  have  been, 
had  been,  have  been.     5.  To  have  been. 

2. 

83.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  In  Graecia  erant  templa  multa.  2.  In  Graeeia 
erant  templa  deorum  et  dearum.  3.  Auriim  erat  in  statua 
Minervae.  4.  Minervae  fuit  statua  magna  et  clara.  5.  Mi- 
nerva statuam  magnam  et  claram  habebat.  6.  Multae  et 
pulchrae  erant  Graeeiae  statuae.  7.  Non  alta  erant  pulchra 
Graeciae  templa.  8.  Fluvii  Graeeiae  non  lati  et  alti  erant. 
9.  Clari  fuerunt  multl  GraecT.  10.  Graecorum  antiquorum 
erit  gloria  sempiterna. 

II.  1.  They  had  been  in  the  towns  of  the  Greeks.  2.  The 
monuments  of  Greece  were  temples  and  statues.  3.  The 
statue  of  Minerva  had  a  shield  and  spear.  4.  The  arms  of 
the  Greeks  were  shields  and  spears.  5.  The  gods  had  many 
statues  in  Greece.     6.  The  red  roses  will  be  pleasing  to  the 


THE   VERB   Sum. 


31 


queen.  7.  The  man's  children  are  in  the  street.  8.  He 
has  been  on  the  farmer's  horse.  9.  The  children  are  carried 
in  the  poet's  arms.  10.  Many  inhabitants  of  Britain  have 
been  skilful  sailors. 


84. 


VOCABULARY. 


altus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  deep^  high. 
antfquus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  ancient. 
arma,  -orum,  n.  (plur.),  arms. 
aureus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  gold, 

golden. 
aurum,  -i,  n.,  gold. 
dea,  -ae,  f.,  goddess,    p.  8,  n.  1. 
declmus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  tenth. 
deus,  -i,  M.,  god  (262). 
flnvius,  -i,  M.,  river  (79). 


gloria,  -ae,  f.,  glory. 
Oraecia,  -ae,  f.,  Greece, 
Graecus,  -i,  m.,  a  Greek. 
hasta,  -ae,  f.,  spear. 
moniimentum,  -i,  n.,  monument. 
scutum,  -i,  N.,  shield. 
sempiternus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  ever- 
lasting. 
statua,  -ae,  f.,  statue. 
templuni,  -i,  n.,  temple. 


85. 


3. 

COLLOQUIUM. 


Duo    PUERI. 
two 

Ubi  est  Carolus  hodie  ?     Nonne  est  in  schola  ? 

Charles  school 

Minime.     Est  in  fluvio ;   nam  habet  cj'mbam  parvam,  et 
libenter  navigat. 

likes  sailing 

Unde  Carolo  est  cymba?     Where  did  C.  get  a  boat  l 

whence       to  Charles  is  a  boat. 

Ab  avunculo,  nam  Carolus  ab  avunculo  amatur. 


Quid  in  cymba  portat  Carolus  ? 
Nescio  ;   ijprocul    dubio    prandium  ; 

I  don't  know  5C  doubtless  luncheon 

habet  ...      ^ 


ctenim 

for 


ammo 

mind 


Quid  in  animo  habet  ? 

Vale,  bone  amice,    cr^s        pat«bit. 

ijood  by  tomorrow    it  will  lie  opea  =  the  secret  will  be  out. 


32 


FIRST   CONJUGATION. 


CHAPTER    X. 
FIRST  CONJUGATION. 
86.  A-Verbs. 

Amo  (stem  ama),  love. 
Principal  Parts  :  ^  amo,  amare,  amavi,  amttum. 


ACTIVE    VOICE. 


INDICATIVE. 
Present. 


PASSIVE    VOICE. 


/  am  loved,  etc. 
am  or  am  amur 

am  aris,  or  -re        am  aniini 
am  atur  am  antur 


/  love,  am  loving,  do  love,  etc, 
aM  5  am  amus 

am  as  am  atis 

am  at  am  ant 

Imperfect. 
/  loved,  icas  loving,  did  love,  etc.  I  teas  loved,  etc. 

amSbam         amabamus  amSbar  amabSmur 

am  abas  am  abatis  am  abaris,  or -re    amabamini 

amabat  amabant  amabatur  amabantur 


Future. 


I  shall  love,  etc. 
am  5b6  am  abimus 

am  abis  am  abitis 

am  abit  am  abunt 


/  shall  he  loved,  etc. 
am  abor  am  abimur 

am  aberis,  or  -re    am  abimini 
am  abitur  am  abuntur 


Perfect. 


/  have  loved,  I  loved,  etc. 
amav  i  amav  imus 

amav  isti         amav  istis 
amav  it  amav  erunt,  or  -re 


/  have  been  (was)  loved,  etc. 
r  sum  I  sumus 

amatus  -^  es  amati  ■<  estis 


.  est 


.  sunt 


1  Certain  forms  of  the  verb 
are  called,  from  their  importance, 
principal  parts.  These  forms  are 
the  first  person  of  the  present  in- 
dicative, showing  the  present  stem ; 
the  present  infinitive,  showing  the 
conjugation ;  the  first  person  of  the 


perfect  indicative,  showing  the 
perfect  stem ;  and  the  perfect  parti- 
ciple, showing  the  participle  stem. 
The  neuter  of  the  participle  is 
given,  as  intransitive  verbs  have 
the  perfect  participle  only  in  that 
gender. 


FIRST   CONJUGATION. 


33 


ACTIVE    VOICE. 


PASSIVE    VOICE. 


Pluperfect. 


7  had  loved,  etc. 
amav  erani      am  av  erSmus 
amav  eras        amav  eratis 
-unav  erat        amav  erant 


/  had  been  loved,  etc. 
r  eram  r  eramus 

amatusJeras       amati -^  eratis 
(  erat  (  erant 


Future  Perfect. 
/  shall  have  loved,  etc.  I  shall  have  been  loved,  etc. 


amavero  amaverimus 

amaveris         amaveritis 
amav  erit        amav  erint 


/^ero 

amatus  <  eris 

(erit 


r  erimus 
amati  <  eritis 

(  erunt  4*^ 


am  em 

ames 

amet 


am  emus 
am  Stis 
ament 


SUBJUNCTIVE.^ 

Present. 

am  er 

am  gris,  or  -re 

am  etur 


am  §mur 
am  gmini 
am  entur 


Imperfect. 

amSrem  amargmus  amarer  am^rgmur 

amSrSs  amargtis  am  argris,  or -re  amargmini 

amSret  amSrent  amSrgtur  amSrentur 


Perfect. 


amaverim       amaverimus 
amaveris         amaveritis 
amav  erit         amav  erint 


rsim 

t  simus 

an)at  us  • 

sis 

amati-jsitis 

^sit 

(sint 

Pluperfect. 
amav  issem     amav  issgmus 
amavissgs       amavissgtis 
aniavisset       amavissent 


essem  r  essgmus 

amatus  ■{  essgs     amati  }  essgtis 
esset  ( essent 


1  See  p.  26,  note. 


34 


FIRST   CONJUGATION. 


ACTIVE    VOICE. 


am  a,  love  thou. 
am  ate,  love  ye. 


amSto,  thou  shalt  love. 
am  5t6,  he  shall  love. 
am  §.t6te,  you  shall  love. 
amanto,  they  shall  love. 


IMPERATIVE. 

PASSIVE    VOICE. 

Pbesent. 

am  are,  he  thou  loved, 
am  amini,  he  ye  loved. 

Future. 

am  ator,  thou  shalt  he  loved, 
am  ator,  he  shall  he  loved, 

am  antor,  they  shall  he  loved. 


Pres.  am  are,  to  love. 
Perf.  amavisse,  to  have  loved. 
FuT.    amaturus  esse,  to  he  ahout 
to  love. 


INFINITIVE. 

amari,  to  he  loved. 


amatus  esse,  to  have  heen  loved. 
amatum  Iri,  to  he  about  to  he 
loved. 


PARTICIPLE. 


Pres.  am  ans,  -antis,  loving. 


FuT.    amaturus,  -a,  -um,  ahout       Ger.^  amandus,  -a,  -um,  to  he 
to  love.  loved. 

1  Perf.  amatus,  -a,  -um,  having 

heen  loved. 


G.    am  andi,  of  loving. 
D.    amand6,/or  loving. 
Ac.  amandum,  loving. 
Ab.  amando,  hy  loving. 


Ac.  amatum,  to  love. 


GERUND. 


SUPINE. 

Ab.  amatfl,  to  love,  to  he  loved. 


'  1  Observe  that  the  Latin  has  ^   Gerundive,    sometimes    less 

neither    a    perfect    active  nor  a      correctly    called    future    passive 
present  passive  participle.  participle. 


FIRST    CONJUGATIOK.  S5 


CHAPTER   XI.   1. 
FIRST   CONJUGATION. 

87.  Learn  the  present,  imperfect,  and  future  indicative,  and  the 
present  imperative  and  infinitive,  active  and  passive,  of  amo.^ 

88.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Amatis,  amabatis,  amabitis.  2.  Amatur,  amaba- 
tur,  amabitur.  3.  Amat,  amabat,  amabit.  4.  Amantur, 
amabantur,  amabuntur.     5.  Amo,  amor.     6.  Amas,  amaris. 

7.  Amamus,  amamur.     8.  Amabitis,  amabimini.     9.  Ama- 
bat, amabatur.     10.  Amare,  amari. 

II.  1.  He  loves,  he  is  loved.  2.  He  will  love,  he  will  be 
loved.  3.  They  were  loved,  they  were  loving.  4.  I  shall 
love,  I  shall  be  loved.  5.  You  {sing.)  love,  you  are  loved. 
6.  They  loved,  they  were  loving,  they  will  love.  7.  You 
(plur,)   are  loving,  you  were   loving,  you  will  be  loving. 

8.  Love  (sing.)^  be  loved.     9.  To  be  loved,  to  love. 

2. 

89.  EXERCISES. 

Laud5,  praise;  porto,  carry ;  supero,  conquer. 

I.  1.  Laudat,  portat,  superat.  2.  Laudatur,  portatur, 
superatur.  3.  Laudabitur,  portabitur,  superabitur.  4.  Lau- 
dasne  ?  portabasne  ?  superabisne  ?  5.  Laudamur,  portaba- 
mur,  superabimur.  6.  Lauda,  porta,  supera.  7.  Superare, 
portare,  laudarL  8.  Non  superamim,  non  portabamini, 
non  laudabimini.  9.  Laudare,  portamim,  superate.  10.  Lau- 
dor,  portabar,  superabor. 

II.  1.  Thou  praisest,  you-  carry,  he  conquers.  2.  He  is 
praised,  they  are  carried,  they  will  be  conquered.  3.  I  praise, 
I  was  carrying,  I  shall  conquer.     4.  Thou  art  praised,  thou 

*  Notice  how  frequently  the  Where  is  it  absent  in  the  first  three 
letter  r  marks  a  form  as  passive.       tenses  ? 


36  FIRST   CONJUGATION. 

art  carried,  thou  art  conquered.  5.  Praise  (thou),  carry, 
conquer.  6.  He  will  be  conquered,  he  was  praised,  it  is 
carried.  7.  To  conquer,  to  be  carried,  to  be  praised.  8.  Do 
we  carry?  are  we  conquered?  are  we  praised?  9.  I  am 
not  carried,  he  was  not  conquered,  they  are  not  praised. 
10.  Thou  wilt  praise,  he  will  be  praised,  they  were  carried. 

90.  Examine  the  following  sentences :  — 

1.  Agricola  a  regina  laudatur,  the  farmer  is  praised  by  the  queen. 

2.  Agricola  reginae  verbis  laudatur,  the  farmer  is  j^raised  hy 

the  words  of  the  queen. 

3.  Servi  gladiis  armantur,  the  slaves  are  being  armed  with  swords. 

On  the  first  example  see  61  and  62.  In  the  second  and  third, 
observe  that  there  is  no  a  or  ab  used  with  verbis  and  gladiis. 

These  ablatives,  verbis  and  gladiis,  answer  the  questions  hy 
what  ?  with  what  ?  by  means  of  ichat  ?  The  ablative  thus  used  is 
called  the  Ablative  of  Means  or  Instrument. 

91.  Rule  of  Syntax.  —  Means  and  Instrument  are 
expressod  by  the  ablative  without  a  preposition. 


I 


3. 

92.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Puellae  rosas  amant.  2.  Rosae  albae  a  puelll 
amantur.  3.  Homerus  viros  Graecos  laudabat.  4.  Ab^ 
Homero  laudabantur  virl  Graeci.  5.  Oppidum  nominabant 
Romam.^  6.  Oppidum  Roma^  nominabatur.  7.  Serv^H 
gladiis  armabimiis.  8.  InimTcus  gladio  vulneratur.  9.  Im- 
micus  a  Galba  vulneratur.  10.  O  Romani,  servos  hastis 
armate.  ll 

II.  1.   Sing,  good  boy.     2.  Many  goddesses  were  loveo 
by  the  Greeks.     3.   The  boy  will  put  the  doves  to  flight. 

1  Before  words  beginning  with  ^  Predicate  accusative. 

h  use  ab,  not  S.  ^  Predicate  nominative.  See  47. 


FIRST   CONJUGATION.  37 

4.  The  doves  will  be  put  to  flight  by  the  boy.  5.  We  shall 
invite  friends  and  enemies.  6.  Friends  and  enemies  will  be 
invited,  7.  The  Eomans  were  not  loved  by  the  Greeks. 
8.  You  will  be  summoned  by  a  golden^  trumpet.  9.  The 
slaves  w411  be  armed  with  javelins.  10.  The  black  horse 
was  970unded  by  a  spear. 

4. 
93.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.   Dum   nos    (ive)   laboramus,   cantat   caecus   poeta. 

2.  Quid    {what)   cantabat  caecus  poeta  dum  laborabamus? 

3.  Dum  in  oppido  ambulant  domini,  servi  laborant  in  agro. 

4.  Pueri  vigilabunt  dum  somnus  gratns  viros  defessos  recre- 
abit.  5.  Nauta  defessus  aqua  frigida  recreabitur.  6.  EquT 
defessi  pabulo  bono  recreabuntur.  7.  Verba  bona  discipuli 
a  magistro  laudabantur.  8.  Murl  alti  ab  oppidanTs  aedifica- 
bantur.  9.^  Multos  et  altos  muros  aedificabunt  oppidani. 
10.  Non  a  pigris  virTs  oppidum  aedificabatur. 

II.  1.  While  the  man  was  working,  the  boy  was  singing. 
2.  While  the  master  is  being  refreshed  with  sleep,  the  servant 
is  watching.  3.  Pleasant  sleep  refreshes  the  weary  boy. 
4.  By  pleasant  sleep  the  boy  will  be  refreshed.  5.  A  high 
wall  is  being  built  by  the  townsmen.  6.  A  famous  Roman 
was  called  the  Sword  ^  of  Italy.  7.  They  called  a  famous 
Roman  the  Sword ^  of  Italy.  8.  The  tired  farmer  is  re- 
freshed by  food  and  sleep. ^  9.  We  will  walk  in  the  streets 
of  the  town,  while  the  farmers  are  working^  in  the  fields. 
10,  Sing,  O  blind  poet,  while  we  toil. 

1  Golden,  aurea   or  ex  aiiro.  ^  *SVor(f,  in  the  nominative  case, 

The  material  of  which  a  thing  is  just  as  if  ivas  took  the  place  of  ivas 

made  is  expressed  in  Latin  either  called.     See  92.  I.  6,  and  note, 
by  an  adjective  or  by  e  (ox)  with  ^  Sword,  in  the  accusative  case. 

the  ablative.   How  is  it  in  Enolish?  See  92.  I.  5,  and  note. 

-  Coinpare,  for  order,  77.  I.  5,  ^  Cf.  5  and  6  in  I. 

and  69.  I.  10,  and  note.  ^  l^j^tate  4  in  I. 


88 


FIRST  CONJUGATION. 


94. 

VOCABULARY. 

aedlfico,  1,  build. 

aqua,^  -ae,  f.,  water. 

ambulo,  1,  walk. 

aureus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  golden. 

armo,  1,  arm. 

caecus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  blind. 

canto,  1,  sing. 

duin,  adv.,  while. 

fugo,  1,  put  to  flight. 

e  (ex),  prep.  w.  abl.,  out  ofjh^^v 

invito,  1,  invite,  summon. 

frigidus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  cold. 

laboro,  1,  work,  toil. 

gladius,  -i,  m.,  sword  (79), 

laudo,  \y  praise. 

Homerus,  -i,  m..  Homer. 

nomino,  1,  name,  call. 

Italia,  -ae,  f.,  Italy. 

porto,  1,  carry. 

miirus,  -i,  m.,  wall. 

recreo,  1,  refresh. 

oppidaniis,  -i,  m.,  townsman. 

supero,  1,  surpass,  conquer. 

piger,  -gra,  -grum,  adj.,  lazy. 

vigilo,  1,  watch. 

Roma,  -ae,  f.,  Rome. 

vulnerS,  1,  wound. 

Romanus,  -i,  m.,  a  Roman. 

5. 

95. 

COLLOQUIUM. 

Pater  et  Filiolus. 

Father  and  little  eon. 

P.    Quae,  mi  filiole,  in  penso  hodierno  tractabantur ? 

what     my  little  son  lesson        to-day's        treat  or  discuss 

F.    Tractabantur  casus  ablativus  atque  verbum  amo, 

case  and 

r.    Quid  significat  Anglice  verbum  amo? 

means       in  English 

F.   Amo  significat  ''  love." 

P.    De  ablativo  quoque  mihi  narra. 

about  also  me  tell 

F.    Regulam  de  ablativo  tibi  narrabo. 

rule  you 

P.    Regulamne  tibi  dabat  magister? 

F.    Certe,  regulam  de  ablativo  Instrument!.      Cum 

certainly  instrument  with 

tivo  instrument!  nunquam  ponitur  praepositio ;    ante  ablat!- 

never  is  put  preposition  before 

vum  agentis  semper  ponitur  praepositio  a  vel  ab. 

of  agent      always  or 

P.    Optime,  m!  puer ;   tibi  erit  malum  rubrum. 

well  done  apple 


m 

i   abH 
t!" 

I 


1  Words  are  sometimes  purposely  repeated  in  the  vocabularies. 


FIRST   CONJUGATION. 


CHAPTER    XII.    1. 
FIRST   CONJUGATION. 

96.  Learn  the  perfect,  pluperfect,  and  future  perfect  indica- 
tive, and  perfect  infinitive,  active  and  passive,  of  amo. 

97.  The  compound  tenses  are  formed  by  combining  forms  of 
the  verb  sum  with  the  perfect  passive  participle.  The  participle 
(declined  like  bonus)  agrees  in  gender  and  number  with  the  sub- 
ject :  amata  est,  she  was  loved ;  amati  sunt,  they  were  loved, 

98.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Amavit,  amaverat,  amaverit.  2.  Amatus  est,  ama- 
tus  erat,  amatus  erit.    3.  Amaverunt,  amaverant,  amaverint. 

4.  Amavi,   amatus   sum.     5.  Amaveramus,   amati   eramus. 
V.  Amaveritis,  amati  eritis.     7.  Amavisse,  amatus  esse. 

II.  1.  You  loved,  you  have  been  loved.  2.  You  had 
loved,  you  had  been  loved.  3.  You  will  have  loved,  you 
will  have  been  loved.     4.  He  has  loved,  he  has  been  loved. 

5.  We  had  loved,  we  had  been  loved.     6.  To  have  been 
loved,  to  have  loved. 

2. 
90,;  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Laudatus  est,  portatus  est,  superatus  est.  2.  Lau- 
davitne  ?  portaveratne  ?  superaveritne  ?  3.  Portavisti, 
hiudavistis,  superavit.  4.  Superaveras,  portaveris,  lauda- 
veritis.       5.    Laudati    estis,    portata    sunt,    superatus    es. 

6.  Nonne  laudatae  sunt?   nonne  portatae  estis?   nonne  su- 
peratae  sumus?     7.  Portavi,  laudatus  sum,  superatus  eram. 

8.  Non   laudavimus,    non    portaverimus,    non    superavero. 

9.  Laudavisse,  portavisse,  superavisse.     10.  Portatus  esse, 
superatus  esse,  laudatus  esse. 

II.  1.  They  have  carried,  we  have  been  praised,  you  have 
been  conquered.  2.  Have  I  praised?  have  you  been  carried? 
had  they  conquered?     3.  We  had  been  carried,  I  shall  have 


40  FIRST   CONJUGATION. 

praised,  they  will  have  been  conqu'^red.  4.  You  had  not 
carried,  thou  hadst  not  praised,  thou  hadst  not  been  con- 
quered. 5.  To  have  been  conquered,  to  have  praised,  to 
have  carried.  6.  I  had  praised,  I  had  been  conquered, 
I  {fern,)  had  been  carried.  7.  Has  it  not  been  praised? 
will  it  not  have  been  carried  ?  have  they  not  been  conquered  ? 
8.  We  (fern.)  had  been  carried,  thou  wilt  have  praised,  he 
conquered.  9.  They  praised,  you  carried,  we  conquered. 
10.  I  was  praised,  thou  wast  conquered,  it  was  carried. 

3. 

100.  In  Latin,  the  words  for  my,  thy,  your,  our,  his,  her,  its, 
and  their,  are  very  often  omitted  when  they  are  not  emphatic. 
Accordingly,  in  the  exercises  to  be  turned  into  Latin,  for  the 
present,  leave  these  words  untranslated. 

101.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Pugna  fortuna  mutata  est.  2.  Fortuna  pugnani 
mutavit.  3.  Roman!  Graecos  superaverant.  4.  Graeci  a 
Romanis  superati  erant.  5.  Viri  multl  et  egregii  agros  arave- 
runt.  6.  Ministri  scutis  armati  sunt.  7.  Agricola  egregius 
a  ministro  misero  vituperatus  est.  8.  Agri  lati  ab  agricolTs 
aratro  magno  arati  sunt.  9.  Magister  malos  discipulos 
vituperavit.  10.  Poeta  pugnas  et  victorias  virorum  claroruni 
cantavit. 

Read  again  the  explanations  and  rules  on  pp.  20,  21,  and  36. 

II.  1.  An  eagle  changed  the  fortune  of  the  battle.  2.  We 
shall  witness  a  battle  on  the  broad  river.  3.  Many  good  men 
will  have  been  blamed  by  their  enemies.  4.  The  boys  will 
have  recited  to  their  master.  5.  The  land  in  Italy  has  been 
ploughed  with  iron  ploughs.  6.  The  master  freed  his  pupils 
from  their  hard  tasks  (abl.).  7.  The  goddess  Minerva  has 
been  praised  by  many  poets.  8.  The  victories  of  famous 
men  have  been  sung  by  the  poets.  9.  The  tyrant  armed  a 
great  number  of  slaves  with  swords. 


THIRD   DECLEKSIOK. 


41 


102. 

aro,  1,  plough. 
libero,  l,free,  set  free. 
muto,  1,  change. 
recito,  \,  read  aloud,  recite. 
specto,  1,  look  at,  witness. 
supero,  1,  surpass,  conquer. 
vitupero,  1,  blame,  censure. 

egregius,  -a,  -um,  ad  j .,  excellent. 


VOCABULARY. 


ferreus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  iron,  iron 
fortuna,  -ae,  r,,  fortune. 
numerus,  -i,  m.,  number. 
pensuin,  -i,  n.,  task,  lesson. 
pngna,  -ae,  f.,  battle. 
scutum,  -i,  N.,  shield. 
terra,  -ae,  f.,  earth,  land. 
tyrannus,  -i,  m.,  tyrant. 
victoria,  -ae,  f.,  victory. 


CHAPTER  XIII.  1. 
THIRD   DECLENSION. 

103.  The  stem  ends  in  a  consonant  or  in  i, 

104.  Consonant  stems  are  named,  according  to  their 
final  letter,  mute  stems,  liquid  stems,  sibilant  stems. 
See  3. 

Mute  Stems. 


105. 

PARADIGMS. 

Princeps,  m., 

Rex,  M., 

Judex,  M., 

Aetas,  F., 

Caput,  N., 

chief. 

king. 

judge. 

age. 

head. 

Stem  princip- 

St.  reg- 

St.  judic- 

St.  aetat- 

St.  capit- 

Singular. 

jiT.y.  princeps 

rex 

jiidex 

aetas 

caput 

3r.      principis 

regis 

judicis 

aetat  is 

capitis 

l).       prlncip  i 

regi 

judici 

aetati 

capiti 

^c.     princip  em 

reg  em 

jiidicem 

aetat  em 

caput 

Lb.    princip  e 

rege 

judice 
Plural. 

aetat  e 

capit  e 

^.Y.  princip  es 

reg  es 

judices 

aetat  es 

capit  a 

G.      princip  um 

reg  um 

judicum 

aetat  um 

capit  um 

D.      princip  ibus 

reg  ibus 

judicibus 

aetat  ibus 

capit  ibus 

Ac.     princip  es 

reg  es 

judices 

aetat  es 

capit  a 

Ab.   princip  ibus 

reg  ibus 

judicibus 

aetat  ibus 

capit  ibua 

42 


THIED   DECLENSION. 


PgS,  M.,  foot. 

Milgs,  M.,  soldier. 

Terminations. 

St.  ped- 

St.  mmt- 

MASC.  &  FEM. 

SlNGULAR. 

Sing,               Plwr    I 

N.V.  pes 

miles 

8,     \ 

G.       pedis 

niilitis 

is                 um 

D.       pedi 

militi 

1                  ibua 

Ac.      pedem 

militem 

em              gs 

Ab.     pede 

niilit  e 

e                  ibua 

Plural. 

NEUTER. 

N.V.  pedes 

milit  Ss 

—                a 

G.       ped  um 

milit  um 

is                 um 

D.       ped  ibus 

iiiilitibus 

I                  ibua 

Ac.      ped  es 

iiulites 

—                 a 

Ab.     ped  ibus 

milit  ibus 

6                   ibus 

^ 


100.   Observe  that  the  vowel  before  the  fiual  consonant  of  the 
stem  is  not  always  the  same  in  the  nominative  as  in  the  other  case»^ 

107,  Consonant  stems  may  be  found  by  dropping  the  terminal 
tion  of  the  genitive  singular.     But  there  are  some  exceptions. 

108.  Decline  grex,  pogma,  servitus.     Decline  together  lapia 
asper,  fidus  comgs,  and  milSs  aeger.    For  the  nouns,  see  110. 


2. 
109.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Poeta  comiti  aegro  poema  gratum  recitavit.  2.  G 
mes  poetae  poemate  grato  liberatus  est  cura.*  3.  Magnus 
erat  equitum  numerus.  4.  Milites  multi  a  serv5  domini 
invitati  sunt.  5.  Greges  albos  habent  agricolae^  insulae 
vicinae.  6.  Ager  vicinus  lapides  multos  et  asperos  habet. 
7.  In  agro  vicino  sunt  lapides  mult!  et  asperi.  8.  Servitus  a 
viris  non  est  araata.  9.  Pes  pueri  lapide  aspero  vulneratus 
est.     10.  Eegis  amici  a  rmlitibus  gladiis  et  pilTs  sunt  fugati. 

II.  1.  The  king  has  changed  the   fortune   of   the  war. 
2.  The  fortune  of  the  war  was  changed  by  the  king.    8.  The 


J 


1  from  care.    See  101.  II.  6. 


2  The  subject. 


THIRD  DECLENSION.  43 

soldiers  will  free  the  king.  4.  The  king  will  be  freed  by  the 
soldiers.  5.  The  king  had  armed  the  soldiers  with  shields 
and  spears.  6.  Daedalus  fitted  wings  to  his  son.  7.  Wings 
were  fitted  to  his  son  by  Daedalus.  8.  We  shall  read  aloud 
the  poems  of  Homer.  9.  The  girl  sings  for  the  weary 
soldier  and  is  praised. 

110.  VOCABULARY. 

com^s,  -ills,  M.  &  F.,  companion,      servitfis,  -utis,  f.,  slavery/, 

equSs,  -itls,  m.,  horseman.  voluptas,  -atis,  f.,  pleasure. 

grex,  gregis,  M.,Jlock,  herd. 

lapis,  -idis,  m.,  stone.  apto,  1,  Jit.                          y 

milSs,  -itls,  M.,  soldier.  Daedalus,  -i,  m.,  Dcedalus,  builder 

pes,  pSdis,  M.,foot.  of  the  Labyrinth. 

poema,  -Stis,  th.,  poem.  filius,  -i,  m.,  son  (79). 

rex,  regis,  m.,  king.  vicinus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.,  neighbor iny. 

3. 

111.  COLLOQUIUM. 
Frater  et  Sororcula. 

brother  little  sister 

S,    Quid  hodie  narravit  magister  in  schola? 

to-day  school 

F,    Narravit  de  learo,  Daedall  filio. 

S,    Mihi  quoque  de  Icaro  Latine  narra.      Fuitne   Icarus 

me  also  in  Latin 

puer  malus  ? 
F.   Minime  malus  sed  miserrimus.    Habebat  alas  ;  alas  cera 

not  ^       unfortunate  wings  wax 

aptaverat  Daedalus ;  Icarus  evolavit  et  cera  sole  liquefacta 

flew  away  sun        was  melted 

est.     Tum  .  .  . 

then 

8.    Tum  .  .  .  quid? 

F.    Mihi  non  sunt  verba  Latina.     Itaque  haesito. 

words  that  is  why    hesitate 

S.    Ergo  narra  Anglice.    Nam  linguam  Anglicam  intellegO, 

well,  then  language  understand 

F,   Minime.     Latine  tibi  narro,  non  Anglice. 

by  no  means 


44 


SECOND   CONJUGATION. 


CHAPTER    XIV. 


112. 


SECOND   CONJUGATION. 

E -Verbs. 


Moneo  (stem  mone),  advise. 
Principal  Parts  :  moneo,  monere,  monuT,  monitum. 


INDICATIVE. 


ACTIVE. 

/  advise  J  etc. 
mon  eo  mon  emus 

rnon  gs  in  on  etis 

mon  et  mon  ent 


PASSIVE. 


/  icas  advising,  etc. 
mon  ebam       mon  ebamus 
monebas         monebatis 
mon  ebat         mon  ebant 


Present. 

I  am  advised,  etc. 
mon  eor  mon  emur 

mon  eris,  or  -re       mon  em  in! 
mon  etur  mon  entur 

Imperfect. 

/  was  advised,  etc. 
mon  ebar  mon  ebamur 

mon  ebaris,  or  -re  mon  ebamini 
mon  ebatur  mon  ebantur 


Future. 

/  shall  advise,  etc.  I  shall  he  advised,  etc, 

monebo         nionebimus  monebor  monebimur 

monebis        monebitis  moneberis,  or-re  monebimini 

monebit        monebunt  monebitur  monebuntur 

Perfect. 

/  have  advised,  I  advised,  etc.  I  have  been  (jvas)  advised,  etc. 

monui  monuimus  rsum  /  sumus 

monuisti       monuistis  monitusJes  moniti  testis 

monuit  monu  erunt,  or -re  (est  (sunt 

Pluperfect. 

/  had  advised,  etc.  T  had  been  adviseU^igc. 

monneram    monueramus  ^  eram  /  eramus 

monuerSs      monnerStis  monit  us -J  eras      moniti -|  eratis 

monu  erat      monu  erant  ( erat  ( erant 


SECOND   CONJUGATION. 


45 


ACTIVE. 


PASSIVE. 


Future  Perfect. 

/  shall  have  advised,  etc.  I  shall  have  been  advised,  etc. 


monuero         monuerimus 
monu  ens        monu  eritis 
moiiu  erit        monu  erint 


rexo 

monit  us  }  eris 

(  erit 


f  erimua 
monit i  <  eritis 
(  erunt 


inon  earn 
mon  eas 
mon  eat 


mon  erem 
mon  eres 
moneret 


monuerim 
monu  eris 
monu  erit 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 
Present. 

mon  eamus  mon  ear  mon  eamur 

mon  eatis  mon  earis,  or  -re  mon  e^mini 

mon  eant  mon  e§.tur  mon  eantur 

Imperfect. 

moneremus         monerer  monSremur 

mon  eretis  mon  ereris,  or  -re  mon  eremini 

monerent  moneretur  raouerentur 


Perfect. 


monu  erimus 
monu  eritis 
monu  erint 


monit  us 


Sim 

SIS 

sit 


r  sTmus 
monit  T  -j  sitis 
(sint 


Pluperfect. 
monuissem    monuissemus  /essem  /essemus 

monuisses      monuissetis        monit  us  Jesses     monit  T  Jessetis 
monuisset      monuissent  (esset  (essent 


mon  §,  advise  thou. 
mon  ete,  advise  ye. 

mon  eto,  thou  shall  advise. 
mon  eto,  lie  shall  advise. 
inonetote,  you  shall  advise. 
mon  ento,  they  shall  advise. 


IMPERATIVE. 

Present. 

mon  ere,  he  thou  advised. 
mon  emini,  be  ye  advised. 

Future. 

mon  etor,  thoic  shalt  be  advised. 
mon  etor,  he  shall  be  advised. 

mon  entor,  they  shall  be  advised. 


46  SECOND  CONJUGATION. 

INFINITIVE. 
ACTIVE.  PASSIVE. 

pRES.  nionere,  to  advise.  moneri,  to  he  advised. 

Perf.  monu  isse,  to  have  advised,  monit  us  esse,  to  have  been  adv'd. 

FuT.    -momtvLXMS  esse,  to  he  about  monit um  iri,  to  he  about  to  he 

to  advise,  advised. 

PARTICIPLE. 
Pres.  raonens,  -entis,  advising. . 


FuT.    monit  urus, -a, -um,  about  to     Ger.    monendus,  -a,  -um,  to  he 
advise.  advised. 

Perf.  monit  us,  -a^  -um,  having 

been  advised. 

GERUND. 

G.     monendi,  of  advising. 
D.    YCiOXiendiO,  for  advising. 
Ac.  monendum,  advising. 
Ab.  mon  endo,  by  advising. 

SUPINE. 
Ac.  monit  um,  to  advise.  Ab.    monit  tt,   te  advise^   to    he 

advised, 

CHAPTER  XV.    1. 

SECOND   CONJUGATION. 

lis.  Learn  the  present,  imperfect,  and  future  indicative,  and 
present  imperative  and  infinitive,  active  and  passive,  of  moneS. 

114.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Monet,  monetur.  2.  Monebat,  monebatur.  3.  Mone- 
bit,  monebitur.  4.  Mone,  monere.  5.  Monete,  monemini. 
6.  Monebimus,  monebimur.  7.  Monemus,  monemur.  8.  Mo- 
nebas,  mones.     9.  Monebis,  moneris.     10.  MonerT,  monere. 

II.  1.  You  are  advising,  you  will  be  advised,  you  were 
advised.     2.  Advise  ye,  be  ye  advised.     3.  We  do  advise, 


SECOND   CONJUGATION.  47 

we  are  advising,  we  shall  be  advising.  4.  We  were  advis- 
ing, we  were  advised.  5.  They  are  advised,  they  advised, 
they  were  advising.  6.  They  will  advise,  they  will  be 
advised. 

2. 

115.  EXERCISES. 

Habe5,  have,  or  hold;  deleo,^  destroy ;  terreo,  frighten. 

I.  1.  Habet,  delebat,  terrebit.  2.  Nonne  habemus? 
nonne  delebamus?  nonne  terrebimus?  3.  Deles,  habebas, 
terrebunt.  4.  Habete,  terrete,  delete.  5.  Deletur,'^  habe- 
batur,  terrebatur.^  6.  Terrere,  deleri,  haberi.  7.  Habetne? 
deleturne  ?  terrebatne  ?  8.  Delebitur,  habebantur,  terrebimini. 
9.  Non  terremus,  non  delebunt,  non  habent.  10.  Habebun- 
tur,  teiTentur,  delebantur. 

II.  1.  We  are  held,  they  will  be  destroyed,  he  was  fright- 
ened. 2.  I  frighten,  thou  hast  (you  have),  he  destroys. 
3.  To  have,  to  destroy,  to  be  frightened.  4.  Is  he  fright- 
ened? are  they  destroyed?  were  you  held?  5.  Destroy  (thou), 
have  (ye),  frighten  (ye).  6.  Have  we  not?  does  he  not 
frighten?  did  they  not  destroy?  7.  You  will  be  frightened, 
it  is  held,  we  were  frightened.  8.  I  was  holding,  he  was  de- 
stroying, you  were  frightening.  9.  I  shall  destroy,  we  shall 
frighten,  they  have. 

3. 

116.  EXERCISES. 

Before  translating  the  following  exercises,  review  the  tables  of 
declensions  and  terminations,  pp.  41  and  42. 

I.     1.    Poenam   merebis,    si    memoriam    non    exercebis.^ 

1  For  principal  parts  of  deleo,  ^  Translate  as  if  it  were  the 
see  Yocabulary,  119.  present  tense ;    but  in  Latin  the 

2  The  present,  which  denotes  future  is  necessary,  because  future 
continued  action,  means  it  is  being  time  is  meant.  Cf.  93.  I.  4.  Ob- 
{destroyed) ;  the  imperfect,  he  was  serve  the  difference  between  the 
heing  [frightened).  Latin  and  English  idioms. 


48  SECOND   CONJUGATION. 

2.  Exerce  memoriam,  comes.  3.  Studium  memoriam  auget. 
4.  Milites  a  ducibus  exercentur  et  docentur.  5.  Pericula 
milites  noil  terrebunt.  6.  Peiiculum  non  timebit  miles. 
7.  Oppidum  a  militibus  tenetur.  8.  Judices  poenTs  malos 
coercent.     9.  Quidvides?     10.  Multa  video. 

II.  1.  The  tyrant  is  restrained.  2.  The  water  of  the  river^ 
was  increased.  3.  The  leader  will  have  a  statue.  4.  The 
faithful  comrade  advises  his  friend.  5.  The  friend  is  advised 
by  his  faithful  companion.  6.  Lazy  slaves  fear  a  hard  mas- 
ter. 7.  A  hard  master  is  feared  by  lazy  slaves.  8.  Italy  is 
the  land  of  famous  poets.  9.  The  soldiers  will  not  be  terrified 
by  dangers.     10.  The  boy  remembered  the  master's  words. 

117.  Malos  (I.  8),  had  men,  and  multa  (I.  10),  many  things, 
are  examples  of  the  frequent  use  in  Latin  of  an  adjective  without 
a  noun.     Compare,  in  English,  the  good,  the  wise. 

4. 

118.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Equos  et  equites  multos  in  via  video.  2.  Cyrus, 
primus  Persarum  rex/   nomina^  militum  memoria  tenebat. 

3.  Si  oppidum  delebunt,  poenam  merebunt.  4.  Principes  a 
templo  dei  prohibebimus.  5.  Yoluptates  memoriae  auge- 
bantur.  6.  Studio  augetur  memoria.  7.  Milites  a  principe 
monebantur.  8.  Rex  m fi 2 uum  militum  numerum  tenebat. 
9.   Piinceps  equites  pigrob  exercebat. 

II.  1.  In  ancient  states  there  were  many  slaves.  2.  Why 
had  the  ancient  Eomans  many  slaves?  3.  We  saw  the 
great  number  of  horsemen  in  the  road  and  were  frightened. 

4.  Roman  boys  were  often  taught  by  Greek  slaves.  5.  Greek 
slaves  often  taught  Roman  boys.  6.  The  horsemen  wert' 
trained  by  the  king's  son.  7.  Many  horses  and  horsemen  are 
seen  in  the  town.    8.  The  chief  will  deserve  a  great  victory. 


1  Rex,  in  apposition  with  Cyrus.   See  157.  ^  names. 


SECOND   CONJUGATION.  49 

119.  VOCABULARY, 

coerceo,  2,  -ui,  -itum,  check,  re-  antiquiis,    -a,     -uni,    adj.,    old, 

strain.  ancient. 

exerceo,  2,  -ui,  -itum,  train,  exer-  civitas,  -atis,  t.,  state. 

cise.  cur,  adv.,  whij  ? 

habeo,  2,  -ui,  -itum,  haoe,  hold.  Cyrus,  -i,  m.,  Cyrus. 

mereo,  2,  -ui,  -itum,  deserve,  merit.  dux,  ducis,  m.  &  f.,  leader,  general. 

prohibeo,  2,  -ui,  -itum,  prevent,  fidus, -a, -um,  adj., /a<VA/u/. 

keep  off.  memoria,  -ae,  f.,  memory. 

terreo,  2,  -ui,  -itum,  frighten.  memoria  teneo,  remember. 

timeo,  2,  -ui, ,  fear.  periculum,  -i,  n.,  danger. 

poena,  -ae,  f,,  punishment. 

augeo,  2,  auxi,^  auctum,  increase.  quid,  interrog.  pron,,  what  ? 

deleo,  2,  -evi,^  -etum,  destroy.  Romanus,   a,  -urn,  Roman  (94). 

doceo,  2,  -ui,  doctum,"^  teach.  saepe,  adv.,  often. 

teneo,  2,  -ui,  tentum,'*  keep,  hold.  si,  conj.,  if. 

video,  2,  vidi,^  visum,  see;  pas-  studium,  -i,  n.,  zeal,  study.. 

sive,  seem.  templum,  -i,  n.,  temple. 


CHAPTER    XVI.   1. 
SECOND   CONJUGATION. 

120,  Learn  the  perfect,  pluperfect,  and  future  perfect  indica- 
tive, and  perfect  infinitive,  active  and  passive,  of  moneo. 

121.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Monuit,  monuerat,  moniierifc.  2.  Moniierunt,  monu- 
erant,  moauerint.  3.  Moiiui,  roonitus  sum.  4.  Moniierit, 
raonitus  erit.  5.  Monuisti,  monueras,  monueris.  6.  Monitiis 
est,  monitiis  erat,  monitus  erit.     7.  Monuisse,  monitiis  esse. 

II.  1.  You  have  advised,  you  had  advised,  you  will  have 
advised.    2.  They  have  been  advised,  they  had  been  advised, 

1  Auxi  for  aug-si.  See  p.  1,  n.  2.  3  Observe,  not  docitum. 

-  Only  fleo,  weep,  neo,  spin,  and  ^  Observe,  not  tcnitum. 

the   compounds   of    the    obsolete  ^  vi^|^    Terfect  stem  formed 

pleo,   fill,    are    conjugated    like  by  lengthening  tlie  vowel  of  the 

deleo,  with  the  perfect  in  evl.  present  stem,  vid  to  vid. 


60  SECOND  CONJUGATION. 

they  will  have  been  advised.  3.  I  had  advised,  I  had  been 
advised.  4.  He  has  advised,  he  has  been  advised.  5.  We 
have  advised,  we  have  been  advised.  6.  To  have  been 
advised,  to  have  advised. 


122.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Habuit,  delevit,  terruit.  2.  Habuisti,  delevisti,  ter- 
ruisti.  3.  Non  delevimus,  non  deleveramus,  non  deleverimiis. 
4.  Dele  turn  est,  territus  erat,  habita  sunt.  5.  Habuerone? 
estne  territa?  suntne  deletae  ?  6.  Nonne  habueratis?  nonne 
deletum  erat?  nonne  terruerunt?  7.  Terruisse,  delevisse, 
habitus  fesse.  8.  Deleveras,  territus  eras,  habuistis.  9.  Ha- 
buerint,  deletum  erit,  habuerunt.  10.  Deleta  sunt,  habiti 
sumus,  territae  estis. 

II.  1.  They  have  had,  they  have  frightened,  they  have 
destroyed.  2.  I  had  had,  I  had  been  frightened,  I  had 
destroyed.  3.  Have  you  had?  had  he  destroyed?  has  he 
frightened?  4.  We  had  not  destroyed,  they  (/em.)  had  not 
been  frightened,  you  had  not  destroyed.  5.  We  have  had, 
we  shall  have  destroyed,  we  had  been  frightened.  6.  To 
have  destroyed,  to  have  been  held,  to  have  been  frightened. 
7.  Have  3"0u  been  frightened?  had  they  (neut.)  been  de- 
stroyed? has  she  had?  8.  I  have  destroyed,  I  have  not 
had,  I  shall  not  have  been  frightened.  9.  They  will  have 
had,  they  will  have  been  frightened,  they  (neut,)  will  have 
been  destroyed.  10.  Have  you  not  had?  did  they  not 
destroy?  have  j'ou  (fern.)  not  been  frightened? 

3. 

123.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  R6x  R6mam  obsederat.  2.  Roma  a  rSge  obs^ssa 
erat.  3.  Scriba  cum  (with)  rege  sedebat.  4.  Ira  ferocem 
(fierce)  animum  viri  movit.      5.   Reguli  eon  jug!  et  liberis 


SECOND   CONJUGATION.  51 

alimenta    praebuerunt    Romani.       6.    Captivi   retenti   sunt. 

7.  Novamne' lunam  vidisti?  8.  Aquila  in  (on)  templo  sedit. 
9.  Poeta  flejit  quia  filius  captivus  erat.  10.  Caesar  oppi- 
dum  Galliae  obsedit. 

II.  1.  The  town  was  besieged  by  the  general.  2.  Wh}^ 
did  the  general  besiege  the  town?  3.  The  king  is  sitting^ 
with  his  clerk.  4.  The  minds  of  the  men  were  moved  with 
anger. ^/5.  Eegulus  was  retained  (as)  a  prisoner.^  6.  Regu- 
lus  deserved  great  glory.     7.  The  new  moon  has  been  seen. 

8.  .The  commander's  daughter  was  a  prisoner.  9.  We  wept 
because  we  were  prisoners.  10.  The  town  had  been  besieged 
by  Pyrrhus. 

4. 

^j4jQ4:.    '  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Militibus  magna  praemia  a  rege  praebita  sunt. 
2.  Milites  timuerunt  quia  elephantos  viderunt.  3.  Numerum 
verborum  ,auximusv  4.  Caesar  milite&  in  oppido  retinuerat. 
5.  Judicum-bonorum  memoria  nunquam  delebitur.  6.  Multa 
Romanorum  monumental  deleta  sunt.  7.  Dux  castra  ab 
oppido  moverat.      8.    Dominus  servos  in  servitute  tenuit. 

9.  Multa  verba  in  memoria  manserunt.  10.  Militis  conjunx 
in  Minervae  templo  sedebat. 

II.  1.  The  king  furnished  food^ior  his  weary  soldiers. 

2.  Elephants   had   frightened  the  fforses  of   the   Romans. 

3.  Have    you    increased    the    nun^ber    of    your    friends? 

4.  Caesar's  soldiers  were  besieged  lii  the  town.  5.  The 
sword  of  the  tyrant  has  restrained  the  judge.  6.  War  has 
destroyed  many  monuments^  of  great  men.  7.  The  camp 
had  been  moved  away  from  the  town.  8.  We  weep  if  our 
children  are  held  in  slavery.     9.  Shall  you  remain  in  Italy? 

1  Not  passive.  by  an  adjective  and  a  genitive, 

2  Predicate  nom. ;  see  47.  .  .the  order  often  is :  adjective,  geni- 

3  When  a  noun  is  limited  both       tice,  noun.     Of.  118.  I.  2  and  8. 


52  SECOND   CONJUGATION. 

125.  VOCABULARY. 

fleo,  2,  flevi,  fletum,  weep,  be-  captivus,^  -i,  m.,  prisoner,  captive. 

wail.  castra,  -orum,  (pi.)  n.,  camp. 

maneo,  2,  mansi,  mansum,  re-  conjunx,  conjugis,  f.,  ivife. 

main,  await.  elephantus,  -i,  m.,  elephant. 

moveo,  2,  movi,^  motum,  move.  ira,  -ae,  f.,  anger. 

ob-sideo,  2,  -sedi,i  -sessum,  he-  luna,  -ae,  f.,  juoon. 

siege.  novus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  new. 

praebeo,  2,  -ui,  -\tvLn\,  furnish.  nunquam,  adv.,  never. 

re-tineo,  2,  -tinui,  -tentum,  keep  praemium,  -i,  n.,  reward. 

hack,  retain.  Pyrrhus,  -i,  m.,  Pyrrhus,  king  of 

sedcoy  2,  sedi,^  sessum,  sit.  Epirus. 

aliinentum,  -i,  n.,  food,  support.*  quia,  conj.,  hecause. 

animus,  -i,  m.,  mind.  Regulus,  -i,  m.,  Regulus,  a  Roman. 

Caesar,  -aris,  m.,  Coisar.     (134.)  scriba,  -ae,  m.,  clerk,    (11.  1.) 


5. 
126.  COLLOQUIUM. 

Praeceptor  et  Discipulus. 
P.   Latine  mihi   interroganti  responde  s!  possTs.      Quae 

to  rae  asking  answer  you  can  what 

insula  Graeciae  est  parva  quidem  sed  clara  ? 

to  be  sure 

JD»  Admodum  clara  est  Ithaca  insula,  ubi  habitabatUlixes. 

very  where  Ulysses 

P.    Eecte,  mi  puer,  Ulixes  Ithacae  rex  fuit  et  dux  in  bello 

right  leader 

egregius.     Quis  cantavit  de  Ulixe  egregio? 

D.    Homerus,  poeta  caecus,  qui  aiitem  Ulixem  nunquam 

blind        who    however  never 

viderat. 

P.    Tenesne  memoria  nomen  fidi  servi  Ulixis  ? 

name 

D,    Servus  Ulixis  fidus  erat  Eumaeus. 

1  See  p.  49,  note  5.  ^  Also  captiva,  -ae,  f. 


FIRST   AND   SECOND   CONJUGATIONS.  53 

CHAPTER  XVII.  1. 
REVIEW. 

127.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Magister  discipulos  invitavit.  2.  Nonne  a  magistro 
discipuli  invitati  sunt  ?  3.  Vidistine  agricolarura  aratra 
ferrea?  4.  Milites  lapides  magnos  portabant.  5.  Rex  ab 
oppido  castra  movit.  6.  Gregis  custodes  lapidibus  fugati 
sunt.  7.  Mi^  fill,  poemata  Homeri  recitavistme  ?  8.  Si 
oppidum  tenuerimus,  victoriam  merebimus.  9.  Conjuges 
militum  piignam  spectabant  et  flebant.  10.  In  Italia  antiqiia 
a  Pyrrho  Epirl  rege  superati  sunt  Romani. 

II.  1.  We  shall  see  the  flocks  in  the  fields.  2.  The  king 
was  not  frightened  by  the  elephant.^  3.  Horses  are  frightened 
by  elephants.  4.  The  townsmen  were  sitting  on  the  wall. 
5.  The  prisoners  were  wounded  by  the  soldiers  with  their 
swords.  6.  My  boy,  what  are  you  looking  at  ?  7.  Do  you 
not  see  the  horsemen's  swords  ?  8.  Do  you  remember  the 
poems  of  the  Roman  poet?  9.  The  king's  sons  were  finding 
fault  with  fortune.  10.  Why  are  the  townsmen  armed  with 
swords  ? 

128.  Examine  the  two  following  groups  of  sentences :  — 

1.  Iter  ab  Arare  Helvetii  averterant,  the  HelvetU  had  turned 

their  course  from  the  Arar. 

2.  Araneas  deiciani  de  pariete,  /  will  brush  down  the  cobwebs 

from  the  wall. 

3.  Hannibal  ex  Italia  excessit,  Hannibal  withdrew  from  Italy. 

1.  Nos  cura  liberabis,  you  will  free  us  from  care. 

2.  Oculis  se  privavit,  he  deprived  himself  of  his  sight  (eyes). 

3.  Homo  cibo  caret,  the  man  is  in  want  of  food. 

129.  The  verbs  have  the  general  idea  of  separation;  and  in  the 
first  group  the  ablative  with  a  preposition,  in  the  second  the  ablative 

1  Vocative  singular  of  meus,  my.  2  ggg  02. 


54  FIRST   AND   SECOND    CONJUGATIONS. 

alone,  answers  the  question  from  what  ?  of  what  ?  Observe  further, 
that  the  verbs  of  the  first  group  are  compounds  of  a,  de,  ex,  and 
the  "separation"  is  literal,  or  physical ;  in  the  second  group  the 
"  separation  "  is  figurative,  or  less  literal. 

130.  Rule  of  Syntax.  —  Separation  is  expressed 
by  the  ablative  with  d  (ab),  de,  e  (ex),  in  connection 
with  verbs  compounded  with  these  prepositions,^  or 
by  the  ablative  alone  with  simple  verbs  meaning 
to  set  free,  deprive,  or  want. 


131.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Hunc  (Jiirri)  a  tuis  arls  arcebis.  2.  Filius  regis  Ro- 
manos  cura  liberavit.  3.  Roman!  a  filio  regis  cura  llberati 
sunt.  4.  Vir  aeger  aqua  privatus  est.  5.  Servi  servitute 
liberabuntur.  6.  Dux  Romanus  Corinthum  multis  statuis 
privavit.  7.  Servi,  equTs  defessis  aquam  praebete.  8.^  Sa- 
turnus  Italos  agri  culturam  docuit.  9.  Liber  vini  erat  deus 
et  in  Italia  templa  multa  habebat.  10.  Avarl  milites  aras 
donis  spoliant.     11.  Mi  puer,  equus  pabulo  et  aqua  caret. 

Before  translating  the  following  sentences,  read  over  the  ex- 
planations and  rules  on  pp.  20,  21,  and  36,  and  consider  what 
expressions  are  equivalent  to  the  Latin  ablative  of  agent  with  a  or 
ah,  the  ablative  of  means,  and  the  ablative  of  separation, 

II.  1.  They  deprived  the  sick  man  of  water.  2.  The 
state  was  freed  from  the  tyrant  by  Brutus.  3.  The  Italians 
were  taught  by  Saturn.  4.  The  leader  adorned  the  town 
with  statues.  5.  The  horsemen  are  in  want  of  swords 
and  horses.  6.  Corinth  was  robbed  of  many  statues  by  a 
Roman  general.     7.  The  goddess  will  keep  off  the  Romans 

1  With  other  verbs  than  those  indicated  in  129  and  130,  of  similar 
meaning,  the  preposition  is  sometimes  used  and  sometimes  omitted. 

2  Observe  the  two  accusatives,  one  of  the  person,  the  other  of  the 
thing,  with  doceo. 


FIRST   AND   SECOND   CONJUGATIONS.  55 

from  her  temple.  8.  The  town  was  destroyed  by  the  plans 
of  the  general.  9.  Will  not  the  Eomans  be  kept  off  from 
the  temple?  10.  They  thrust  forth  the  leaders  from  the 
town.     11.  The  leaders  are  hustled  out  of  town. 

132.  VOCABULARY. 

agri  cultnra,  -ae,  f.,  agriculture.  exturbo,  1,  thrust  out. 

avarus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  greedy.  Italus,  -i,  m.,  an  Italian. 

arceo,  2,  -ui,  -turn,  keep  off.  Jj\bQT,-eT\,M.,Bacchus,godioivfme. 

BrutaSy  -i,  m.,  Brutus j  a  Roman.  meus,  -a,  -um,  poss.  adj.,  my,  mine. 

careo,  2,  -ui,  -itum,  want^  lack.  orno,  1,  adorn. 

causa,  -ae,  r.,  cause.  privo,  1,  deprive.  [agriculture. 

Corinthus,-i,  F.,  Conn^A  (11. 4).  Saturnus,   -i,  m.,   Saturn,   god  of 

custos,  -odis,  M.  &  F.,  keeper.  spolio,  1,  rob,  despoil, 

Epirus,  -i,  f.,  Epirus  (11.  4).  tuus,  -a,  -um,  poss.  adj.,  thy,  your. 

3. 

133.  COLLOQUIUIVI. 
Praeceptor  et  Discipulus. 

p.    Die  mihi,  puer,  elephantosne  aliquando  vidisti? 

tell  ever 

D.   Certe,  praeceptor,  elephantos  magnos  et  parvos  vidi- 

P.    In  agrisne? 

B.    Minime  vero  ;  in  circo  et  interdum  in  viTs. 

indeed  circus  sometimes 

P.    Quis   rex   elarus   elephantorum    auxilio    pugnabat? 

what  aid 

D.   Pyrrhus,  rex  EpTri,  ita  pugnabat. 

P.    Nonne  elephant!  equos  Romanorum  terrebant? 

D.   Terrebant.     Milites  quoque  terrebantur. 

yes  also 

P.    Superavitne  Pyrrhus  Romanos? 
Z).    Saepe  superavit. 

often 

P.    Quibus  armis  pugnant  elephant!? 

with  what 

D.   Dentibus,  proboscide,  pedibus,  eapite  pugnant. 

tusks  trunk  feet 


56 


THIRD  DECLENSION. 


■ 


134. 


CHAPTER  XVIII.   1. 

THIRD   DECLENSION. 

Liquid  Stems, 
paradigms. 


Consul,  M., 

consul. 
St.  consul- 

N.V.  consul 
G.       consul  is 
D.      consul! 
Ac.    consul  em 
Ab.    consul  e 

N.V.  consul es 
G.      consul  um 
D.      consul  ibus 
Ac.    consul  es 
Ab.    consul  ibus 


Pater,  m., 

father. 

St.  patr- 

SlNGULAR. 

pater 
patris 
patri 
patr  em 
patr  e 

Plural. 
patr  Ss 
patr  um 
patr  ibus 
patr  es 
patr  ibus 


Pastor,  M., 

shepherd. 
St.  pastor- 
pastor 
pastor  is 
pastor  i 
pastor  em 
pastor  e 

pastor  es 
pastor  umi 
pastor  ibus 
pastor  es 
pastor  ibus 


Leo,  M., 

lion. 
St.  leon- 

leo 

le5n  is 
leonl 
leon  em 
leon  e 

leon  Ss 
leon  um 
leon  ibus 
leon  es 
leon  ibus 


Imago,  F.,  Nomen,  n., 

image.  name. 

St.  imagin-         St.  nomin- 

SlNGULAR. 


N.V 

imago 

nomen 

G. 

imagin  is 

nomin  is 

D. 

imagin  1 

nomini 

Ac. 

imagin  em 

nomen 

Ab. 

imagin  e 

nomin  e 

Plural. 

N.V 

imagin  es 

nomin  a 

G. 

imagin  um 

nomin  um 

D. 

imagin  ibus 

nomin  ibus 

Ac. 

imagin  es 

nomin  a 

Ab. 

imagin  ibus 

nomin  ibus 

Terminations. 


MASC.  &  FEM. 

Plur. 

es 

um 

ibus 

es 

ibus 


Sing. 

is 
1 

em 
e 


IS 

1 


a 

um 

ibus 

a 

ibus 


THIRD   DECLENSION.  57 

135.  Examine  the  following :  — 

1.  Hieme  et  aestate,  in  winter  and  summer, 

2.  Solis  occasu,!  at  the  setting  of  the  sun, 

3.  Prima  luce,  at  daybreak  {first  light), 

4.  His  viginti  annis,  within  these  twenty  years. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  above  phrases  are  expressions  of  time, 
and  answer  the  question  when  ?  or,  within  what  time  f 

136.  Rule  of  Syntax.  —  Time  when  is  expressed 
by  the  ablative  without  a  preposition ;  time  within 
ivhlchf  by  the  ablative  alone,  or  by  the  ablative 
with  in. 

2. 

137.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Tertia  liora  milites  fugiiti  sunt.  2.  Primo  anno 
Brutum  consulem  creaverunt  Roman!.  3.  Oppidum  militibus 
ab  imperatore  impletum  est.  4.  Imperator  oppidum  militi- 
bus implebit.  5.  Terror  clamore  hominum  augetur.  6.  Cla- 
mores  defensorum  omnes^  pueros^  terrebunt.  7.  Nomen  et 
imaginem  amici  semper  in  memoria  habebat.  8.  Semper 
erit  clarum  imperatoris  egregii  nomen.  9.  Noune  Hannibal 
Romanis  fuit  terror  ?  10.  Hannibal  fortitudinem  magnam 
semper  habebat. 

II.  1.  Europe  has  no^  lions.  2.  A  slave  had  a  great 
lion.  3.  The  name  of  the  slave  was  Androclus.  4.  There 
are  many  lions  in  Africa.  5.  The  friend  of  my  brothers 
has  seen  a  lion.  G.  A  lion  has  been  seen  by  my  father  and 
my  brother.  7.  The  shouts  of  the  soldiers  scared  the  men  in 
the  town.  8.  The  defenders  of  the  town  were  scared  by  the 
shouts  of  the  men.  9.  Why  arc  many  men  miserable  in 
time^  of  war  ?  10.  Do  we  not  see  by  the  sun's  light  ? 
11.  At  daybreak  they  saw  Hannibal's  horsemen. 

1  Ablative  of  the  fourth  declen-  ^  Children.     See  60. 

gion.    See  245.  2  jin  4  ^^^  &  Tempore, 


68  THIRD   DECLENSION. 


138.  VOCABULARY. 

clamor,  -oris,  m.,  shout,  Africa,  -ae,  f.,  Africa. 

defensor,  -oris,  m.,  defender,  Androclus,  -i,  m.,  Androclus, 

iortitudo,  -inis,  f.,  bravery,  annus,  -i,  m.,  year, 

f rater,  -tris,  m.,  brother.  creo,  1,  elect,  choose, 

Hannibal,  -Slis,  m.,  Hannibal,  a  Europa,  -ae,  f.,  Europe. 

Carthaginian  general.  Horatius,  -i,  m.,  Horace,  a  Roman 
homo,  -inis,  m.,  man.  poet  (79). 

imperator,  -oris,  m.,  general,  impleo,  2,  -evi,  -etum,  Jill. 

lumen,  -inis,  n.,  light.  juventus,  -utis,  f.,  youth. 

sol,  solis,  M.  (no  gen.  pi.),  sun.  semper,  adv.,  always. 

terror,  -oris,  m.,  terror.  voluptas,  -atis,  f.,  pleasure. 
timor,  -oris,  M.,fear. 

homo,  man,  as  distinguished  from  lower  animals;   general  word 
for  man,  mankind. 

vir  (60),  man,  as  distinguished  from  woman;  man  in  an  honorable 
sense,  hero. 

3. 

139.  COLLOQUIUM. 
Magister  et  Discipulus. 

M,    Quae,  mi  puer,  sunt  in  penso  hodierno? 

what  things  to-day's 

D.    Multa  sunt  in  penso,  ut  nomina,  adjectiva,  declina- 

many  things  as        nouns  declensions 

tiones,  regulae. 

M,    Quot  genera  sunt  nominibus  LatinTs  ? 

how  many  genders 

Z>.    Genera  sunt  tria:  masculinum,  femiuTnum,  neutrum. 

genders  three 

M.    De  quibus  nominibus  est  regula  prima  ? 

what 

D,     Prima   regula   est   de   nominibus   generis  mascullm. 
Secunda  regula  est  de  nominibus  generis  feminini. 
M.   Verborum  quot  sunt  conjugati5nes? 

verbs        how  many 

D.     Quattuor    sunt   conjugationes,    declinationes    autem 

four  but 

quinque. 

five 


THIRD   DECLENSION. 


59 


140. 


Mos,  M., 

custom. 

St.  mos- 

N.V, 

,  mos 

G. 

moris 

D. 

mori 

Ac. 

mor  em 

Ab. 

more 

N.V, 

,  mor  es 

G. 

morum 

D. 

moribus 

Ac. 

mor  es 

Ab. 

moribus 

CHAPTER  XIX.   1. 
THIRD   DECLENSION. 

Sibilant  Stems.^ 
paradigms. 

Jus,  N.,  Opus,  N.,  Corpus,  N., 

right.  work.  body. 

St.  jus-  St.  opes-  St.  corpos- 

SlNGULAR. 

jus  opus  corpus 

j  ur  is  oper  is  corpor  is 

j  ur  i  oper  i  corpor i 

jus  opus  corpus 

jure  opere  corpor  e 

Plural. 

jura  opera  corpora 

j  ur  um  oper  um  corpor  um 

j  ur  ibus  oper  ibus  corpor  ibus 

j  ur  a  oper  a  corpor  a 

juribus  oper  ibus  corpor  ibus 


141. 


ADJECTIVE. 
Vetus,  old.    Stem  vetes- 


SlNGULAR. 


M.  &  F. 

N.V.  vetus 
G.      veter  is 
D.      veter T 
Ac.    veter  em 
Ab.    veter  e 


NEUT. 

vetus 
veter is 
veter i 
vetus 
veter e 


Plural. 

M.  &  F. 

NEUT. 

veter  es 

veter  a 

veter  um 

veter  um 

veter  ibus 

veter  ibus 

veter  es 

veter  a 

veter  ibus 

veter  ibus 

142.  The  above  were  originally  sibilant  stems,  the  s  having 
been  changed  to  r  between  two  vowels.  Compare  eram  for  esam, 
ero  for  eso,  p.  25.  But  for  practical  purposes  they  may  be  re- 
garded as  stems  in  r. 


^  For  table  of  terminations,  see  134. 


J 


60  THIRD   DECLENSION. 

143.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Ceres  agri  culturae  erat  dea.  2.  Cereri  multa  erant 
templa  in  Sieilia.  3.  Ceres  multa  templa  in  Sicilia  habebat. 
4.  Ceres  agri  culturam  docebat.  5.  Aestate  est  pulvis  mo- 
lestus.  6.  Servis  temporibus  antiqms  non  erant  jura. 
7.  Servi  teraporum  veterum  jura  non  habebant.  8.  Equus 
perito  ab  equite  exercitus  erat.  9.  Equiti  perlto  praebitui 
erit  equus  niger. 

II.  1.  The  statue  of  Minerva  has  been  seen.      2.  Thi 
statue  of  Minerva  had  often  been  praised.     3.  The  works  o: 
the  Greeks  were  pleasing  to  the  Romans.     4.  Our  pleasures 
have  been  increased  by  work^  and^zeal.      5.  What^  ^^^™ 
seen  in  the  temples  of  Greece?  \/t.   In  ancient  times  mei^ 
saw  statues  of  gods  and  goddesses.     7.  Statues  of  gods  and 
goddesses  were  «een  by  men  in  ancient  times. 

2. 

144.  Examine  the  following :  — 

1.  Cum  virtute  vixit,  Jie  lived  with  virtue  (virtuously). 

2.  Agricola  agrum  cum  cura  arat,  tJie  farmer  ploughs  his  ^ 

with  care  {carefully). 

3.  Agricola  agrum  magna  cum  cura  arat,  the  farmer  ploughs 

his  field  ivith  great  care. 

4.  Summa  VI  proelium  commiserunt,  they  joined  battle  loith  th^M 

greatest  violence.  ™ 

Manner  is  usually  expressed  by  adverbs:   beng,  well;  libere, 
freely.      So  the  phrases   cum  virtute,  cum  cura,   magna  cum 
cura,  and  summa  vi,  plainly  denote  manner,  —  how  a  thing  i^^ 
done,  —  like  adverbs  of  manner.  S 

145.  Rule  of  Syntax.  —  Manner  is  sometimes 
expressed  by  the  ablative  with  cum;  hut  if  the 
ablative  has  an  adjective,  cum  is  often  omitted. 

1  Read  again  explanations  and  rule,  p.  36.      ^  Quae  =  what  things. 


THIRD   DECLEKSTON.  61 

146.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Captivi  lumen  solis  magno  gauclio  viderunt.  2.^  Si 
in  agris  tempore  florum  eritis,^  libenter  eos  {them)  vide- 
bitis.  3.  Magna  voluptate  aestate  videntur  pulclu'i  flores. 
4.  Libros  cum  studio  et  voluptate  recitamus.  5.  Pueii  cor- 
pora cum  studio  et  cura  exe'rcent.  6.  Multa  Romanorum 
opera  tempore^  non  deleta  sunt. 

II.  1.  They  look  at  the  lion  with  great  fear.  2.  If  he 
blames  (is  blaming)  the  boy  angrily,^  he  deserves  punish- 
ment.     3.   Daedalus  had  fitted  wings  to  Icarus  with  care. 

4.  They  remember  the  words  of  the  good  judge  with  joy. 

5.  The  words  of  the  good  judge  will  be  carefully'*  remem- 
bered. 6.  How  many  works  of  the  Romans  time  has  not 
destroyed ! 

147.  VOCABULARY. 

Ceres,  -eris,  r.,  Ceres,  god-  gaudium,  -i,  n.,  joy. 

dess  of  agriculture.  Icarus,  -i,  m.,  Icarus. 

flos,  florls,  M.,  flower.  ira,  -ae,  f.,  anger. 

pulvis,  -eris,  m.,  dust.  libenter,   adv.,  gladly,   with  pleas- 

tempus,  -oris,  n.,  time.  ure. 

molestus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  troublesome. 

aestas,  -atis,  f.,  summer.  quam,  adv.,  how,  than. 

cum,  prep.  w.  abl.,  with.  sacer,  -era,  -crum,  adj.,  sacred. 

cOra,  -ae,  f.,  care.  Sicilia,  -ae,  f.,  Sicily. 

3. 

148.  COLLOQUIUM. 

Duo   PUERI. 

Hodie  durum  pensum  habuT. 
Studuistine  cum  cura  et  diligentia? 

did  you  study  diligence 

Certe  cum  diligentia,  non  cum  voluptate  studuT. 


1  Notice  that  in  the  fields  =  in  s  y^\^j  would  it  be  wrong   to 
agris ;  in  the  time  =  tempore.            write  a  tempore  1 

2  See  p.  47,  note  3.  4  Compare  144.  1. 


62 


THIKD   DECLENSION. 


Cur    non    cum    volui^tate    studuisti?      Eratne*  magister^ 
morosus  an  pensum  longum?  fl| 

cross  or  ^" 

Mehercule  !  longum  erat  pensum  neque  memoria  tenebam. 

truly  and  not 

Aspice.     Nonne  vides  multa  vocabula  in  vocabulario  et  ver-] 

look  words  vocabulary 

bum  moneo  et  declinatidnis  tertiae  substantiva  et  adjectiva?  j 
Heu  amicum  miserum,  quam  studes ! 

ah  have  to  study 


CHAPTER  XX.   1. 


THIRD   DECLENSION. 

Stems  in 

i. 

149. 

PARADIGMS. 

_  I 

Hostis,  M.  i&  F 

.,       Nubes,  F., 

Tunis,  F., 

ignis,  M., 

enemy. 

cloucL 

tower. 

fire. 

St.  hosti- 

St.  nubi- 

SlNGULAR. 

St.  turri- 

St.  igni- 

N.V.  hostis 

nubSs 

turris 

ignis 

G.      hostis 

nub  is 

turris 

ignis 

D.      hosti 

nubi 

turri 

igni 

Ac.    host  em 

nub  em 

turrim,em 

ignem 

Ab.    hoste 

nube 

Plural. 

turri,  e 

igni,  e 

KV.  hostes 

nubes 

turr  es 

ignes 

G.      hostium 

nub  ium 

turrium 

ignium 

D.      hostibus 

nub  ibus 

turr  ibus 

ignibus 

Ac.    hostes,  IS 

nubes,  is 

turres,  is 

ign  es,  is 

Ab.    hostibus 

nub  ibus 

turr  ibus 

ignibus 

A 


THIRD   DECLENSION. 


63 


Animal,  n.,      Mare,  n.,      Calcar,  n., 

animal.  sea.  spur. 

St.  animali-      St.  mari-      St.  calcari- 


SlNGULAR. 

mare  calcar 

maris  calcar  is 

mari  calcar  i 

mar  e  calcar 

mari  calcar  i 

Plural. 

maria  calcar  ia 

marium  calcar  ium 

mar  ibus  calcar  ibus 

maria  calcar  ia 

Ab.    animal  ibus      mar  ibus  calcar  ibus 


N.V.  animal 
G.      animal  is 
D.      animali 
Ac.     animal 
Ab.    animali 


N.Y.  animal  ia 
G.      animal  ium 
D.      animal  ibus 
Ac.     animal  ia 


Terminations. 

MASC.  & 

FEM. 

Sing. 

Plur. 

is,  es 

es 

is 

ium 

i 

ibus 

em,  im 

es,  is 

e,  i 

ibus 

NEUTER. 

eor  — 

ia 

is 

ium 

i 

ibus 

e  or  — 

ia 

i 

ibus 

x< 

L>Vf, 

Acer,  heeuj 

Ci\^XX  Y  XL/O. 

eager.     St.  acri 

Singular. 

Plural. 

MASC. 

FEM. 

NEUT. 

MASC. 

FEM. 

NEUT. 

N.V. 

acer 

acris 

acre 

acres 

acres 

acria 

G. 

acris 

acris 

acris 

acr  ium 

acr  ium 

acr  ium 

D. 

acri 

acri 

acri 

acr  ibus 

acr  ibus 

acr  ibus 

Ac. 

acr  em      acr  em 

acre 

acr  es,  is 

acr  es,  is 

acria 

Ab. 

acri 

acri 

acri 

acr  ibus 

acr  ibus 

acr  ibus 

Levis,  light,  nimble.     St.  levi- 
SiNGULAR.  Plural. 


M.  &  F. 

NEUT. 

N.V. 

lev  is 

leve 

G. 

lev  is 

lev  is 

D. 

levi 

levi 

Ac. 

lev  em 

leve 

Ab. 

levi 

levi 

M.  &  F. 

leves 
lev  ium 
lev  ibus 
leves,  is 
lev  ibus 


NEUT. 

levia 
lev  ium 
lev  ibus 
levia 
lev  ibus 


k 


64  THIRD   DECLENSION. 


Memor,  mindful.     St.  memori- 

SlNGULAR.  -r, 

Plural. 

M.  &  F.  NEUT. 

N.y.  memor  memor  memor  5s 

G.       memor  is  memor  is  memor  um 

D.       memor  i  memor  i  memor  ibus 

Ac.     memor  em  memor  memor  es,  is 

Ab.     memor  1  memor  i  memor  ibus 

151.  An  inspection  of  the  tables  shows :  — 

1.  That  the  i  of  the  stem  is  sometimes  lost,  and  sometimes 
changed  to  e.  It  appears  in  the  terminations  im,  is  (ace.  plur.), 
I  (abl.  sing.),  '*a,  and  lum. 

2.  That  the  ablative  singular  has  in  some  nouns  I,  in  some  <?, 
and  in  some  I  or  e;  in  adjectives,  always  L 

3.  That  the  genitive  plural  has  ium,  and  the  nominative  and 
accusative  plural  neuter  ia.  Compare  these  endings  with  the  nom- 
inative and  genitive  plural  of  consonant  stems  (105, 134, 140). 

4.  Memor  has  um  in  the  genitive  plural,  masculine  and  feminine. 
It  has  no  neuter  plural.  Like  memor  decline  vigil,  watchful, 
which  has  neuter  plural  vigilia,  vigilium,  etc. 

152.  To  stems  in  i  belong :  — 

1.  Nouns  in  is  and  es  not  inci'easing  in  the  genitive.^ 

2.  Neuters  in  e,  al,  and  ar. 

3.  Adjectives  of  two  terminations. 

4.  Adjectives  of  the  third  declension  of  three  terminations. 

153.  Nouns  in  es  (gen.  is)  are  declined  like  niibes.  Most 
nouns  in  is  are  declined  like  hostis.  Canis,  dog,  has  genitive 
plural  canum. 

154.  The  principal  nouns  declined  like  turris  are:  clavis, 
key  ;  navis,  shij) ;  puppis,  stern  of  a  ship ;  securis,  axe. 

Like  Ignis  are :  aninis,  river ;  anguis,  snake ;  avis,  bird ; 
civis,  citizen ;  clsissis,  fleet ;  collis,  hill ;  finis,  end;  orhis,  circle ; 
postis,  post.     Sitis,  thirst,  has  ace.  in  -im,  abl.  in  -i. 

1  That  is,  having  no  more  syllables  than  in  the  nominative. 


THIRD   DECLENSION.  65 

155.  Adjectives  declined  like  acer  are  called  adjectives  of 
three  terminations;  those  declined  like  levis,  adjectives  of  two 
terminations ;  while  those  declined  like  vetus  (141),  audax  and 
prudens  (164),  are  called  adjectives  of  one  termination. 

156.  Decline  together  navis  lon^a.,  ship  of  war]  vallis  pro- 
funda, deep  valley  ;  Alpes  altae,  high  Alps.     See  161. 


157.  Paradigm  illustrating  apposition: — 

N.Y.  Cicero  consul,  Cicero^  the  consul. 

G.  Ciceronis  consulis,  of  Cicero,  the  consul. 

D.  Ciceroni  consul!,  to  or  for  Cicero,  the  consul. 

Ac.  Ciceronem  consulem,  Cicero,  the  consul. 

Ab.  a  Cicerone  consule,  hy  Cicero,  the  consul. 

158.  Rule  of  Syntax.  —  An  appositive  is  in  the 
same  case  as  the  noun  or  pronoun  which  it  qualifies. 


159.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  In  vallibus  Alpium  sunt  fluvii  pulchri.  2.  Quae 
(what)  animalia  aquilam  timent  ?  3.  Naves  Gallorum  erant 
longae  et  altae.  4.  Galli  longas  naves  habebant.  5.  Fui- 
mus  in  navi  alta.  6.  Robur  tuum  levi  labore  augebitur. 
7.  Somnus  hominibus  voluptatem  praebet.  8.  Habentne 
milites  defessi  cibum  et  aquam?  9.  Homines  cibum  Tgni 
coquunt  {cooJc).     10.  Leones  et  elephant!  sunt  animalia  fera. 

II.  1.  In  the  tower  there  were  many  men.  2.  The  towers 
of  the  ships  were  high.  3.  From  the  high  tower  we  saw  the 
broad  sea.  4.  The  broad  sea  was  seen  by  men  in  the  high 
tower.  5.  The  flight  of  the  horsemen  was  seen  by  brave 
soldiers.  6.  Robbers  fear  a  brave  man.  7.  A  brave  man 
is  feared  by  robbers.     8.   On  the  shore  they  built  a  tower 


66 


THIED   DECLENSION. 


for  the  king.  9.  Numa,  king  of  the  Eomans,  changed  the 
number  of  the  months.  10.  The  number  of  the  months  was 
changed  by  Numa,  a  Roman  king. 


160.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Turrim  altam  videbant  regis  comites.  2.  Corpora 
hominum  non  animi  sunt  mortalia.  3.  Capita  animaUum 
multorum  videbantur.  4.  Acrl  animo  navem  latronum  sub- 
movent  nautae.  5.  Navis  latronum  ab  acribus  nautis  sub- 
movetur.  6.  Vlctoriam  debemus  turribus  nostris  validis. 
7.  Multa  animalia  sunt  levia  et  vigilia.  8.  Avium  non  multa 
genera  in  ruinis  turrium  antiquarum  habitant.  9.  Servi 
Graeci  filios  Romanorum  nobihum  educabant.  10.  FTlii 
Romanorum  nobilium  a  servis  Graecis  saepe  educabantur. 

II.  1.  Polyphemus,  son  of  Neptune,  had  a  huge  body. 
2.  Cyrus,  the  first  king  of  the  Persians,  remembered  all  the 
names  of  his  soldiers.  3.  The  names  of  all  his  soldiers  were 
remembered  by  Cyrus,  king  of  the  Persians.  4.  How  many 
ships  of  the  Gauls  were  driven  off  ?  5.  The  number  of 
fires  in  the  town  was  great. 


161. 


VOCABULARY. 


Alpes,  -iam,  f.,  Alps. 
avis,  -is,  F.,  bird  (154). 
fortls,  -e,  adj.,  brave, 
mensis,  -is,  m.,  month. 
niortalis,  -e,  adj.,  mortal. 
navis,  -is,  f.,  ship  (154). 
nobilis,  -e,  adj.,  noble. 
oninis,  -e,  adj.,  all,  every. 
vallis  (or-es),  -is,  f.,  valley. 
vigil,  adj.,  watchful  (151.  4). 

animus,  -i,  m.,  mind,  soul. 
educo,  1,  train,  educate. 


ferus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  wild, 
fuga,  -ae,  y.,  flight. 
genus,  -eris,  n.,  hind,  race, 
habito,  1,  dwell,  inhabit. 
latro,  -onis,  m.,  robber. 
litus,  -oris,  n.,  shore, 
multitudo,  -inis,  f.,  multitude. 
Neptiinus,  -i,  m.,  Neptune,  god 

the  sea. 
noster,  -tra,  -trum,  poss.  adj.,  our, 

ours. 
Numa,  -ae,  m.,  Numa,  a  Eoman  king. 
Persae,  -arum,  m,,  the  Persians. 


COLLOQUIUM.  67 


Po\ypheinus,-i,M..,  Poli/phemvs.  siib-moveo,  2,  -movi, -niotum, 
quot,  adj.  indecl.,  how  many?  [move  from  beneath)  remove,  drive 

robiir,  -oris,  n.,  strength.  away. 

ruina,  -ae,  f.,  ruin.  vit5,  1,  avoid,  shun. 


4. 

162.  COLLOQUIUM. 

Frater  et  Sororcula. 

S.    Narra  mihi,  frater,  de  Polyphemo  ;    quis  fuit  et  uln 
nabitabat  ?  ^ 

F.    Polyphemus  filius  Neptuni  fuit  et  cum  fratribus  in 
insula  habitabat. 

S,    Fuitne  arator  et  agros  arabat? 

F.    Miuime.     Neque  fuit  arator  neque  agros  arabat  Poly- 

neither  ploughman    nor 

phemus. 

S,    Nauta    igitur    sine    dubio    fuit,    et    maria    navibus 

therefore 

navigabat. 

F.   Erravisti,  mea  sororcula,  Potyphemus  fuit  pastor  atque 

and 

magnas  ovium  greges  liabebat.    Fuit  auteni  ingentis  corporis 

sheej)  moreover        huge 

et  unum  tantum  oculum  habuit.     Ulixes  dolosus   ei    unum 

only  crafty  for  him  hificne 

oculum  stipite  perforavit. 

stake  dug  out 

8.    Ebeu  !  miserrimum  Polyphemum ! 

Oh  dear !  poor 


68 


THIRD   DECLENSION. 


163. 


CHAPTER  XXI.    1. 

THIRD   DECLENSION. 

Mixed  Stems.^ 

paradigms. 


Cliens,  m.  S:  f.. 

Urbs,  F., 

Arx,  F., 

client. 

citij. 

citadel. 

SlNGULAIi 

[, 

TERMINATIONS 

N.V.  cliens 

urbs 

arx 

B 

G.       client  is 

urb  is 

arc  is 

is 

D.       client! 

urbi 

arci 

i 

Ac.     client  em 

urb  em 

arc  em 

em 

Ab.     client  e 

urbe 
Plural 

arce 

e 

N.V.  client  es 

urbes 

arc  es 

Ss 

G.       client  ium 

urb  ium 

arc  ium 

ium 

D.       client  ibus 

urb  ibus 

arc  ibus 

ibus 

Ac.     client  es,  is 

i         urb  es,  is 

arc  es,  Is 

es,  IS 

Ab.     client  ibus 

urb  ibus 

arc  ibus 

ibus 

164. 

adjectives. 

Audax,  hold;  prudens,  sagacious. 

Singular. 

M.  &  F. 

NEUT. 

M.  &  F. 

NEUT. 

N.V.  audax 

audax 

prudens 

prudens 

G.       audac  id 

audac  is 

prudent  is 

prudent  is 

D.       audac i 

audac  i 

prudent i 

prudent! 

Ac.     audac  em 

audax 

prudent  em 

prudens 

Ab.     audac  1,  e 

audac  1,  e 

Plural 

prudent  1,  e 

prudent!,  e 

N.V.  audac es 

audac  ia 

prudent  es 

priidentia 

G.       audac  ium 

audac  ium 

prudent  ium 

priidentium 

D.       audac  ibus 

audac  ibus 

prudent  ibus 

prudent  ibus 

Ac.     audac  es,  is 

audac  ia 

prudent  es,  is 

priidentia 

Ab.     audac  ibus 

audac  ibus 

prudent  ibus 

prudent  ibus 

1  Usually  classed  as  /  stems.    See  166. 


THIED   DECLENSION. 


69 


165 

PARTICIPLE. 

SlNGl 

Amans, 

[JLAR. 

loving. 

Plural. 

M.  &  r. 

NEUT. 

M.  &  r. 

NEUT. 

N.V. 

amans 

anians 

amant  es 

amant  ia 

G. 

amantis 

amantis 

amant  ium 

amant  ium 

D. 

amaiiti 

amant  i 

amant  ibus 

amant  ibus 

Ac. 

ainant  em 

amans 

am  antes,  is 

amant  ia 

Ab. 

amant  e,  i 

amant  e,  i 

amant  ibus 

amant  ibus 

166.  Note  in  the  above  tables  :  — 

1.  That  the  nouns  are  declined  in  the  singular  like  consonant 
stems  (105,  134,  140),  and  the  adjectives  also,  except  that,  like 
i  stems,  they  have  an  ablative  in  i. 

2.  That  the  plural  of  both  nouns  and  adjectives  is  like  that  of 
{  stems  (149,  150). 

167.  To  the  class  of  mixed  stems  belong:  — 

1.  Nouns  in  ns  and  rs.  But  parens  has  the  genitive  plural 
parentum. 

2.  Monosyllables  in  5  and  x  following  a  consonant,  together  with 
nix,  nivis,  snow;  nox,  noctis,  night;  os,  ossis,  Jone;  mus,  muris, 
mouse, 

3.  Adjectives  of  one  ending,  with  some  exceptions,  of  which  the 
most  important  are:  dives,  rich;  pauper,  poor;  particeps, 
sharing;  princeps,  chief;  and  compounds  of  nouns  that  have 
consonant  stems.     These  all  have  the  genitive  plural  in  um, 

4.  Present  active  participles. 

168.  Rules  of  Gender.  —  1.  Nouns  ending*  in  o, 
or,  OS,  er,  es  (gen.  idis,  itis),  are  masculine. 

But  nouns  ending  in  do  and  go,  of  more  than  two  syllables, 
together  with  abstract  ^  and  collective  ^  nouns  in  id,  are  feminine. 

2.  Nouns  ending"  in  as,  es  not  increasing  in  tlie 
genitive,  is,  x,  and  s  following  a  consonant,  are 
feminine. 


1  Abstract  nouns  are  such  as  2  Collective  nouns  are  such  as 

denote    a    thought    rather   than   a       in  the  singular  imply  a  number  of 
thing :  ratio,  method.  things  or  persons  :  legio,  legion. 


70  THIRD   DECLENSION. 

/  V  3.  Nouns  ending:  in  e^,  e,  i,  ^,  «^  I,  ^,  t^  ar,  ur, 
and  us,  are  neuter.  (^^^^.^.^.^Lf  --^^cC   «^^^^  -'*'<^  C-- /cx-0 

There  are  many  exceptions  to  these  rules,  which  the  learner 
should  note  as  he  advances. 

169.  Decline  together  fons  profundus,  deep  spring;  hostis 
audax,  hold  enemy  ;  magna  pars,  great  part.     See  172.  ^ 

2. 

170.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Alpes  sunt  montes  Europae.  2.  Saepe  in  lateribus 
montium  sunt  silvae.  3.  Multorum  amniura  fontes  sunt 
parvl.  4.  In  Alpibus  sunt  regiones  pulchrae  et  suaves. 
5.  Sunt  valles  profundae,  rupes  altae,  silvae  magnae.  6.  Ibi 
magnam  videbis  niultitudinem  vulpium.  7.  Aestate  ovium 
greges  videntur.  8.  Militem  fortem  non  terrebit  perTculum. 
9.  Miles  fortis  peiiculo  non  terrebitur.  10.  Omnes  adule- 
seentes  erunt  milites  fortes. 

II.  1.  There  are  mountains  in  Europe.  2.  On  the  sides 
of  the  mountains  are  tall  trees.  3.  Many  rivers  have  small 
sources.  4.  Parts  of  the  Alps  are  beautiful.  5.  The  Alps 
have  deep  valleys  and  high  cliffs.  6.  Wild  beasts  are  seen 
on  the  sides  of  the  Alps.  7.  There  you  will  see  shepherds 
and  sheep.  8.  Brave  soldiers  do  not  fear  dangers.  9.  The 
fathers  of  the  3'oung  men  are  soldiers.  10.  We  honor  thq 
brave  soldier. 

_  3. 

171.  EXERCISES. 
I.  1.  Quid  vident  homines  in  montibus  altls?     2.  Aquilani. 

avem  audacem,  in  rupibus  vident.  3.  Nonne  in  arboribuMJ 
altis  habitat  rex  avium?  4.  Certe,  et  parvis  avibus  est  ter- 
ror magnus,  nam  inter  aves  regnat.  5.  Acres  sunt  aquilarum 
oculi;  longe  vident  venatorem.  G.  In  marl  classem  hos- 
tium  videmus.  7.  Classis  navium  a  latronibus  videbatur. 
8.  Magister  mores  bonos  et  diligentiam  disci pulorum  lauda- 


1 


THIRD   DECLENSION.  71 

bit.  9.  Mores  boni  et  diligentia  a  magistro  laudabiintur. 
10.  Omnis  Galliae  sunt  partes  tres  {three). 

/    II.    1.  Men  dwell  in  the  deep  valleys  of  the  mountains. 

12.  In  summer  they  have  flocks  on  the  mountains.  3.  Why 
do  men  call  the  eagle  the  king^  of  birds  ?  4.  Do  not  keen 
hunters  see  the  eagle  from  afar?  5.  The  enemy's  ships 
plough  the  deep  sea.  6.  The  robbers  saw  the  ships  with  great 
terror.^  7.  Solon  was  the  author  of  many  good  laws.  8.  In 
ancient  states  there  were  free  men  and  slaves.  9.  The 
memory  of  the  wise  Solon  has  been  honored. 

172.  VOCABULARY. 

adulescens,  -entis,  m.  &  f.,  youth,  latus,  -eris,  n.,  side.  Cf .  latus,  broad. 

young  man.  lex,  legis,  f.,  law. 

fons,  fontis,  m.,  source,  spring.  longe,  adv.,  afar,  at  a  distance. 

mons,  montis,  m.,  mountain.  mos,  moris,  m.,  manner,  custom. 

pars,  partis,  f.,  part.  nam,  conj.,/or. 

sapiens,  -entis,  adj.,  wise.  ovis,  -is,  f.. 


pastor,  -oris,  m.,  shepherd. 

amnis,  -is,  m.,  river  (154).  periculum,  -i,  n.,  danger,  peril. 

arbor,  -oris,  f.,  tree.  profundus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  deep. 

auctor,  -oris,  m.,  author.  regio,  -onis,  f.,  region. 

Belgae,  -arum,  m.,  the  Belgians.  regno,  1,  he  king,  rule,  reign. 

classis,  -is,  y.,  fleet  (154).  rupes,  -is,  f.,  rock,  cliff. 

diligentia,  -ae,  f.,  diligence.  silva,  -ae,  f.,  wood,  forest. 

fera,  -ae,  f.,  wild  beast.  Solon,  -onis,  m.,  Solon,  an  Athenian 
honoro,  1,  honor.  lawgiver. 

hostis,  -is,  M.  &  F.,  enemy.  suavis,  -e,  adj.,  sioeet,  pleasant. 

ibi,  adv.,  there.  venator,  -oris,  m.,  hunter. 

inter,  prep.  w.  ace,  between,  among,  vulpes,  -is,  f.,  fox. 

amnis,  a  large,  deep  river ;  not  the  comm»n  prose  word  for  river. 
flamen  (203),  general  word  for  river ;  flowing,  as  opposed  to  still 

water,  as  a  lake  or  pond. 
fluvius  (84),  not  different  from  flumen,  but  much  less  used. 

hostis,  general  word  for  enemy :  a  public  enemy,  enemy  in  war. 
inimicus  (78),  a  private  or  personal  enemy  ;  opposed  to  amicus. 

1  Predicate  accusative.  ^  gee  144, 145. 


72  THIRD   DECLENSION. 

4. 
COLLOQUIUM. 
1 73.   Translate  into  Latin :  — 

Father  and  Son. 
F.  Tell  me  {milii)  about  Solon,  if  you  please  {si placet), 
S.  Solon  was  a  wise  Athenian  (Atheniensis) ;  his  {ejus 
laws  were  famous,  and  his  memory  will  always  be  honored 
He  was  the  friend  of  poor  men  {pauperum) .  He^saw  many 
lands  and  many  men.  He  did  not  fear  Pisistratus  thi 
usurper  {tyrannum) , 

F.    Was  Miltiades  also  (quoque)  an  Athenian  ? 
S,    Certainly  ;   he  overcame  the  Persians  {Persas)  in  the 
battle  of  Marathon.^     He  was  a  brave  and  skilful  leader 
He  had  a  brave  son. 


y  - 

1 


CHAPTER  XXII.   1. 
REVIEW. 

174.  Decline  together  gladius  acer,  sliarp  sii^ord ;  consilium 
utile,  useful  counsel ;  aquila  celeris,  sivi/t  eagle ;  animal  velox, 
Jleet  animal.    See  179. 

1 75.  Examples  of  the  locative  case  in  the  third  declension  are : 
Carthagini,  or  Carthagine,  at  Carthage;  ruri,  in  the  country, 

1 76.  Affix  the  proper  terminations  to  the  adjectives  in  the 
following^  and  translate:  — 

1.  Equo  eeler-,  equorum  veloc-,  equTs  veloc-.  2.  Puella 
trist-,  puellae  trist-,  puellam  trist-,  puellarum  prudent-. 
3.  Gladiis  acr-,  gladios  acr-,  gladium  ficr-.  4.  Libro  utll-, 
librorum  util-,  librum  util-.  5.  Donum  util-,  dona  util-, 
don!  util-.  6.  Servi  fidel-,  servo  fidel-,  servos  fidel-,  servis 
fidel-. 

*  Of  Marathon,  Marathoniiis,  -a,  -um. 


l^HIKD   DECLEKSION. 


73 


177.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Equi  sunt  celeres.  2.  Proelium  equestre  fiiit. 
3.  Viri  fortes  laudantur.  4.  Viriim  fortem  laudamus. 
5.  Omne  initium  est  difficile.  6.  Bella  sunt  tristia.  7.  Con- 
silium ducis  audax  fuit.  8.  Vetus  vinum  est  bonum. 
9.  Acris  et  velox  est  aquila.  10.  l^Iulta  animalia  vitas 
breves  habent. 

II.  1.  The  soldiers  have  keen  weapons.  2.  I  have  a 
swift  horse.  3.  We  praise  brave  men.  4.  J3o  ^^ou  like 
sweet  food?  5.  The  lessons  are  not  hard.  6.  The  plans  of 
the  commander  are  sagacious.  7.  Life  is  short.  8.  There 
are  swift  eagles  in  the  mountains.  9.  The  king  has  bold 
sailors.     10.  The  wings  of  the  swift  eagle  are  long. 


2. 

178.  EXERCISES. 

Write  out  the  whole  of  177. 1,  in  Latin,  changing  singulars 
to  plurals  and  plurals  to  singulars.  Thus,  4  will  be  viros 
fortes  laudo. 

Turn  II.  into  Latin,  first  changing  the  sentences  as 
directed  above  in  regard  to  I. 


179. 


VOCABULARY. 


fide  lis,  -e,  aH].,  faithful. 
initium,  -i,  n.,  beginning. 
telum,  -i,  N.,  weapon. 
tristis,  -e,  adj.,  sad. 
utilis,  -e,  adj.,  useful. 
velox,  -ocis,  adj.,  swift,  fleet 
vita,  -ae,  f.,  life. 

celer,  quick,  with  tliG  added  notion  of  eagerness  or  energy, 
velox,  swift f  sometimes  implying  nimUeness, 


acer,  acris,  acre,  adj.,  sharp,  eager. 

brevis,  -e,  adj.,  short. 

celer,  celeris,  celere,  adj.,  quick, 
feet,  swift. 

diflicilis,  -e,  adj.,  difficult,  hard. 

equester,  -tris,  -tre,  adj.,  eques- 
trian. 


74 


THIRD    CONJUGATION. 


CHAPTER    XXIII. 
THIRD   CONJUGATION. 
180.  E -Verbs. 

Rego  (stem  rege),  rule. 
Principal  Parts:  rego,  regere,  rexi,^  rectum.2 


rego 
regis 
reo'it 


ACTIVE. 

/  rule,  etc. 

regimus 
reg  itis 
reg  unt 


INDICATIVE. 

PrKSExNT. 


PASSIVE. 


/  am  ruled,  etc. 
reg  or  reg  imur 

reg  eris,  or  -re  reg  imini 

reg  itur  reg  untur 


/  was  ruling,  etc. 
reg  ebam         reg  ebamus 
reg  ebas  reg  gbatis 

reg  ebat  reg  ebant 

/  shall  rule,  etc. 
reg  am  reg  emus 

reg  es  reg  etis 

reo'  et  reg;  ent 


Imperfect. 


/  have  ruled,  etc. 
rexi  reximus 

rex  isti  rex  istis 

rex  it  rex  erunt,  or  -re 


/  was  ruled,  etc. 
reg  ebar  reg  ebamur 

reg  ebaris,  or  -re     reg  ebamini 
regebatur  regebantur 

Future. 

/  shall  he  ruled,  etc. 
regar  reg  emur 

reg  eris,  or  -re  reg  emini 

reg  etur  reg  entur 

Perfect. 

I  have  been  ruled,  etc. 
/-  sum  c  sumus 

rect  us  )  es 
(est 


recti <  estis 
(sunt 


Pluperfect. 
/  had  ruled,  etc.  /  had  been  ruled,  etc. 

rex  eram  rex  eramus  r  eram 

rex  eras  rex  eratis  rect  us  \  eras 

rex  erat  rex  erant  ( erat  ( erant 


r  eramus 
recti  <  eratis 


1  Rexi  for  reg-si.    See  p.  1,  note  2.        -  Rectum  for  reg-tum. 


THIKD   CONJUGATION. 


75 


ACTIVE. 


PASSIVE. 


FuTUKE  Perfect. 
*^'         /  shall  have  ruled,  etc.  I  shall  have  been  ruled,  etc, 

rexerS  rexerimus  rero  rerimus 


rex  eris 

rex  eritis 

rect  us  }  eris 

recti  ■<  eritis 

rex  erit 

rex  erint 

(erit 

(  erunt 

SUBJUNCTIVE.^ 

Present. 

regam 

reg  amus 

regar 

reg  amur 

reg  as 

reg  atis 

reg  aris,  or  -re 

reg  amini 

regat 

reg  ant 

regatur 
Imperfect. 

reg  antur 

reg  erem 

reg  eremus 

reg  erer 

reg  eremur 

reg  eres 

reg  eretis 

reg  ereris,  or  -re 

reg  eremiiiT 

reg  eret 

reg  erent 

reg  eretur 
Perfect. 

reg  erentur 

rex  erim 

rex  erimus 

rsim 

r  simus 

rex  eris 

rex  eritis 

rect  us  }  SIS 

,   recti }  sitis 

rex  erit 

rex  erint 

(sit 
Pluperfect. 

(sint 

rexissem 

rex  issemus 

/  essem 

r  essemus 
recti -^  essetis 
(  essent 

rexisses 

rexissetis 

rect  us  }  esses 

rexisset 

rexissent 

( esset 

IMPERATIVE. 

Present. 

reg  e,  rule  thou. 

reg  ere,  le  thou  ruled. 

regite,  rule 

ye. 

regimini,  he  ye 

ruled. 

regito,  thou  shalt  rule. 
tregito,  he  shall  rule. 
Iregitote,  ye  shall  rule. 
Iregunto,  they  shall  rule. 


Future. 

regitor,  thou  shalt  he  ruled, 
reg  itor,  he  shall  he  rxded. 

reguntor,  they  shall  he  ruled. 


1  See  p.  26,  note. 


76  THIRD  CONJUGATION. 

INFINITIVE. 
ACTIVE.  PASSIVE. 

Pres.  regere,  to  rule,  regi,  to  be  ruled. 

Perf.  rexisse,  to  have  ruled.  rectus  esse,  to  have  been  ruled. 

FuT.    recturus  esse,  to  be  about  rectum  iri,  to  be  about  to  be  ruled, 
to  rule. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Pres.  regens,  -entis,  ruling. 

FuT.    recturus,  -a,  -um,  about     Ger.    regendus,  -a,  -um,   to  be 
to  rule.  ruled. 

Perf.  rectus,  -a,  -um,  having  been 

ruled. 

GERUND. 
G.    regendi,  of  ruling. 

D.    regend6,ybr  ruling. 

Ac.  regendum,  ruling. 

Ab.  regendo,  by  ruling. 

SUPINE. 
Ac.  rectum,  to  rule.  Ab.  rectu,  to  rule,  to  be  ruled. 


CHAPTER  XXIV.   1. 
THIRD   CONJUGATION. 

181.  Learn  the  present,  imperfect,  and  future  indicative,  and 
present  imperative  and  infinitive,  active  and  passive,  of  rego. 

182.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Regitis,  regebatis,  regetis.  2.  Regitur,  regebatur, 
regetur.  3.  Rego,  regebam,  regam.  4.  Reguntur,  rege- 
bantur,  regentiir.  5.  Regere,  regi.  6.  Regite,  regere. 
7.  Regis,  regeris.  8.  Regiinus,  regimur.  9.  Regit,  regitur. 
10.  Regitis,  regimini. 

II.  1:  He  rules,  he  was  ruling,  he  will  rule.  2.  To  be 
ruled,  to  rule.     3.  They  rule,  they  were  ruling,  they  will 


THIRD   CONJUGATION.  77 

rule.  4.  We  rule,  we  are  ruled.  5.  We  shall  rule,  we  shall 
be  ruled.  6.  You  are  ruling,  you  were  ruling,  you  will  rule. 
7.  Rule  (thou),  be  (thou)  ruled.  8.  He  is  ruling,  he  is 
ruled.  9.  They  ruled,  they  were  ruled.  10.  I  rule,  I  ruled, 
I  shall  rule. 


183.  EXERCISES. 

Sciiho,^  write  ;  mitto,^  send  ;  evcio^huy. 

T.   1.  Scribis,  mittis,  emis.     2.  Mittitur,  scribitur,  emitur. 

3.  Nonne  mittebas  ?    nonne  scribebant  ?    nonne  emebam  ? 

4,  SciibcLur,  mittebantur,  ementur.  5.  Mitte,  scribite, 
emite.  6.  Emere,  scribere,  mittere.  7.  Non  mittuntj  non 
scrlbitis,  non  emet.  8.  Scribamne?  emuntne?  mittimusue  ? 
9.  Mitteris,  mitteris,  scribetur.     10.  Scribi,  mitti,  emi. 

II.  1.  He  writes,  he  is  sent,  they  buy.  2.  Is  it  written  ? 
does  he  send?  are  they  bought?  3.  I  shall  buy,  thou  wilt 
send,  he  will  write.  4.  It  will  not  be  written,  we  shall  not 
be  sent,  thou  wilt  not  be  bought.  5.  To  write,  to  send,  to 
buy.  0.  Write,  send,  buy.  7.  We  are  sent,  they  were 
bought,  it  is  (being)  written.  8.  They  write,  they  will  buy, 
they  were  sending.  9.  I  was  writing,  we  were  sending, 
I  shall  buy.  10.  You  are  sent,  it  was  (being)  written,  they 
are  bought. 

184.  .  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Imperator  multas  urbes  vincet.  2.  Multae  terrae 
ab  EomanTs  regebantur.  3.  Omnera  mundum  regit  Deus. 
4.  Dux  Eomanus  ex  Graecia  in  Italiam  portabat  multas 
statuas.  5.  Viri  fortes  timore  non  vincuntur.  6.  Pabulum 
militibus^  emetur.     7.  Hannibal  milites  trans  Alpes  ducebat. 

1  For  principal  parts,  see  186. 

2  What  would  be  the  meaning  of  a  mllitibus  ? 


78  THIRD   CONJUGATION. 

8.  Trans  fluvium  erat  parva  urbs.     9.  Urbs  a  civibus  defen- 
debatur.     10.  Nautae,  e  navi  descendite. 

II.  1.  The  commander  writes  a  letter.  2.  Letters  are 
written  by  the  commander.  3.  Hannibal  was  leading  his 
soldiers  into  Italy.  4.  The  citizens  are  defended  by  their  ^ 
leaders.  5.  Csesar  conquered  all  his  enemies.  6.  Rome  will 
be  defended  by  the  citizens.  7.  Drive  the  sheep  into  the 
fields.  8.  There  are  many  robbers  in  the  city.  9.  Near  the 
town  is  a  broad  valley.     10,  Come  down  out  of  the  tower. 


185.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Omnis  mundus  a  Deo  regitur.  2.  PuerTs  libros 
emam.  3.  Defensores  oppidi  a  Caesaris  militibus  vincentur. 
4.  In  Africa  servi  emuntur.  5.  Hieme  multa  animalia  in 
valles  descendunt.  6.  Agricolae  in  urbem  oves  agent. 
7.  Omnes  canes  ex  urbe  agemus.  8.  Epistulam  de  bello 
scribebam.  9.  Puer  epistulam  de  pensTs  scribebat.  10.  Poeta 
bonus  poemata  bona  scribet. 

II.  1.  The  king's  brothers  send  soldiers  into  Greece. 
2.  I  will  send  my  brother's  son  into  Africa.  3.  You  will 
be  sent  into  Sicily.  4.  Send  men  across  the  river.  5.  The 
city  was  defended  with^  great  bravery  by  all  the  citizens. 
6.  Pyrrhus  led  many  men  across  the  sea  into  Italy.  7.  In^ 
winter  many  animals  are  overcome  by  hunger.  8.  The 
farmers  are  buying  food  for  their  sheep.  9.  Strong  men 
were  driving  the  white  horses  into  the  river.  10.  The  good 
shepherd  leads  his  sheep. 

^  See  100.  ^  Is  in  to  be  separately  expressed 

2  Is  it  necessary  to  translate  in  Latin?  See  fifth  sentence  above, 

with  by  cum  ?     See  examples  and  and  examples  and  rule,  135, 136. 

rule,  144, 145. 


THIRD    CONJUGATIOI^r.  79 

186.  VOCABULARY. 

ago,  3,  egi,  actum,  drive,  lead.      Caesar,  -aris,  m.,  Ctvsar. 
de-fendo,  3,  -di,  -sum,  defend.         canis,  -is,  ai.  &  f.,  dog.    (153.) 
de-scendo,  3,  -di,  -sum,  descend,     civis,  -is,  m.  &  r.,  citizen. 

go  down,  come  down.  de,  prep.  w.  abl.,  concerning,  about, 

duco,  3,  duxi,  ductum,  lead.  epistula,  -ae,  f.,  letter. 

emo,  3,  emi,  emptum,  buy.  fames,  -is,  f.,  hunger,  famine. 

mitto,  3,  misi,  missum,  send.         hiems,  hlemis,  f.,  winter. 
scribo,    3,    scripsi,    scriptum,    latro,  -onis,  m.,  robber. 

write.  mundus,  -i,  m.,  world,  universe. 

sumo,  3,  sumpsi,  sumptum,  take,    prope,  prep.  w.  ace,  near. 
vinco,  3,  vici,  victum,  conquer.      trans,  prep.  w.  ace,  across,  beyond. 

supero  (102),  to  have  the  upper  hand,  surpass,  conquer. 

vinco,  to  get  the  mastery,  vanquish,  conquer. 

What  difference  do   you  make   out  from  a  comparison  of   the 
meanings  1 

4. 

187.  COLLOQUIUM. 
Charon  et  Mercurius. 

Ch.    Salve,  O  Mercuri ! 

hail 

M,    Et  tu,  salve,  portitor. 

ferryman  * 

Ch.    Merciiri,  ducisne  hodie  multos  manes? 

sou  Is 

M.    Hodie  manium  duco  numerum  magnum.     Triste  est 

sad 

officium  meum.   Ithaca  tibi  procul  dubio  nota  est  atque  Ulixes. 

duty  without    doubt  known 

Ch.    Recte  dixisti.     Ithaca  est  insula  inter  Graeciam  et 

you  have  said 

Italiam  sita  ;  et  mihi  notus  est  Ulixes,  nam   ipse    olim     hue 

situated  himself  formerly  hither 

venit. 

came 

M.    Jam  aspice  manes  procerum  et  servorum  Tnfidorum. 

now  see  chiefs  unfaithful 

Hi  omnes  ab  Ulixe  necati  sunt. 

these 

Ch.    Istud  mihi  placet.      Manes  in  cymba   transveham. 

that  boat  carry      over 

Vale,  Mercuii. 

M.    Et  tu  vale,  CharOn. 


80  THIRD   CONJUGATION. 

5. 

188.  FOR    TRANSLATION.! 

PuBLius  Cornelius   Scipio. 

Publius  Cornelias  Scipio  major,-  adulescens^  septendecim 
annorura,  ad  TIciiium  flumeii  patrem  vulneratum  servavit. 
In  pugna  Cannensi  fortiter  dimicavit.  Postea  Carthaginem 
Novam,  urbem  in  Hispania  P^enorum  firmi^ijnam  expug- 
navit.  Obsides  Hispanorum  benlgne  tractavit  et  libertate 
donavit.^  /  Non  minus  f eliciter  Scipio  in  Africa  bellavit  ibique 
Poenoslta  ursit^  ut  Hannibalera  ex  Italia  revocareut.^  Ad 
Zamam  ScTpionis  et  Hannibalis  exercitus'  castra  liabuerunt ; 
clarum  est  illud  colloquium,  quod  Hannibal,  dux  Poenorum, 
et  Scipio,  consul  Romanus,  ante  pugnam  liabuerunt.  Poeni 
a  ScTpione  superati  fugatlque  sunt.  Sci[)i6  triumphum 
inagnificum  ex  Africa  reportavit  et  a  populo  Africanus 
appellatus  est. 


CHAPTER  XXV.   1. 
THIRD    CONJUGATION. 

189.  Learn  the  perfect,  pluperfect,  and  future  perfect  indica- 
tive, and  perfect  infinitive,  active  and  passive,  of  rego. 

190.  EXERCISES. 

I.    1.  Rexit,    rexerat,    rexerit.      2.    Rexerunt,    rexerant, 

rexerint.     3.  Rexisse,  rectus  esse.     4.  Rectum  est,  rectum 

erat,  rectum  erit.    5.  Rexisti,  rexeras,  rexeris.     6.  Reximus, 
_ 9 . 

1  For  meanings  of  words,  see  ^   From    urgeo  ;     ita    ursit, 
general  vocabulary.                                pressed  them  so  hard. 

2  The  elder.  ^  xjt . . .  revocarent,  that  they 

3  When  a  youth.  recalled. 
*  Presented  them  with  their  liberty  "^  Nom.  plur.,  subject  of  habue- 


:  set  them  free.  runt. 


THIRD   CONJUGATION.  81 

recti  sumus.  7.  Rexistis,  recti  estis.  8.  Rexi,  rexeram, 
rexero.  9.  Rexerant,  recti  erant.  10.  Recta  est,  recta 
erat,  recta  erit. 

II.  1.  I  have  ruled,  I  had  ruled,  I  shall  have  ruled. 
2.  I  have  ruled,  I  h^jve  been  ruled.  3.  They  have  ruled, 
they  have  been  ruled.  4.  You  ruled,  you  had  ruled,  you 
will  have  ruled.  5.  He  will  have  ruled,  he  will  have  been 
ruled.  6.  To  have  been  ruled,  to  have  ruled.  7.  They  had 
ruled,] they  had  been  ruled.  8.  She  has  ruled,  she  has  been 
ruled.  1  9.  It  was  ruled,  it  had  been  ruled,  it  will  have  been 
ruled.  10.  They  (neut.)  were  ruled,  they  had  been  ruled, 
they  will  have  been  ruled. 

2. 
191.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Duxit,  emerit,  sumpserit.  2.  Emit,^  duxisti,  silmpsi. 
;].  Sumptus  est,  ductac  sumus,  empta  sunt.  4.  Eratne 
ductus?  erantne  emptae ?  eratne  sumptum?  5.  Duxerimus, 
sumpseritis,  emerint.  6.  Nonne  duximus  ?  nonne  emera- 
mus  ?  nonne  emerimus?  7.  Duxisti,  emerunt,  sumpsimus. 
8.  Ducta  est,  emptum  est,  sumpta  erat.  9.  Duxisse,  emisse, 
stimpsisse.     10.  Non  duxeram,  non  emeratis,  non  sumpsero. 

II.  1.  She  had  been  led,  it  has  been  bought,  they  (neut.) 
will  have  been  taken.  2.  I  have  taken,  you  have  bought, 
he  has  led.  3.  Has  it  not  been  taken  ?  had  he  not  been 
led  ?  have  they  (neut.)  not  been  bought  ?  4.1  had  led, 
you  had  bought,  he  had  taken.  5.  They  will  have 
taken,  I  shall  have  led,  thou  wilt  have  bought.  6.  I  was 
led,  it  was  bought,  it  had  been  taken.  7.  To  have  been  led, 
to  have  been  bought,  to  have  been  taken.  8.  We  sha^l  have 
taken,  I  shall  have  bought,  he  will  have  led.  9.  Did  he 
take  ?  didst  thou  buy  ?  did  you  lead  ?  10.  They  did  not 
lead,  you  had  not  bought,  she  will  not  have  takeuo 


1  How  do  you  know  whether  this  form  is  present  or  perfect  1 


82  THIRD   CONJUGATION. 


1 


192.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Hostes  vicimus.  2.  Hostes  territi  victique  sunt. 
3.  Horatius  oculum  in  proelio  amiserat.  4.0  patria,  vicisti 
iram  meam.  5.  ScTpio  in  Hispaniam  missus  est.  6.  Spar- 
tacus,  dux  gladiatorum,  consules  Romanos  vicit.  7.  Gallia 
inter  Pyrenaeos  montes  et  Rlienum  posita  est.^  8.  Metellus 
bellum  in  Hispania  gessit.  9.  Quid  times?  Caesarem  vehis. 
10.  Bellum  a  Pyrrho  in  Italia  gestum  est.  11.  A  Spartaco, 
duce  gladiatorum,  consules  Roman!  victi  sunt.  M 

II.  1.  Have  you  lost  your  books?  2.  My  brother  will  sair 
in  a  small  ship.  3.  Do  men  live  in  trees?  4.  Neptune 
ruled  (over)  the  deep  sea.  5.  A  river  flows  out  of  the 
mountain.  6.  The  girl's  head  was  encircled  with  flowers. 
7.  War  has  been  waged  in  Italy.  8.  A  lazy  boy  is  often 
despised.  9.  The  ancient  Romans  did  not  despise  war. 
10.  The  king  had  surrounded  the  city  with  walls.  11. 
not  Pyrrhus,  king  of  Epirus,  wage  war  in  Italy? 


3.  \ 

193.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Aves  multae  in  arboribus  vivunt.  2.  VirT  fortes 
urbem  templaque  deorum  defenderunt.  3.  Dux  trans  mare 
in  navl  vectus  est.  4.  Tyranni  a  viris  fortibus  contempt! 
sunt.  5.  Ponite  pedes  in  rupem.  6.  Virgo  a  templo  tracta 
erat.  7.  Hannibal  a  Scipione  victus  est.  8.  Caesar  milites 
in  equos  posuit.  .  D.  Oppidum  muro  alto  cinctum  era 
10.  Oppidan!  oppidum  muro  alto  cinxerunt.  11.  In 
montem  et  oppidum  fluebat  fluvius  latus.  12.  Bellum 
Hispania  a  Metello  imperatore  Romano  gestum  est. 

II.  1.   A  large   fleet  was   bought  with  gold  by  Caesar 
2.    The  general's  daughter  had  been  carried  in  a  wagon 

1  Posita  est,  is  situated.  ^  Future  passive  of  veho. 


les 
at^ 

I 


THIRD   CONJUGATION. 


83 


3.  The  commander  had  carried  on  war  agamst  his  enemies. 

4.  All  the  property^  of  the  enemy  has  been  lost.  5.  Many 
men  live  by  agriculture.  6.  We  went  away  from  Italy  to^ 
Sicily.  7.  My  brother  has  departed  from  his  native  land. 
8.  Have  they  lost  their  books?  9.  Have  not  men  always 
despised  tyrants?  10.  The  boys  rode  on  horseback^  with 
great  pleasure.^  11.  The  farmer's  cart  is  drawn  by  strong 
horses.     12.  My  books  have  been  lost. 


194. 


VOCABULARY. 


a-mitto,  3,  -misi,  -missum,  lose. 
cingo,  3,  cinxi,  cinctum,  bind,  en- 
circle, surround. 
coii-temno,  3,  -tempsi,  -temptum, 


dis-cedo,  3,  -cessi,  -cessum,  depart. 
fluo,  3,  fluxi,  flnxum,  flow. 
gero,  3,  gessi,  gestum,  carry  on, 

wage  (war). 
pono,  3,  posui,  positum,  jowf,/>/ace. 
traho,  3,  -xi,  -ctum,  drag,  draw. . 
veho,  3,  vexi,  vectuin,  carry,  draw. 
vivo,  3,  vixi,  victuin,  live. 

contra,  prep.  w.  ace,  against. 
carrus,  -i,  m.,  cart,  wagon. 


Gallia,  -ae,  f.,  Gaul. 
gladiator,  -oris,  m.,  gladiator. 
Hispania,  -ae,  f.,  Spain. 
Horatius,  -i,  m.,  Horatius.  (79.) 
Metellus,  -i,  m.,  Metellus,  a  Roman 

general. 
patria,  -ae,  f.,  native  land. 
Pyrenaeus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Pyre- 

nean,  Pyrenees. 
-que  (enclitic), 5  conj.,  and. 
Rhenus,  -i,  m.,  the  Rhine. 
Scipio,  -onis,  m.,  Scipio,  a  Roman 

general. 
Spartacus,  -i,   m.,  Spartacus,  a 

gladiator. 
virgo,  -iuiS)  f.,  rnaiden,  girl. 


hablto  (161),  trans,  and  intrans.,  live,  in  the  sense  of  dwell,  inhabit, 

with  reference  to  place. 
vivo,  intrans.,  have  life,  live,  often  with  reference  to  some  condition 

or  circumstance  other  than  place. 


1  Goods.     See  117. 

2  Into.     See  52. 

^  Ride   on  horseback  ^  be  car- 
ried on  a  horse. 


¥ 


*  See  145. 

^  I.e.,  appended  to  some  word, 
s  in  192, 1.  2. 


84  COLLOQUIUM. 


4. 

195.  COLLOQUIUM. 
PRAECEPTOR   ET   DiSCIPULUS. 

P.  Quis  f uit  Hannibal  ?  Fuit  Romanus  an  Carthaginiensis  ? 

Carthaginian 

D,  Fuit  Carthaginiensis  et  a  Scipione  victus  est. 
P.   Ubi  fuit  Hannibalis  patria? 

where 

D.  Carthago,  Hannibalis  patria,  fuit  in  Africa. 
P.   Cur  fuit  9  cur  non  est  in  Africa  ? 

■why 

D,  Quia  Carthago  a  Scipione  deleta  est. 

was  destroyed 

P,   Quot  nomina  erant  Scipioni? 

how  many 

D,  Tria  Scipioni  erant  nomina.    Publius  Cornelius  Scipio. 

three 

P.    Recte,  mi  puer,  praenomen  Publius;  Cornelius  nomen 

first  name 

gentile ;  Scipio  cognomen. 

family  cognomen 

B.  Nonne  interdum  appellatus  est  Scipio  Africdnus  f 

sometimes  was  called 

P.   Certissime.      Hoc    autem    nomen    dicebant    Roman! 

this      moreover 

cogn5men  secundum. 

CHAPTER  XXVI.   1. 
REVIEW. 

196.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Defendite,  elves,  civitatem.  2.  Civitas  est  mater 
nostra.  3.  Cives  sunt  fratres  nostrl.  4.  Puerl,  fratres 
amate.  5.  Ornate,  elves,  urbem  monumentis  statuisque. 
6.  Urbes  pulchrae  in  Italia  videntur.  7.  Habitasne  in  urbe 
pulchra?  8.  Urbs  Roma^  muro  cincta  est.  9.  Roma  a  civibus 
cum  fortitudine  defensa  est.    10.  Milites  Roman!  erant  fortes. 

1  See  157, 158. 


REVIEW.  85 


II.  1.  The  citizens  are  defenders  of  the  state.  2.  Roman 
mothers  furnished  brave  heroes  for  the  state.  3.  Do  you 
write  letters  to  you^:  brothers  ?  4.  From^  springs  in  the 
mountains  the  rivers  flow.  5.  The  city  will  be  adorned  with 
golden^  statues.  6.  In  Greece  we  do^  not  see  many  beautiful 
cities.  7.  The  city  is  defended  by  watchful  guards.  8.  A 
high  wall  encircles  the  farmer's  field.  9.  We  shall  remain 
near  Caesar's  camp.  10.  We  teach  our  children  by  means 
of  stories."* 

2. 

197.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Consules  a  Pyrrho  victi  sunt.  2.  Urbs  a  consulibus 
defendetur.  3.  Filii  regis  audacis  sunt  cTvitatis  defenso- 
res.  4.  Clamoribus  militum  nostrorum  territi  sunt  hostes. 
5.  Milites  in  urbe  nostra  non  saepe  videmus.  6.  In  monti- 
bus  et  silvis  vivunt  apri.    7.  Mall^  poenae  timore  coercentur. 

8.  Legibus  patriae  omnes^  coercemur.  9.  Fluvius  oppidum 
cingit.     10.  Mores  mail  ab  hominibus  bonis  contemnuntur. 

II.  1.  Who  defeated  the  Roman  consuls  ?  2.  The  consul 
was  besieging  a  city  of  Spain.  3.  We  all  have  seen  the 
pleasant  light  of  the  moon.  4.  The  sad  maidens  were  sitting 
near  a  deep  river.  5.  The  maidens  were  weeping  because 
they  had  lost  their  flowers.  6.  The  boars  are  descending 
headlong  into  the  sea.  7.  Soldiers  are  not  often  seen  in  our 
streets.     8.  The  ancient  city  of  Rome^  was  ruled  bj^  kings. 

9.  The  shepherd's  son  will  weep  if  he  loses  (shall  have  lost) 
a  sheep.  10.  The  teacher  was  teaching  his  pupils^  the 
poems  of  Homer. 

1  e  rather  than  a.  ^  Omnes  agrees  with  the  under- 

2  See  p.  37,  note  1.  stood  subject  of  coercemur. 

^  See  p.  14,  note  1.  "  The   city  of  Rome  =  the   city 

4  See  90  and  91.  Borne.    See  157,  158. 

^  See  117.  ^  Accusative,  See  p.  54,  note  2. 


86  IRREGULAR  ADJECTIVES. 

198.  VOCABULARY. 

fabula,  -ae,  f,,  story,  tale,  fable.       omnis,  -e,  adj.,  all,  every,  whole. 
frater,  -tris,  m.,  brother.  praeceps,  -cipitis,  adj.,  headlong. 

mater,  -tris,  f.,  mother.  tristis,  -e,  adj.,  sad,  gloomy, 

3. 

199.  FOR    TRANSLATION.' 

Proserpina. 
Proserpina,  Cereris  filia,  aliquando  in  Sicilia  ad  urbem 
Hennam  in  campTs  flores  carpebat,  serta  nectebat  ludebatque 
cum  comitibus.  Narn  campi  ibi  floribus  pulchris  sparsl^ 
sunt.  Subito  terra  eoncussa^  est  atque  Pluto,  inferorum 
deus,  e  terra  emersit;*  ejus  currum  equi  atrl  vehebant.  Deus 
Proserpinam  abduxit,  ut  uxor  sua  et  inferorum  regina  esset;^ 
clamorem  pucllae  compressit.^  Juppiter  autem  fratrl  per- 
mlserat  ut  Proserpinam  abduceret.^  Mater  cum^  iguoraret, 
ubi  filia  esset,^  totum  orbem  terrarum  frustra  peragravit. 
[Continued  on  p.  92.] 

CHAPTER    XXVII.    1. 
IRREGULAR  ADJECTIVES. 

200.  The  following  adjectives  have  lus  (rarely  lus) 
in  the  genitive  singular  of  all  genders,  and  l  in  the 
dative : 

alius,  alia,  aliud,  another,  totus,  -a,  -um,  whole. 

nuUus,  -a,  -um,  no  one,  none,  no.  uUus,  -a,  -um,  any. 

solus,  -a,  -um,  alone,  sole.  unus,  -a,  -um,  one,  alone. 

1  For  meanings  of  words,  see  ^  From  comprlmo. 
general  vocabulary.  "^  Ut  .  .  .  abduceret,   that  he 

2  From  spargo.  might  lead  away  =  to  lead  away. 

s  From  concutio.  ^  Cum  ignoraret,  since  she  did 

*  From  emergo.  not  know. 

6  Ut . . .  esset,  that  she  might  be,  ^  Was, 


lEEEGtrLAR  ADJECTIVES. 


87 


alter,  altera,  alterum,  the  other  of  two, 
neuter,  neutra,  neutrum,  neither  of  two, 
uter,  utra,  utrum,  which  of  two  ? 
uterque,  utrSque,  utrumque,  each  oftwo,  hoth. 


201. 

PARADIGM. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

MASC. 

FEM. 

NEUT. 

MASC. 

FEM. 

NEUT. 

N.      ali  us 

alia 

aliud 

alii 

aliae 

alia 

G.       alius 

alius 

alius 

ali  orum 

ali  arum 

ali  orum 

D.       alii 

alii 

alii 

ali  is 

ali  is 

ali  is 

Ac.     ali  um 

ali  am 

aliud 

alios 

alias 

alia 

Ab.    alio 

alia 

alio 

ali  is 

ali  is 

ali  is 

202.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Virtus  sola  veram  dat  voluptatem.  2.  Alius ^  aliud 
dixit.  3.  In  utram  partem^  fluit  flumen?  4.  Alter ^  Graecus, 
alter ^  Komanus  erat.  5.  Utri  consul!  dat  cTvitas  totam 
laudem?  Neutri.  6.  Alii^  virtute,  alii^  dolls  hostes  superant.^ 
7.  Unius  hominis  mors  totam  urbem  servavit.  8.  Alter! 
discipulo  laudem,  alter!  eulpam  dat^  praeceptor.  9.  NulHus 
precibus  cedemus.     10.  A  Cicerone  uno  urbs  servata  est. 

II.  1.  The  farmer  was  ploughing  his  field  alone.  2.  He 
is  praised  by  one,  blamed  by  another.  3.  To  which  of  the 
two  does  the  teacher  give  the  praise?  4.  Some  like^  boys, 
others  like  girls.  5.  Death  is  feared  by  no  good  man. 
6.  The  consul  conquered  some  of  his  enemies,  by  others  he 


1  Literally,  another  said  another 
thing.  The  English  of  it  is,  one 
said  one  thing,  another  another. 

2  Into  which  pai^t  ?  i.e.,  in  which 
direction  ? 

2  Alter  . . .  alter,  the  one  .  ..the 
other. 

*  Alii  .  .  .  alii,  some  . . .  others ; 
aliud  .  .  .  aliud,  one  thing  .  .  .  an- 
other thing. 


^  This  sentence  illustrates  a 
common  usage  of  the  Latin.  A  verb 
belonging  to  two  groups  of  words 
is  often  placed  only  with  the  last, 
and  must  be  mentally  supplied 
with  the  first.  "With  the  English 
it  is  the  reverse.  Show  the  appli- 
cation of  the  remark. 

6  See  note  5. 


88  lEKEGULAR   ADJECTIVES. 

was  conquered.  7.  One  leg  is  long,  the  other  short.  8.  Some 
praise  one  thing,  others  another.  9.  The  plan  of  the  whole 
war  was  disclosed  to  the  enemy.  10.  The  citizens  praised 
Cicero  alone. 

203.  VOCABULARY. 

brevis,  -e,  adj.,  short.  laus,  laudis,  f.,  praise. 

cedo,  3,  cessi,  cessum,  yield.  mors,  mortis,  f.,  death. 
Cicero,  -onis,  m.,  Cicero,  a  Roman      praeceptor,  -oris,  m.,  teacher. 

orator.  preces,  -um,  f.  (plur.),  prayers, 
eras,  cruris,  n.,  leg.  entreaty, 

culpa, -ae,  F.,  blame,  fault.  ratio, -onis,  f.,  plan,  method. 

dolus,  -i,  M.,  ti^icJc,  deceit.  servo,  1,  save,  preserve. 

e-nuntio,  1,  disclose,  announce.  verus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  true. 

fiumen,  -inis,  n.,  river.    (172.)  virtus,  -utis,  f.,  virtue,  courage. 


204.  COLLOQUIUM. 

Praeceptor  et  Discipulus. 

D.  Quis  f uit  Cicero  ? 

P.  Clarus  consul  Romanus  fuit. 

D,  Multane  bella  gessit? 

P.  Minime.     Orator  fuit ;  dux  militum  semel. 

once  only 

D.   Nonne  ejus  orationes  in  schola  legimus  ? 

his  read 

P.    Complures.     Multas  epistulas  quoque  scripsit  Cicero 

several  also 

D.   Ad  quos  epistulas  scripsit  ? 

whom 

P.  Ad  fratrem  et  amicos. 

D.  Fuitne  Cicero  ejus  "nomen"?^ 

P.  Non  fuit  ''  nomen,"  sed  "  cognomen." 

D.  Quid  fuit  ejus  "  nomen  "  ? 

P.  Tullius. 

1  See  195. 


COMPARISON  OF  ADJECTIVES.  89 

D.  Et  praenomen? 

P.   Marcus, 

D.  Hoc  dicas  mihi,   praeceptor  eruditissime,  si  placet; 

tell  most  learned 

difficilesne  sunt  Ciceronis  orationes  ? 

hard 

P.    Sine  dubi5  difficiles  sunt,  puer  autem  acer  eas  intelle- 

,  but  them 

gere  potest. 

CHAPTER    XXVIII.    1. 
COMPARISON  OF  ADJECTIVES. 

205.  Adjectives  in  Latin,  as  in  English,  change  their 
terminations  to  express  different  degrees  of  quality: 
altus,  altior,  altissimus,  high^  higher^  highest. 

Adjectives  may  also  be  compared  in  Latin,  as  in  English,  bj 
means  of  adverbs. 

206.  Examine  the  following :  — 

POSITIVE.  COMPARATIVE.  SUPERLATIVE. 

altus  (alto)  altior,  altius  altissimus,  etc. 

levis  (levi)  levior,  levius  levissimus,  etc. 

prudens  (prudent)     prudent  ior,  prudent  ius    prudent  issimus,  etc 

pulcher  (pulcliro)      pulchrior,  pulchrius         pulcher  rimus,  etc. 
miser  (misero)  miser  ior,  miser  ius  miser  rimus,  etc. 

acer  (acri)  acrior,  acrius  acer  rimus,  etc. 

Observe  (1)  that  the  comparative  is  formed  in  both  the  above 
groups  by  dropping  the  final  vowel  of  the  stem,  if  the  stem  ends 
in  a  vowel,  and  adding  ior,  ius. 

(2)  That  the  superlative  is  formed  in  the  first  group  from  the 
shortened  stem  by  adding  issimus,  issima,  issimum. 


90 


COMPABISOK  OF   ADJECTIVES. 


(3)  But  if  the  adjective  ends  in  er,  the  superlative  is  formed  by 
adding  rimus,  rima,  rimmn,  to  the  positive. 


207.  Six  adjectives  in  lis  drop  the  final  vowel  of  the 
stem  and  add  limus  to  form  the  superlative : 

facilior,  facilius  facillimus, -a, -um 

difficilior,  difficilius  difficillimus,  -a,  *um 

similior,  similius  simil  limus,  -a,  -um 

dissimil  ior,  dissimil  ius  dissimil  limus,  -a,  -um 

humilior,  humilius  humillimus,  -a,  -um 

gracilior,  gracilius  gracillimus,  -a,  -um 


I 


facilis,  -e,  easy. 
difficilis,  -e,  hard, 
similis,  -e,  like, 
dissimilis,  -e,  unlike, 
humilis,  -e,  low, 
gracilis,  -e,  slender. 


208. 


Ikeegular  Comparison. 


bonus,  -a,  -um. 
malus,  -a,  -um 
magnus,  -a,  -um 
multus,  -a,  -um 
parvus,  -a,  -um 
vetus 


melior,  -ius 
pejor,  -us 
major, -us 

,  plus  1 

minor,  -us 


optimus,  -a,  -um 
pessimus,  -a,  -um 
maximus,  -a,  -um 
plurimus,  -a,  -um 
minimus,  -a,  -um 


vetustior,  -ius     veterrimus,  -a,  -um 


Declension  of  the  Comparative. 


!09. 

PARADIGI 

M. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

M.  &  F. 

NEUT. 

M.  &   F. 

NEUT. 

N.V. 

altior 

altius 

altior  es 

altior  a 

G. 

altioris 

altioris 

altior  um 

altior  um 

D. 

altior  i 

altior  1 

altior  ibus 

altior  ibus 

Ac. 

altior  em 

altius 

altior  es,  is 

altior  a 

Ab. 

altior  e,  i 

altior  e,  i 

altior  ibus 

altior  ibus 

Compare^  and  decline  in  the  comparative :  — 

atrox,  -bcis,  fierce,  liber,  -era,  -ernm.,  free, 

audax,  -acis,  hold,  piger,  pigra,  pigrum,  lazy, 

celer,  -eris,  swift,  plaoidus,  -a,  -um,  calm. 

felix,  -icis,  lucky.  sapiens,  -entis,  wise. 


1  Plus   has   in    singular   only 
nom.,  gen.  (pluris),  and  ace;  in 


plural,  nom.  plnres,  plura,  gen. 
plnrium,  etc. 


COMPARISOK  OF  ADJECTIVES.  91 

210.  EXERCISES. 

1.  Of  bolder  soldiers.  2.  For  a  bolder  soldier.  3.  On 
the  highest  tree.  4.  The  wisest  king.  5.  Of  fiercer  lions. 
6.  By  a  more  lucky  general.  7.  With  calmer  joy.  8.  Of  a 
swifter  horse.  9.  For  freer  men.  10.  Of  wiser  judges. 
11.  A  deeper  river.  12.  Of  deeper  rivers.  13.  In  a  deeper 
river.     14.  For  lazier  boys. 

2. 

211,  We  can  say  in  Latin  without  difference  in  meaning: 

1.  Quis  est  eloquentior  quam  Cicero?  )  Who  is  more  eloquent 

2.  Quis  est  eloquentior  Cicerone  ?        >  than  Cicero  f 

212,  Rule  of  Syntax.  —  The  comparative  degree 
is  followed  by  the  ablative  when  quam  (than)  is 
omitted. 

But  the  ablative  can  take  the  place  only  of  quam  and  the  nom- 
inative, or  quam  and  the  accusative. 

213.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Fluvii   altiores   sunt  rivis,  maria   altissima^   sunt. 

2.  In   Africa   sunt   animalia   atrociora   quam   in  America. 

3.  Leones  sunt  audacissimae  bestiae.  4.  Elephant!  sunt 
prudentiores  leonibus.  5.  Gentes  Africae  et  Europae  sunt 
dissimillimae.  6.  Pensum  tuum  facillimum,  meum  difflcilli- 
mum  est.  7.  Roma  est  Italiae  urbs  veterrima,^  sed  vetusti- 
ores  sunt  in  litoribus  coloniae  Graecorunl.  8.  Templa  Graeca 
erant  humilliraa.  9.  Nihil  est  pejus  quam  mendacium. 
10.  Mendacium  autem  pejus  pigritia  et  Tgnavia  est. 

II.  1.  A  river  is  longer  than  a  brook.  2.  Seas  are  deeper 
than  rivers.  3.  The  sources  of  great  rivers  are  not  always 
in  high  mountains.     4.  Elephants  bear  heavier  burdens  than 

r*  ^  The  superlative  must  often  be  translated  by  very  with  the  positive. 


92 


COMPARISON   OF    ADJECTIVES. 


horses.  5.  The  horse  and  the  dog  are  very  faithful.  6.  Your 
dog  is  better  than  mine.  7.  Not  many  cities  are  more  beau- 
tiful than  Rome.  8.  The  elephant  is  bolder  than  the  horse. 
9.  Your  task  is  easier  than  mine ;  but  mine  is  not  ver}' 
hard.     10.  The  bravest  men  are  not  always  the  wisest. 

214.  VOCABULARY. 

America,  -ae,  f.,  America.  litus,  -oris,  n.,  shore. 

autem,^  conj.,  but,  moreover. 
bestia,  -ae,  f.,  beast. 
colonia,  -ae,  f.,  colony. 
gens,  gentis,  f.,  nation,  people. 
Ignavia,  -ae,  f.,  cowardice. 


mendaeiuin,  -i,  n.,  lying. 
niliil,  N.  (indecl.),  nothing, 
pigritia,  -ae,  f.,  laziness. 
quain,  conj.,  than, 
rivus,  i,  M.,  brook. 


"  Proserpin  gathering  Jlowrs, 
Herself  a  fairer  Jlowr,  by  gloomy  Dis 
Was  gathered,  which  cost  Ceres  alt  that  pain 
To  seek  her  through  the  world." 

215.  FOR    TRANSLATI0N.2 

Tandem  Ceres  a  Sole,  qui  omnia  eonspicit,  audivit  quis 
filiam  abduxisset.^  Itaque  statim  iter  ad  Jovem^  flexit^  et 
precibus  animum  ejus  Tuflexit,  ut  filia  a  Plutone  remittere- 
tur.^  Juppiter  id  permisit,  SI  jejuna  mansisset.^  Sed  eum^ 
Proserpina  mail  Punici  septem  grana  gustavisset,^  non  licuit. 
Tandem  Proserpinae  permissum  est,^^  ut  per  partem  anui 
dimidiam  apud  matrem,  per  partem  alteram  apud  inferos 
esset.^^ 


1  Always  placed  after  the  first 
or  second  word  in  the  sentence. 

2  Continued  from  p.  86. 
2  Had  led  aivay. 

*  Norn.  Juppiter. 
^  From  flecto. 

^  Ut .  . .  remitteretur,  that  her 
daughter  might  be  sent  back. 


J 


"^  Had  remained. 

s  Since. 

^  Had  tasted. 

10  Tt  was  permitted  —  permission 
was  given. 

11  Ut . .  .  esset,  that  she  shoidd  be 
=  to  be.  For  the  order,  see  p.  87 
note  5. 


I 


FORMATION   AND   COMPARISON   OF   ADVERBS. 


93 


CHAPTER  XXIX.   1. 
FORMATION   AND    COMPARISON   OF  ADVERBS. 

216.  Most  adverbs  are  formed  from  adjectives,  and 
follow  them  in  comparison. 

217.  Examine  the  following :  — 


ADJECTIVE. 

STEM. 

ADVERB. 

gratus,  thankful. 

grato- 

grate,  thankfully. 

benignus,  kind. 

benigno- 

benign  e,  kindly. 

miser,  wretched. 

misero- 

miser  e,  wretchedly. 

pulcher,  beautiful. 

pulchro- 

pulchr  e,  beautifully . 

fortis,  hrave. 

forti- 

fortiter,  bravely. 

acer,  eager. 

acri- 

acriter,  eagerly. 

prudens,  wise. 

prudent- 

pruden  ter,  wisely. 

felix,  lucky. 

felici- 

f elici  ter,  luckily. 

Observe  (1)  that  the  adjectives  of  the  first  group  are  of  the  o 
(or  second)  declension,  and  that  the  adverbs  are  formed  from  the 
stem  of  the  adjectives  by  changing  the  final  o  of  the  stem  to  e. 

(2)  That  the  adjectives  of  the  second  group  are  of  the  third 
declension,  and  that  the  adverbs  are  formed  from  the  stem  of  the 
adjectives  by  adding  ter. 

(3)  But  stems  in  nt  drop  t  before  adding  the  suffix  ter. 


218.   Examine  the  following :  — 

ADJECTIVE. 

multus,  much. 
facilis,  easy. 
impunis,  unpunished. 

citus,  quick. 
subitus,  sudden. 
primus,  frst. 


ADVERB. 

multum,  much. 
facile,  easily. 
impune,  with  safety. 

cito,  quickly. 
subito,  suddenly. 
primo,  at  first. 


Observe  that  in  the  first  group  the  accusative  singular  neuter  of 
the  adjective  is  used  as  an  adverb;  in  the  second,  the  ablative. 


94 


FORMATION  AND  COMPAEISON  OF  ADVERBS. 


I 


219.   Examine  the  following :  — 


POSITIVE. 

COMPARATIVE. 

SUPERLATIVE 

grate 

gratius 

gratissime 

misere 

miserms 

miserrime 

acriter 

acrius 

acerrime 

feliciter 

felicius 

felicissime 

bengi 

melius 

optime 

malg 

pejus 

pessimg 

multum 

plus 

plurimum 

magis 

maxime 

Observe  that  the  comparative  of  the  adverb  is  the  same  as  tb 
neuter  accusative  singular  of  the  adjective ;  and  that  the  superla- 
tive is  formed  from  the  superlative  of  the  adjective  by  changing, 
w  in  the  positive,  the  final  o  of  the  stem  to  e. 

If  the  adjective  is  irregular  in  comparison,  the  adverb  is  likew: 


Compare :  — 

placide,  calmly. 
audacter,  hohlly. 


libere,  freely.  pulchre,  hcautlfidly. 

celeriter,  quickly,     prudenter,  wisely. 


1 


2. 

220.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Olim  fuit^  Atheniensis  clarissimus.  2.  Fideliter 
legibus^  civitatis  parebat.  3.  Juste  omnibus  rebus ^  age- 
bat.  4.  Audacter  pugnavit  atque  amicum  fortiter  defendit. 
5.  Sapienter  juvenes  aliosque  doeebat.  6.  Falso  et  turpiter 
accusatus  est;  libere  se^  defendit  neque  timebat.  7.  Inju- 
stissime  ad  mortem  damnatus  est  a  eivibus.  8.  Yenenum  in 
carcere  bibit  plaeide.  9.  Ejus^  memoria  delebitur  nunquam. 
10.  Quis  fuit  Atheniensis  ?  , 

II.  1.  Was  Socrates  an  illustrious  Athenian?  2.  Was  he 
more  illustrious  than  other  citizens?    3.  Did  he  not  act  most 


1  Formed  irregularly  from  bonus. 

2  There  was. 

3  Observe  the  dative  with  pareo. 


4  Things.    See  260. 
^  Himself. 
6  Of  him. 


FORMATIOK   AND    COMPARISON   OF  ADVERBS. 


95 


ji^g^  in  all  respects?^  4.  Did  he  very^  faithfully  obey  the 
laws  of  the  Athenians?  5.  Did  he  not  teach  the  Athenians 
very  wisely?  6.  Did  he  not  defend  a  young  man  in  battle 
very  bravely?  7,  Why  was  he  most  basely  accused  and 
condemned  to  death?  8.  We  shall  cherish  his  memory  more 
diligently.  9.  His  memory  will  be  cherished  faithfully  by 
the  best  men.  10.  In  vain  shall  we  seek  for  a  better  man 
than  Socrates. 

III.  1.  Julius  Csesar  was  a  very  famous  man.  2.  He  was 
excellently  brought  up  by  his  mother.  3.  He  learned  the 
Greek  language  very  well.  4,  He  was  an  illustrious  general 
and  fought  many  battles  most  successfully.  5.  In  Gaul  he 
took  towns,  and  cruelly  slew  many  men.  6.  He  boldly  sailed 
to  Britain  with  many  ships.  7.  But  the  inhabitants  did  not 
basely  beg  for  peace.  8.  He  quickly  overcame  all  his 
enemies.  9.  (As)  consul  he  ruled  the  Roman  state  wisely  and 
well.     10.  He  was  foully  slain  by  Brutus  and  other  Romans. 


221. 


VOCABULARY. 


crudeliter  [crudelis],  cruelly, 

diligenter  [diligens],  diligently, 

falso  [falsus],  falsely, 

fidellter  [1^(!LG\is]y  faithfully, 

frustra,  in  vain, 

injuste  [Injastus],  unjustly, 

jaste  [Justus],  justly, 

libere  \]l\)eir],  freely ,  fearlessly, 

olim,  formerly, 

optime,  very  well,  excellently, 

sapienter  [sapiens],  wisely, 

tnrpiter  [turpis],  basely,  foully, 

accuse,  1  [ad,  causa],  accuse. 
Atheuiensis,  -e,  adj.,  Athenian, 
bibo,  3,  bibi,  potuin,  drink, 
career,  -eris,  m.,  prison. 


colo,  3,  colul,  cultum,  cultivate^ 

cherish,  care  for, 
damno,  1,  condemn, 

disco,  3,  didici, ,  learn, 

juvenis,  -is,  m.  &  r.,  youth, 
lingua,  -ae,  f.,  tongue,  language, 
navigo,  1  [navis,  ago],  sail. 
neco,  1,  hill.    Cf.  interficio. 

pareo,  2,  -ui, ,  obey  (w.  dat.). 

pax,  pacis,  f.,  peace. 

peto,  3,  -i  vi,  -li,  -itum,  beg  for,  ash. 

quaero,  3,  quaesivi,  -ii,  quae- 

situm,  seek  for,  ash,  inquire. 
sed,  conj.,  but.    Qi.  autem  (214). 
Socrates,    -is,    m.,    Socrates,   an 

Athenian  philosopher. 
venenum,  -i,  n.,  poison. 


1  Compare  I.  3, 


2  See  p.  91,  note. 


96  FOURTH   CONJUGATION. 


I 


J 


3. 

222.  COLLOQUIUM. 
Pater  et  Filiolus. 

P.    Quid,  mi  flliole,  in  schola  hodie  discebas? 

liltle  eon 

F.   Discebam,  mi  pater,  pensum  de  adverb ils  longissi 
P.    Cul  parti  orationis  est  adverbium  simillimum  ? 

to  what  speech 

F,    Simillimum,  ut  opTnor,  est  adverbium  adjectlvo. 

as     I  think 

P.    Recte,  puer ;   sed  illud   mihi  explica,  si  poteris 

this  explain  if  you  can 

ut  dicis,  adverbium  adjectlvo  est  simile,  unde  nomen   traxit? 

whence  has  derived 

P.    Fortasse    propter    lioc,    quod    saepissime   verbis   ad- 

I^erhaps      on  account  of   this      because         very  often  verbs 

jimgitur. 

P.    Optime,   flliole ;    en     tibi     assem ! 

here  is  for  you    penny 

CHAPTER    XXX. 
FOURTH    CONJUGATION. 

223.  i -Verbs. 

Audio  (stem  audi),  Jiear, 
Principal  Parts  :  audio,  audire,  audivi,  auditum. 

INDICATIVE. 
active.  passive. 

Present. 
I  Jieary  etc,  I  am  heard,  etc. 

audio  audimus  audior  audimur 

aud  IS  aud  itis  and  iris,  or  -re         aud  imini 

audit  audiunt  auditur  audiuntur 

Imperfect. 

/  was  hearing,  etc,  I  was  heard,  etc, 

audiebam         audiebamus  audiebar  audiebamur 

audiebas  audiebatis  audiebaris,or-re  audiebamini 

audiebat  audiebant  audiebatur  audiebantur 


rOTTETH  CONJUGATION. 


97 


ACTIVE. 

/  sliall  hear,  etc, 
audiam  audiemus 

audies  audietis 

audiet  audient 


PASSIVE. 

Future. 

/  shall  he  heard,  etc. 
aud  iar  aud  ieniur 

aud  ieris,  or  -re       aud  iemini 
aud  ietur  aud  ientur 


Perfect. 
I  have  heard,  etc,  I  have  been  heard,  etc. 

audivi  audivimus  rsum  ^  sumus 

audivisti         audivistis  aud  it  us  J  es  audit!  ■<  estis 

audiv  it  audiv  erunt,  or  -re  ( est  ( sunt 


Pluperfect. 


/  had  heard,  etc, 
audiv  erani      audiv  eramus 
audiv  eras        audiv  eratis 
audiv  erat       audiv  erant  . 


I  had  been  heard,  etc, 
r  eram  r  eramus 

audit  us  ■}  eras      audit  i  <  eratis 
(  erat  (  erant 


Future  Perfect. 


/  shall  have  heard,  etc. 
audiv  ero         audiv  erimus 
audiv  eris        a-udiv  eritis 
audiv  erit        audiv  erint 


/  shall  have  been  heard,  etc. 
^ero 
audit  us  J  eris 

(  erit  (  erunt 


r  erimus 
audit  Tk  eritis 


SUBJUNCTIVE.^ 
Present. 


audiam 

audiamus 

aud  iar 

audiSmur 

audias 

audiatis 

aud  iaris,  or  -re 

aud  iaminl 

audiat 

audiant 

aud  iatur 
Imperfect. 

audiantur 

audirem 

audiremus 

aud  irer 

aud  iremur 

aud ires 

audiretis 

audireris,  w-re 

audiremini 

audiret 

audirent 

aud iretur 
Perfect. 

audirentur 

audiv  erim 

audiv  erimus 

^sim 

r  sTmus 

audiv  eris 

audiv  eritis 

audit  us  )  sis 

audit! -^sitis 

audiv  erit 

audiv  erint 

^sit 

(sint 

1  See  p.  26,  note. 


98 


FOURTH  CONJUGATION. 


ACTIVE. 


PASSIVE. 


Pluperfect. 

audivissem     audiv  issemus  r  essem  ressemus 

audivisses      audiv  issetis         audit  us  J  ess§s     audit!  <  ess§tis 
audiv  isset      audiv  issent  (esset  (essent 


a 


audi,  hear  thou, 
audite,  hear  ye. 

audits,  thou  shalt  hear, 
audits,  he  shall  hear. 
audit  St  e,  ye  shall  hear, 
audiuntS,  they  shall  hear. 


IMPERATIVE. 

Present. 

audire,  he  thou  heardo 
audimini,  he  ye  heard. 

Future. 

auditor,  thou  shalt  he  heard. 
auditor,  he  shall  he  heard. 


audiuntor,  they  shall  he  heard. 


INFINITIVE. 
Pres.  audire,  to  hear.  audiri,  to  he  heard. 

Perf.  audiv  isse,  to  have  heard.         audit  us  esse,  to  have  been  heard. 
FuT.    QXMdMviXus  essQ^  to  he  ahout      audit um  iri,  to  he  ahout  to  he 
to  hear,  heard. 


PARTICIPLE. 
Pres.  audiens,  -entis,  hearing. 
FuT.    audit  urus,  -a,  -um,  ahoxit 
to  hear. 


Ger.     audiendus,  -a,  -um,  to  he 

heard. 
Perf.  audit  us,  -a,  -um,  heard, 

having  been  heard. 


GERUND. 


G.    audiendi,  of  hearing. 
D.    aud  iendS,  for  hearing. 
Ac.  audiendum,  hearing. 
Ab.  audiendS,  by  hearing. 


Ac  audit  um,  to  hea,r, 


SUPINE. 

Ab.  audit u,  to  hear,  to  he  heard. 


FOURTH    CONJUGATION.  99 

CHAPTER    XXXI.   1. 
FOURTH   CONJUGATION. 

224.  Learn  the  present,  imperfect,  and  future  indicative,  and 
present  imperative  and  infinitive,  active  and  passive,  of  audio. 

225.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Audio,  audiebam,  audiani.  2.  Audit,  audiebat,  au- 
diet.  3.  Auditur,  audiebatur,  audietur.  4.  Audi,  audire. 
5.  Audimur,  audiebamur,  audiemur.  6.  Audire,  audhi. 
7.  Audltis,  audiebatis,  audietis.  8.  Audis,  audiris.  9.  Audi- 
unt,  audiuntur.    10.  Audient,  audientur. 

II.  1.  Thou  hearest,  thou  wast  hearing,  thou  wilt  hear. 
2.  I  hear,  I  am  heard.  3.  He  is  hearing,  he  was  hearing, 
he  will  hear.  4.  To  be  heard,  to  hear.  5.  We  were  hearing, 
we  were  (being)  heard.  6.  We  hear,  we  heard,  we  shall 
hear.  7u  They  will  hear,  they  will  be  heard.  8.  You  heard, 
you  were  heard.  9.  Hear  (ye),  be  ye  heard.  10.  I  hear,  I 
heard,  I  shall  be  heard. 

2. 

226.  EXERCISES. 

Punio,  punish;  muniS,  fortify;  vestio,  clothe, 

I.  1.  Puiiiebam,  muniebam,  vestiebam.  2.  Munltur,  pu. 
nitur,  vestitur.  3.  Piiniet,  vestiet,  muniet.  4.  Puni,  munite, 
vestimini.  5.  Vestietur,  punietur,  munietur.  6.  Nonne  pu- 
nimus?  nonne  vestimur?  nonne  muniuntur?  7.  Vestiamne? 
punietne  ?  munieturne  ?  8.  Muniebant,  puniebamini,  vestior. 
9.  Non  vestiris,  non  punit,  non  muniemus.  10.  Puniar, 
muniam,  vestiebaris. 

II.  1.  He  was  clothing,  he  was  punishing,  he  was  fortify- 
ing. 2.  They  will  be  clothed,  they  will  be  fortified,  they  will 
be  punished.  3.  Be  thou  clothed,  punish  (thou),  fortify. 
4^  I  fortify,  he  punishes,  we  are  clothing.  5.  Are  you  not 
belQg  clothed  ?    was  it  not  fortified  ?    will  he  not  be  pun- 


100  FOURTH  CONJUGATION. 

ished?  6.  They  are  being  punished,  it  is  being  fortified, 
thou  wilt  be  clothed.  7.  We  punish,  we  were  fortifying, 
they  will  clothe.  8.  Were  you  being  clothed?  will  it  be 
fortified?  shall  I  be  punished?  9.  I  shall  not  fortify,  3^ou 
are  not  being  clothed,  they  will  not  be  punished.  10.  I 
punished,  you  will  fortify,  they  clothe. 

3. 

227.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Vere  terra  gramine  et  floribus  vestitur.  2.  Vere 
avium  carmina  audlmus.  3.  Mors  vitam  nostram  finiet. 
4.  Pueri  in  gramine  dormiebant.  5.  Somno  molliraus  curas. 
6.  Canes  agricolarum  oves  custodiunt.  7.  Milites  urbem 
custodient.  8.  Bellum  a  ScTpione  finietur.  9.  Audite  verba 
sapientium.    10.  Injuste  puer  punitur. 

II.  1.  A  good  father  will  nurture,  clothe,  and^  instruct 
his  children.  2.  It  is  very ^  pleasant^  to  hear  the  sweet  voice 
of  the  nightingale.  3.  All  our^  pains  are  ended  by  death. 
4.  The  general  justly  punishes  a  cowardly  soldier.  5.  The 
sheep  are  carefully^  guarded  by  the  dog.  6.  Scipio  finished 
the  war  in  Africa.  7.  The  pupils  are  very  faithfully  in- 
structed by  their  teachers.  8.  My  son,  soothe  your  mother's 
cares.  9.  The  city  is  fortified  by  strong  walls.  10.  In  sum- 
mer the  trees  are  clothed  with  leaves. 

228,  VOCABULARY. 

custodio,  4  [ciistos],  guard.  carmen,  -inis,  n.,  song, 

dormio,  4,  sleep.  dolor,  -oris,  m.,  pain. 

e-rudio,  4  [rudis],  teach^  instruct.  folium,  -i,  N.,  leaf. 

finio,  4  [finis],  endj  Jinish.  gramen,  -inis,  n.,  grass. 

mollio,  4  [mollis],  soften,  soothe.  ignavus,  -a, -um,  adj.,  cowardly. 

innnio,  A:,  fortify,  defend.  jucundus,  -a,  -um,  ad].,  pleasant, 

nntrio,  4,  nurture,  nourish.  luscinia,  -ae,  f.,  nightingale. 

pnnio,  4,  punish.  ver,  veris,  n.,  spring. 

vestio,  4,  clothe,  vox,  vocis,  f.,  voice. 

1  Omit.      2  See  p.  91,  note.      ^  Neuter  gender.      *  See  144,  145. 


FOURTH   CONJ;U^i5,,Tir)X<  101 

CHAPTER  Xxkll.   i. 
FOURTH   CONJUGATION. 

229.  Learn  the  perfect,  pluperfect,  and  future  perfect  indica- 
tive, and  perfect  infinitive,  active  and  passive,  of  audio. 

230.  EXERCISES. 

* 

I.  1.  Audi VI,  audiveram,  audlvero.  2.  Auditus  est,  audi- 
tus  erat,  auditus  erit.  3.  Audivimus,  audiveramus,  audive- 
rimus.  4.  Audiverant,  auditi  erant.  o.  Audivisti,  audlveras, 
audiveris.  G.AudTvisse,  auditus  esse.  7.  Audiveratis,  auditi 
eratis.     8.  Audivit,  audiverat,  audiverit. 

II.  1.  Thou  hast  heard,  thou  hadst  heard,  thou  wilt  have 
heard.  2.  They  have  been  heard,  they  had  been  heard,  they 
will  have  been  heard.  3.  I  have  heard,  I  have  been  heard. 
4.  To  have  been  heard,  to  have  heard.  5.  We  have  heard, 
we  had  heard,  we  shall  have  heard.  6.  We  have  been  heard, 
we  had  been  heard,  we  shall  have  been  heard.  7.  You  have 
heard,  you  have  been  heard.  -  8.  He  had  heard,  he  had  been 
heard. 

2. 

231.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Finiverara,  erudiveram,  vestiveram.  2.  Fimtum  est, 
eruditus  sum,  vestitus  sum.  3.  Nonne  finita  sunt?  nonne 
vestitus  eram?  n5nne  eruditus  ero?  4.  Vestlveras,  erudl- 
veras,  finlveras.  5.  FInlveris,  eruditus  eris,  vestlverimus. 
6.  Vestltae  erant,  finlta  erant,  erudltl  erant.  7.  Erudlvera- 
tis,  finlveram,  vestlverint.  8.  Vestltlne  sumus?  estne  eru- 
ditus? estne  finltum?  9.  Erudlta  es,  flnlstl,^  vestieras.^ 
10.  Non  erudlstis,  non  finlv eratis,  non  vestlverit. 

1  For  finivisti.    Perfects  in  Ivl  often  drop  v  and  contract  ii  to  i. 

2  Tor  vestlveras. 


102      'I  {  '•        'f€)I7B7.&J  Conjugation. 

IK '.  1 .  J  ,tIa'viPi  ft^sy  ^^^►t  rb<?e,u  cl/^thed  ?  have  they  {neut, )  not 

*  been  finished?  were  they  not  taught?    2.  We  have  finished, 

we  have  clothed,  we  have  taught.     3.  She  had  been  taught, 

they  (neut.)  had  been  finished,  we  (fern.)  had  been  clothed. 

4.  Didst  thou  teach?  have  j^ou  finished?   has  she  clothed? 

5.  They  had  clothed,  they  will  have  taught,  I  have  finished. 

6.  I  had  clothed,  thou  hadst  taught,  he  had  finished.  7.  We 
shall  not  have  finished,  they  will  not  have  clothed,  you  will 
not  have  taught.  8.  It  was  not  finished,  we  had  not  been 
taught,  you  will  not  have  been  clothed.  9.  You  have  taught, 
you  had  finished,  you  will  have  clothed.  10.  I  shall  have 
clothed,  I  had  taught,  I  finished. 


232.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Medicus  regis  nocte  ad  Fabricium  venit.^  2.  Fabri- 
cius  medicum  vinxit  et  ad  dominum  misit.  3.  Urbs  virtu te 
et  fortitudine  militum  munlta  erit.  4.  E5mani  artibus^  et 
litteris^  a  Graecis  erudltl  sunt.  5.  Octo  horas  dormire 
puerTs  satis  est.  6.  Luce  solis  caloreque  aperiuntur  flores. 
7.  Omnes  terras  fortibus  viris  aperuit  natura.  8.  Milites 
arcem  fideliter  custodiverunt.  9.  Brutus  in  castra  Caesaris 
venerat.     10.  Nihil  scire  turpissimum  est. 

II.  1.  The  king's  physician  was  bound  by  Fabricius* 
slave.  2.  The  valor  and  endurance  (fortitudd)  of  the 
soldiers  fortified  the  city.  3.  The  Greeks  instructed  the 
Romans  in  the  arts.^  4.  Is  it  enough  for  a  boy  to  sleep 
two  hours  ?^  5.  The  light  and  heat  of  the  sun  had  opened 
the  flowers.     6.  The  citadel  was  very^  carefully  guarded  by 

1  How  do  you  know  whether  this  form  is  present  or  perfect  1 

2  In  the  arts  and  literature,  *  Duas  horas. 

8  Compare  I.  4.  6  See  p.  91,  note. 


FOURTH   CONJUGATION.  103 

the  soldiers.  7.  To  know  many  things^  is  very  useful. 
8.  To  be  ignorant  of  many  things  is  not  disgraceful.  9.  The 
general's  camp^  had  not  been  fortified.  10.  Did  you  not 
hear  the  voice  of  your  father? 

233.  VOCABULARY. 

aperio,  4,  -ui,  -turn,  open,  disclose.  Fabricius,  -i,  m.,  Fahricius,  a  Ro- 
ne-scio,  4,  know  not,  be  ignorant  of.  man  general. 

scio,  4,  know,  know  how.  litterae,  -arum,  r.,  lettep,  Utera- 
venio,  4,  veni,  ventum,  come,  ture;  often  =  epistula. 

vincio,  4,  vinxi,  vine  turn,  bind.  lux,  lucis,  f.,  light,  daylight. 

medicus,  -i,  m.,  physician, 

adf-pre'p.w.sicc.,  to,  towards.  nox,  noctis,  f.,  m^A^    (167.2.) 

ars,  artis,  f.,  art.    (167.  2.)  octo,  num.  adj.,  indecl.,  eight. 

calor,  -oris,  m.,  heat.  turpis,  -e,  adj.,  base,  disgraceful. 


234.  COLLOQUIUM. 

Praeceptor  et  Discipulus. 

p.  De  qua  re  est  pensum  hodiernum? 

Z>.  Pensum  hodiernum  est  iterum  de  conjugatione  quarta. 

P.  Heri  quartam  conjugationem  nesciebas  ;  scisne  hodie  ? 

D.  Partim  scio,  modum  autem  subjunctivum  nescio. 

partly  mood 

P.    Mox  subjunctivum  quoque  disces. 

soon  also 

D.   Estne  utilius  indicativum  scire  quam  subjunctivum? 
P.   Utrumque  debemus  scire ;    indicativus  autem  saepius 
invenitur. 

D.   Adhuc  conjugationes  didici  quattuor.     Suntne  plures  ? 

thus  far 

P.    Non  plures  ;  sed  multa  verba  sunt  anomala. 

irregular 

^  See  117.  castrorum.     What  must  be  the 

2  Remember    that    the    Latin      number  of  the  verb  of  which  cas- 
word  for  camp  is  plural,  castra,      tra  is  the  subject  1 


104 


THIRD   CONJUGATION. 


CHAPTER  XXXIII. 
THIED   CONJUGATION. 
235.  Verbs  in  io.^ 

Capio  (stem  cape),  take. 
Principal  Parts  :  capio,  capgre,  cepi,  captum. 


ACTIVE. 


/  take,  etc. 
cap  16  capimus 

cap  is  capitis 

cap  it  capiunt 


INDICATIVE    MOOD. 

PASSIVE. 

Present. 

/  ai7i  taken,  etc. 
capior  capimur 

cap  eris,  or  -re         cap  imini 
cap  itur  cap  iuntur 


/  was  taking,  etc. 
capiebam       capiebamus 
capiebas         capiebatis 
capiebat         capiebant 

/  shall  take,  etc, 
capiam  capiemus 

capies  capietis 

capiet  capient 


cepi,  cepistT,  cepit,  etc. 


Imperfect. 

/  was  taken,  etc. 
capiebar  capiSbamur 

cap  iebaris,  or  -re   cap  iebSmini 
capiebatur  capiebantur 

Future. 

/  shall  be  taken,  etc, 
cap  iar  cap  iemur 

cap  ieris,  or  -re       cap  iemini 
capietur  capientur 

Perfect. 

captus  sum,  es,  est,  etc. 


Pluperfect. 
cep  eram,  cep  eras,  cep  erat,  etc.        cap  tus  eram,  eras,  erat,  etc. 

Future  Perfect. 
cepero,  cep  eris,  ceperit,  etc.  captus  ero,  eris,  erit,  etc. 

1  Verbs  in  id  of  the  third  con-  infinitive  present.  What  forms  of 
jugation  are  distinguished  from  capio  are  like  those  of  audio? 
those  of  the  fourth  hy  the  active      Make  a  general  statement. 


THIRD   CONJUGATION.  105 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 
ACTIVE.  PASSIVE. 

PllESENT. 

capiam,  capias,  capiat,  etc.  capiar,  -iaris  or -re,  -iatur,  etc. 

Imperfect. 
cap  erem,  cap  eres,  cap  eret,  etc.       cap  erer,  -ereris  or  -re,  -eretur. 

Perfect. 
ceperim,  ceperis,  ceperit,  etc.         captus  sini,  sis,  sit,  etc. 

Pluperfect. 
cepissem,  cepissgs,  cepisset,  etc.    captus  essem,  esses,  esset,  etc. 

IMPERATIVE. 
Pres.  cap  e,  take  thou.  cap  ere,  he  tliou  taken, 

capite,  take  ye,  capiminT,  he  ye  taken, 

FuT.     capito,  thou  shalt  take,  capitor,  thou  shalt  he  taken, 

etc.  etc. 

INFINITIVE.  X 

Pres.  cap  ere,  to  take,  capi,  to  he  taken, 

Perf.  cepisse,  to  have  taken.  captus  esse,  to  have  heen  taken, 

FuT.    cap  turus  esse,  ?o  5e  aJowi       cap  turn   irT,   to  he  ahout  to  be 
to  take*  taken. 

PARTICIPLE. 
Pres.  capiens,  taking. 


FuT.    capturus,  ahout  to  take,  Ger.    capiendus,  to  he  taken, 
Perf.  csi^tuB,  having  heen  taken, 

GERUND, 
capiendi,  of  taking, 
etc. 

SUPINE. 
Ac.      captum,  to  take,  Ab.      captu,  to  take,  to  he  taken. 


106  THIRD  CONJUGATION. 


J 


CHAPTER    XXXIV.    1. 
THIRD  CONJUGATION. 

236.  Verbs  in  id.  Mi 

Learn  all  the  tenses  of  the  indicative,  the  present  imperative, 
and  the  present  and  perfect  infinitive,  active  and  passive,  of  capio. 

237.  EXERCISES.  ^1 

I.  1.  Capiunt,  capiebant.  2.  Capior,  capiebar,  capiar. 
3.  Capimiir,  capiebamur,  capiemur.  4.  Capis,  caperis. 
5.  Cepi,  captiis  sum.  6.  Cepimus,  ceperamus,  ceperimus. 
7.  Capta  sunt,  capta  erant,  capta  crunt.  8.  Cape,  capere. 
9.  Capere,  cap!.     10.  Cepisse,  captus  esse. 

II.  1.  We  are  taking,  we  were  taking,  we  shall  be 
taking.  2.  Take,  be  taken.  8.  Thou  art  taking,  thou 
wast  taking,  thou  wilt  take.  4.  You  have  taken,  you  had 
taken,  you  will  have  taken.  5.  It  is  taken,  it  was  taken,  it 
will  be  taken.  6.  I  was  taking,  I  was  taken.  7.  To  take, 
to  have  taken.  8.  To  be  taken,  to  have  been  taken.  9.  It 
(fern,)  has  been  taken,  it  had  been  taken,  it  will  have  been 
taken.     10.  We  have  taken,  we  have  been  taken. 


238.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Tarentini  legatis  Romanorum  injuriam  feeerunt. 
2.  Pyrrhus,  EpirT  rex,  ad  Tarentinos  venit.  3.  Contra 
Pyrrhum  missus  est  Laevinus  consul.  4.  Pyrrhus  elephan- 
tis  vicit,  nam   Romanorum  equi  territi  sunt  et  fugiebant. 

5.  Nox   proeli    finem   fecit;    Laevinus   per  noctem   fugit. 

6.  Mult!  et  fortes  Roman!  in  pugna  interfecti  sunt.  7.  Capt!- 
vos  Romanos  summo  in  honore  habuit  Pyrrhus.  8.  Deinde^ 
in  Campaniam  se  recepit.      9.    Legati,  a  Romanis  miss!,' 

1  Pronounced  de-in'-de*  '  Sent 


THIRD   CONJUGATION.  107 

honorifice   a  Pyrrho  except!   sunt.      10.    Pax  cum   Pyrrho 
non  facta  est. 

II.  1.  A  wrong  was  done  to  the  Romans  by  the  Taren- 
tines.  2.  Against  Pyrrhus,  kmg  of  Eph'us,  the  Romans 
sent  the  consul  Lsevinus.  3.  The  spies  of  Pyrrhus  were 
taken  by  Lgevinus  and  led  through  his  camp.  4.  The 
Romans  did  not  make  peace  with  King  Pyrrhus.  5.  Fabri- 
cius  saw  through  the  design  of  the  king  and  was  not^ 
frightened.  6.  You  will  welcome  your  friend  to-day.  7.  I 
welcome  my  best  friend  with  great  pleasure.^  8.  The  enemy 
threw  their  spears  and  fled  into  the  woods.  9.  Did  not 
Caesar  either  conquer  or  slay  all  his  enemies?  10.  Finally 
he  was  himself  (^pse)  slain  by  Brutus  his  friend,  and  others. 

239.  VOCABULARY. 

ex-cipio,      3,     -cepi,     -ceptum  de-inde,  adv.,  iheuy  next, 

[capio],  catch,  accept,  welcome.  denique,  ^diY.,  finally, 

facio,  3,  feci,  factum,  make,  do.  explorator,  -oris,  m,,  scouts  spy, 

fugio,  3,  fugi,  fugitum,  fiee.  finis,  -is,  M.,  end. 

inter-ficio,  3,  -feci,  -fectum  [fa-  honor,  -oris,  m.,  honor, 

c\o]y  kill,  slay.   Cf.  neco  (221).  honorifice,  adv.,  honorably, 

jacio,  3,  jeci,  jactum,  throw.  injuria,  -ae,  f.,  wrong,  injury. 

per-spicio,  3,  -spexi,  -spectum  Ijaevinus,-i,M.,ZoBt;inMs,aKoman. 

[specio],  see  through,  into.  legatus,  -i,  M.,  ambassador,  lieu- 
re-cipio,  3,  -cepi,  -ceptum  [cap-  tenant. 

io],  take  back,  get  again,  receive.  per,  prep.  w.  ace,  through. 

se  recipere,  withdraw,  retreat.  proelium,     -i,     n.,     battle.       Cf . 

pugna  (102). 

aut .  .  .  aut,  conj.,  either  .  .  .  or.  summus,  -a,  -um  (sup.  of  supe- 
Campania,  -ae,  f.,  Campania,  a  rus),  adj.,  highest. 

division  of  Italy.  Tarentinus,  -i,  m.,  an  inhabitant 
contra,  prep.  w.  ace,  against.  of  Tarentum,  a  Tarentine. 


1  And    .  ,  not,  neque.  2  ggg  144^  145^ 


108  REVIEW   OF  THE  FOUR  CONJUGATIONS. 


I 


CHAPTER   XXXV.   1. 
REVIEW  OF  THE  FOUR   CONJUGATIONS. 


I 


240.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Amamus,  monemiis,  regimus,  audimus.  2.  Laudant, 
delent,  agunt,  custodiunt.  3.  Ornabam,  delebam,  viiice- 
bam,  muniebam.     4.  CantavistT,  habuisti,  posuisti,  vinxisti. 

5.  Mutaverunt,  tenuerunt,  egeruiit,   ceperunt,   muniveriint. 

6.  Portaveratis,  deleveratis,  praebueratis,  duxeratis,  dormi- 
veratis. 

II.  1.  Fugatur,  terretur,  ponitur,  vincltiir.     2.  Servabe- 
ris,  tenebevis,  mittere,  vestiere.      3.    Laudati  sumiis,  prcfll 
hibiti  sumus,  ducti  sumiis,  eruditi  siimus.    4.  Ornare,  monere, 
trahere,  punire.     5.  Amari,  docen,  conternni,  jacT,  aperlri. 
6.  Amatae  sunt,  monitae  sunt,  exceptae  sunt,  auditae  sunt. 

III.  1.  Dormite,  superate,  facite,  vincite,  vincTte,  prae- 
bete.     2.  Vulneravisse,  jecisse,  venisse,  docuisse,  fluxisse^. 
3.  Recipiraur,  spectamur,  agimur,  vestimur,  docemur.    4.  I><fll 
cebitis,  punietis,  trahetis,  fngietis,  creabitis.    5.  Misit,  habuit, 
armavit,  jecit,  fugit.     6.  Vincimini,  vituperamim,  terremini^ 
vincTmini,  capimini. 


i 


2. 

241.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Thou  lovest,  thou  advisest,  thou  rulest,  thou  hear 
est.  2.  I  shall  praise,  I  shall  destroy,  I  shall  drive,  I  shall 
guard.  3.  You  were  adorning,  you  were  seeing,  you  were 
conquering,  you  were  fortifying.  4.  We  have  sung,  we  have 
had,  we  have  placed,  we  have  bound.  5.  You  have  changed, 
you  have  held,  you  have  driven,  you  have  taken,  you  have 
fortified.  6.  I  had  carried,  I  had  destroyed,  I  had  furnished, 
I  had  led,  I  had  slept. 


I 


REVIEW  OF  THE  FOUR  CONJUGATIONS.     109 

II.  1.  We  are  put  to  flight,  we  are  frightened,  we  are 
placed,  we  are  bound.  2.  He  will  be  saved,  he  will  be  held, 
he  will  be  sent,  he  will  be  clothed.  3.  They  have  been 
praised,  the}^  have  been  prevented,  they  have  been  led,  they 
have  been  instructed.  4.  They  shall  be  adorned,  they  shall 
be  advised,  they  shall  be  drawn i  they  shall  be  punished. 
5.  To  be  loved,  to  be  taught,  to  be  despised,  to  be  thrown, 
to  be  opened.  6.  Thou  hast  been  loved,  thou  hast  been  ad- 
vised, thou  hast  been  welcomed,  thou  hast  been  heard. 

III.  1.  Sleep,  surpass,  do  (fac)^  bin*d,  conquer,  furnish. 
2.  To  wound,  to  throw,  to  come,  to  teach,  to  flow.  3.  They 
are  received,  they  are  witnessed,  they  are  driven,  they  are 
clothed,  they  are  taught.  4.  I  shall  teach,  I  shall  punish, 
I  shall  draw,  I  shall  flee,  I  shall  create.  5.  They  have 
sent,  they  have  had,  they  have  armed,  they  have  thrown, 
they  have  fled.  6.  Thou  art  conquered,  thou  art  blamed, 
thou  art  frightened,  thou  art  bound,  thou  art  taken. 


3. 
242.  COLLOQUIUM. 

Jacobus  et  Augustus. 
J.    Denique  ad  flnem  pens!   pervenimus ;    quid   jam   in- 

finally  end  now 

cipiemus  ? 

begin 

A.    Tu  quidquid  videbitur  incipies  :  ego  incipiam  nihil. 

you      whatever      seems  good 

J.    Quare  ?  esne  defessus  ? 

why 

A,    Certe,  admodum   defessus ;    pensum  recognoscendum 

certainly     downright  review 

me  quidem  paene  finivit. 

at  least        almost 

J.    Mox   recreaberis,    si   mecum   ad   natandum   venies. 

soon       will  be  rested  with  me  swim 


110 


FOURTH   DECLENSION. 


A.    Profecto  tecum  veniam,  nam  natare  mihi  est  jucu^ 

surely       with  you  for 

dissimum  et  semper  et  praecipue  cum, 

both  eepecially        when 

''Sole  sub  ardentl  resonant  arbusta  cicddis," 

under     glowing        resound         groves     the  cicadae 

J,    Quam  laute  poetam  aliquem  laudas ! 

how     elegantly  some  quote 

A,   Hunc  Vergili  versiculum  me  docuit  praeceptor. 

this         Vergil  line 

CHAPTER    XXXVI.    1. 
FOURTH   DECLENSION. 

243.  The  stem  ends  in  u, 

244.  Rule  of  Gender.  —  Nouns  in  us  are  masc 
line ;  those  in  u  are  neuter. 


I 


1.  The  following  nouns,  and  a  few  others,  are  feminine :  acus, 
needle;  domus,  house;  Idiis  (plur.), /(/es;  xnanus,  hand;  porti- 
cus,  portico;  tribus,  tribe. 


245 

. 

PARADIGMS. 

Gradus,  m 

.,  step. 

Genu, 

N.,  knee* 

SING. 

PLUR. 

SING. 

PLUR. 

N.V. 

gradus 

gradus 

genu 

genua 

G. 

gradus 

graduum 

genus 

gen  uum 

D. 

gradui  (u) 

gradibus 

genu 

gen  ibus 

Ac. 

gradum 

gradus 

genu 

genua 

Ab. 

gradu 

gradibus 

genu 

gen  ibus 

MASC. 

Terminations. 

NEUT. 

N.y. 

us 

us 

u 

ua 

G. 

us 

uum 

US 

uum 

D. 

U1(U) 

ibus  (ubus) 

u 

ibus  (ubus) 

Ac. 

um 

us 

u 

ua 

Ab. 

u 

ibus  (ubus) 

u 

ibus  (ubus) 

I 


»  FOURTH   DECLENSION.  Ill 

246.  The  fourth  declension  is  a  modification  of  the  third. 
Thus,  gradus  is  for  graduis,  gradum  for  graduem,  gradu  for 
gradue,  etc. 

247.  A.rtus,  Joint,  pa.r tus,  hirlh,  tribus,  tribe,  sometimes  por- 
tus,  harbor,  veru,  a  spit;  also  dissyllables  in  cus,  have  the  termination 
ubus  in  the  dative  and  ablative  plural. 

248.  Domus,  house,  has  also  forms  of  the  second  declension. 
See  special  paradigms,  262. 

249.  Decline  together  domus  mea,  my  house;  exercitus 
magnus,  large  army;  Idus  Martiae,  Ides  of  March, 


250.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Vere  adventus  avium  hominibus  est  jucundissimus. 
2.  Sensus  avium  acres  sunt,  motus  celeres.  3.  In  lacubus 
et  in  paludibus  magna  avium  est  multitude.  4.  Aves 
multae  in  porticibus  altis  domicilium  habent.  5.  Quercus 
Jo VI  sacra  erat.  6.  Quercus  frons  est  victoris  ornamen- 
tum.     7.  Consulatus  erat  Romanorum  magistratus  amplus. 

8.  Salus  civitatis  in  manibus  consulum  erat.  9.  Consules 
exercituum  erant  imperatores.  10.  Erant  in  portibus  naves ^ 
longae. 

II.  1.  The  enemy  (plur.)  were  conquered  on  the  arrival^ 
of  Caesar.  2.  Many  animals  fight  with  their  horns.  3.  Many 
lakes  are  seen  in  the  Alps.  4.  The  ancients  honored  the  oak 
(as)  the  tree^  of  Jupiter.  5.  The  songs  of  birds  are  heard 
among  the  oaks.  6.  In  ancient  times  men  fought  with 
bows  and  arrows.  7.  The  consulship  of  Cicero  was  very 
renowned.     8.  Caesar  came   into  Italy  with  a  large  army. 

9.  The  arrival  of  the   army  freed  the  citizens  from  fear.* 

10.  Between  school  and  home  we  take  (make)  many  steps. 

*  Naves  longae,  ships  of  war.         3  Predicate  accusative. 
2  See  136.  4  gee  128,  129,  130. 


112 


FIFTH   DECLENSION. 


251.  VOCABU 

adventus,    -us,    m.     [advenio], 

arrival,  approach. 

arcus,  -us,  m.,  bow. 

consulatus,  -us,  m.  [consul],  con- 
sulship. 

cornii,  -us,  n.,  horn. 

exercitus,  -iis,  m.  [exerceo], 
army. 

lacus,  -us,  M.,  lake. 

magistratus,  -us,  m.  [magister], 
office,  magistrate. 

manus,  -us,  f.,  hand, 

metus,  -us,  T&.,fear. 

motus,  -us,  M.  [moveo],  vi&Ge- 
ment,  motion. 


LARY. 

portus,  -us,  M.,  harbor. 
quercus,  -us,  f.,  oak.    (11.  4.) 
sensus,    -us,   m.    [sentio],    sense, 
feeling. 

amplus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  great,  "reMM 
nowned,  honorable.  ^| 

domicilium,  -i,  n.,  home.    (79.) 

f rons,  frondis,  f.,  chaplet  of  leaves.^ 

Juppiter,  Jovis,  m.,  Jupiter,  th 
supreme  god.    (262.) 

sagitta,  -ae,  f.,  arrow. 

salus,  -utis,  F.,  safety. 

schola,  -ae,  f.,  school. 

victor,  -oris,  m.  \xinco]^  con  quero\ 


oj«<o 


CHAPTER    XXXVII.    1. 
FIFTH   DECLENSION. 

252.  The  stem  ends  in  e, 

253.  Rule  of  Gender.  —  Nouns  of  the  fifth  d€ 
clension    are    feminine,    except    dies,   day.,   which 
commonly  masculine  in  the  singular,  and  always  in 
the  plural.  m 


254. 

PARADIGMS. 

1 

Dies, 

day. 

Res,  thing,  affair. 

Terminations 

SING. 

FLUR. 

SING. 

FLUR. 

SING. 

PLUR. 

N.Y.  dies 

dies 

res 

rgs 

es 

es 

G.      diei 

dierum 

rei 

r  erum 

ei 

erum 

D.      diei 

di  ebus 

rei 

r  ebus 

ei 

ebus 

Ac.     diem 

dies 

rem 

res 

em 

es 

Ab.    die 

di  ebus 

re 

rebus 

e 

ebus 

255.    Oiil}^  dies  and  res  are  complete  in  the  plural.     A  few 
other  nouns  have  nominative  and  accusative  plural. 


1 


FIFTH   DECLENSION.  US 

256.  Decline  together  res  publica,  state;  in  sing.,  bona  fides, 
good  faith  ;  magna  spes,  great  hope  ;  dies  quTntus,  ffth  day, 

257.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  In  omnibus  rebus  certus  ordo  est.  2.  Domina 
rerum  humauarum  est  fortuna.  3.  Tertio  die  consul  in 
urbem  veniet.  4.  Dux  exercitum  in  planitiem  duxit.  5.  Ibi 
aciem  instruxit  et  hostes  exspectabat.  6.  Magnam  victoriae 
spem  liabuit.  7.  Nam  maximae  erant  militum  fides  et  vir- 
tus. 8.  Pro  salute  rei^  publicae  pugnabant.  9.  Postero  die 
hostes  in  pugnam  processerunt.  10.  Ad  diel  finem  victi 
sunt  et  fugati. 

II.  1.  God  is  the  creator  of  all  things.  2.  The  com- 
monwealth is  dear  to  all  good  citizens.  3.  In  all  human 
affairs  there  is  much  uncertainty.^  4.  The  army  was  mar- 
shalled in  a  large  plain.  5.  The  enemy  advanced  against^ 
the  Romans'  line  of  battle.  6.  The  general  praised  the 
soldiers  for^  their ^  fidelity.  7.  In  the  line  of  battle  were 
many  foot-soldiers.      8.  They  had  great  hopes  of  victory. 

9.  In^  a  few  days  the  arrangement  of  things  will  be  changed. 

10.  The  consul  gave  a  pledge  to  the  state. 

258.  VOCABULARY. 

acies,  -ei,  f.,  line  of  battle.  in-certus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  uncertain. 

^des, -^i,  T.y  faith,  fdelity,  pledge.  in-struo,  3,  -struxi,  -structum, 

planities,  -ei,  f.,  plain.  draw  up,  marshal. 

res    publica,    f.,    commonwealth,  ordo,  -inis,  m.,  order,  arrangement. 

spes,  spei,  f.,  hope.                [state.  paucus,^  -a,  -um,  a,d2,,few,  little. 

carus, -a,  -uin,  adj.,  dear, precious.  pedes,  -itis,  m.  [pes],  foot-soldier. 

certus, -a, -um,  adj.,  fixed, certain.  posterus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  following, 

creator,  -oris,  m.,  creator.  next. 

domina,  -ae,  f.,  mistress.  pro,  prep.  w.  abl.,  for,  in  behalf  of 

ex-specto,  1,  await,  expect.  pro-cedo,  3,  -cessi,  -cessum,  ad- 

humanus,  -a,  -am,  adj.,  human.  vance. 


\ 


^  Many  things  are  uncertain.  *  Omit. 

2  In  with  accusative.  ^  g^g  ^^35^  ^3^^ 

3  De  with  ablative.  6  Mostly  used  in  the  plural. 


114  FIFTH  DECLENSION. 


I 


259.  Examine  the  following :  — 

1.  Claudus  altero  pede,  lame  in  one  foot, 

2.  Moribus  similes,  similar  in  character, 

3.  Virtute  praecedunt,  they  excel  in  courage, 

4.  Numero  ad  duodecim,  about  twelve  in  number. 

Observe  that  the  ablatives  pede,  moribus,  virtute,  and  numero, 
answer  the  question  in  what  respect?  This  ablative  is  called  the 
Ablative  of  Specification. 

260.  Rule  of  Syntax.  —  The  ablative  is  used  U 
denote  that  in  respect  to  which  anything  is  said 
he,  or  to  be  done. 

2. 

261.  COLLOQUIUM. 

PrAECEPTOR   ET   DlSCIPULUS. 

p.    Omnium  decllnationum  quae  est  difficillima? 

which 

D,  Tertia  mihi  videtur  diflScillima. 
P.    Quare  ita  censes? 

why  think 

D.  Varietatis  causa  terminationum  in  nominativo  singuldrl. 

variety     on  account 

Genus  quoque  est  mihi  molestissimum,  praesertim  nominum 

gender         also  especially  nc 

in  is  desinentium. 

ending 

P.    Tenesne  memoria  quae  nomina  pluralem  genetlvum  ii 
ium  habeant? 

have 

D,   Priraum  nomina  in  is  et  es  desinentia,  si  in  genetlvo 

first 


I 


singular!  non  crescunt ;  ut  Jiostis  et  nuhes, 

Deinde  monosyllaba  in  s  vel  x  desinentia,  si  ante  s  et 
stat  consonans  ;  ut  urhs  et  arx, 

consonant 

Turn  nomina  in  ns  et  rs  desinentia  ;  ut  cliens  et  cohors, 
Denique  neutra  in  e,  al^  ar  desinentia ;  ut  mare,  animal, 

nouters 

calcar. 


I 


SPECIAL   PARADIGMS. 


11^ 


P.    Optime,   ml   puer ;    bene  studuisti   et   bene  inemoiia 
tenes.     Jam  tibi  licet  ire  ad  ludendum. 


you  may 


play 


262. 


CHAPTER    XXXVIII.    1. 
SPECIAL   PARADIGMS. 


Vir,  M., 

Vis,  F., 

Deus,  M., 

Senex,  m., 

man. 

strength. 

Sing 

god. 

ULAR. 

old  man. 

N.V. 

,  vir 

VIS 

deus 

senex 

G. 

viri 

visi 

del 

sen  is 

D. 

vir  5 

vli 

deo 

seni 

Ac. 

virum 

vim 

deum 

sen  em 

Ab. 

vir  6 

VI 

deo 

sene 

Plural. 

N.V. 

.  viri 

vires 

del,  dii,  di 

sen  es 

G. 

vir  or  am 

virium 

deorum,  deum        seiium 

D. 

vir  IS 

viribus 

dels,  diis,  dis 

sen  ibus 

Ac. 

vir  OS 

vir  es 

deos 

sen  es 

Ab. 

vir  is 

viribus 

deis,  diis,  dis 

sen  ibus 

Iter,  N., 

Juppiter, 

Bos,  M.  &  F., 

Domus,  F., 

way. 

Jupiter. 

ox,  cow. 

house. 

Singular. 

X.V, 

.  iter 

Jiippiter 

bos 

doni  us 

G. 

itineris 

Jovis 

bovis 

domus 

D. 

i  tiller  i 

Jovi 

bovi 

doniui,  6 

Ac. 

iter 

Jovem 

bovem. 

domum 

Ab. 

itinere 

Jove 

bove 

doino,  u 

Plural. 

N.V, 

.  itinera 

bov  es 

domus 

G. 

itiiier  um 

bov  um,  bo  um 

domuum,  orumi 

D. 

itineribus 

bob  us,  bub  us 

domibus 

Ac. 

itiiier  a 

boves 

donios,  us 

Ab. 

itineribus 

bob  us,  bub  us 

domibus 

1  The  genitive  and  dative  singular  are  rare. 


116 


FOR   TRANSLATION. 


263.  FOR    TRANSLATION. 

Proserpina  is  carried  off  by  Pluto. 

IReview  199  a7id  215.] 

Dum  Proserpina  luco 
Ludit,  et  aut  violas  aut  Candida  lilia  carpit, 
Dumque  puellari  studio^  calathosque ^  sinumque^ 
Implet,  et  aequales^  eertat  superare  legeudo,'^ 
Paene  simul  visa  est  dilectaqiie '  raptaque^  DitiJ 

Her  Chance  of  Return  js  lost. 

Dixerat.^    At  Cereri  certum  est^  edueere^^  natam." 
Non  ita  fata  sinunt,  quoniam  jejunia  virgo 
Solverat  et,  cultis^^  dum  simplex  errat^"^  in  hortis, 
Poeniceum^^  curva^^  deeerpserat  arbore  pomum, 
Sumptaque  eallenti  septem  de  cortice  grana 
Presserat^^  ore  suo :  solusque  ex  omnibus  illud 
Ascalaphus  vidit.  ... 
Vidit,  et  indicio  reditum  erudelis  ademit. 


1  Puellari  studio  =  puellari 
cum  studio.     See  144  and  145. 

2  Que  .  .  .  que,  both  .  .  .  and. 
^  Aequales  =  comites. 

*  IjegendOfin gathering  (flowers). 

^  Dilecta,  from  diligo. 

6  Rapta,  from  rapio.  With 
dilecta  and  rapta  supply  est. 

■^  Diti.  Translate  as  if,  instead 
of  the  dative,  it  were  a  Dite. 

^  Dixerat,  i.e.  Juppiter. 

^  Cereri  certum  est,  to  Ceres  it 
is  determined  =  Ceres  is  resolved. 


^0  Educere,  that  is,  from  tlf 
lower  world. 

11  Natam  =  filiam. 

12  Cultis,  with  hortis. 
1^  Errat.      Translate   as   if 

were  errabat.  The  present  is 
very  often  used  after  dum,  refer- 
ring to  past  time.    So  ludit,  1.  2. 

1^  Poeniceum,  with  pomum. 

i'^  Curva,  bending.  The  tree  is 
loaded  with  fruit. 

1^  Presserat,  from  premo. 


1 


PRONOUNS. 


117 


CHAPTER    XXXIX.    1. 

PRONOUNS. 

Pronouns   may  be    divided   into   eight   classes,   and 
arranged  in  three  groups : 

rl.  Personal.  .  .   -r^  ,        .     ..  C  6.  Relative, 

yj  (  4.  Determinative. 

(  5.  Demonstrative. 


2.  Reflexive. 
[3.  Possessive. 


III.  -^  7.  Interrogative. 
8.  Indefinite. 


Personal  Pronouns. 


26^ 

1:.                                   PARADIGMS. 

First 

Person. 

Es6,  /. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

N. 

eg6,  /. 

nos,  we. 

G. 

mei,  of  me. 

nostrum,  or  nostri,  of  us. 

D. 

mihi  (mi),  to^for  me. 

nobis,  tOy  for  us. 

Ac. 

me,  me. 

nos,  us. 

Ab. 

(a)  me,  hy  me. 

(a)  nobis,  hy  us. 

Second  Person. 

Tu, 

thou. 

N. 

tu,  thou. 

vos,  you,  ye. 

G. 

tui,  of  thee. 

vestrum,  or  vestri,  of  you. 

D. 

tibi,  to,  for  thee. 

vobis,  to,  for  you. 

Ac. 

te,  thee. 

vos,  you. 

Ab. 

(a)  te,  hy  thee. 

(a)  vobis,  hy  you. 

Reflexive  Pronoun. 
SuT,  of  himself  etc. 


N. 

G.     sui,  of  himself  herself,  itself 
D.     sibi,  to,  for  himself  etc. 
Ac.  se  (sese),  himself,  etc. 
Ab.  (a)  se  (sese),  hy  himself  etc. 


suT,  of  themselves. 
sibi,  to,  for  themselves. 
se  (sese),  themselves. 
(a)  se  (sese),  hy  themselves. 


118  PRONOUNS. 


265.  1.  The  personal  pronoun  of  the  third  person  is  is,  ea,  ii 
he,  she,  it.  But  when  reference  is  made  in  the  oblique  cases  to  ti 
subject  of  the  sentence,  the  reflexive  sui  is  used :  Omnes  homini 
se  (or  sese)  amant,  all  men  love  themselves. 

2.  The  nominatives  of  the  personal  pronouns  are  much  less  f: 
quently  used  in  Latin  than  tlieir  equivalents  in  English.  Why  i 
this?  In  general,  they  are  used  only  for  emphasis  or  contrast 
Ego  sum  aegrotus,  tu  vales,  /  am  sick,  you  are  well. 

3.  "  With  me,  with  you,"  etc.,  are  not  expressed,  as  you  wouli 
expect,  by  cum  me,  cum  tS,  etc.,  but  always  by  mecum,  tecun 
secum,  nobiscum,  vobiscum.    So  quibuscumi  (279). 

4.  The  personal  pronouns  of  the  first  and  second  person  ar 
often  used  with  reflexive  sense :  Tu  te  amas,  thou  lovest  thyself 
ego  mihi  noceo,  /  do  harm  to  myself. 

Possessive  Adjective  Pronouns. 

266.  Possessive  adjective  pronouns  are  formed  from  the  stem 
of  personal  and  reflexive  pronouns : 

meus,  -a,  -um,  my,  mine  suus,  -a,  -um,  his,  her,  its,  their  (own] 

(voc.  sing.  masc.  mi).  noster,  -tra,  -trum,  our,  ours. 

tuus,  -a,  -um,  thy,  thine  ;  vester,  -tra,  -trum,  your,  yours, 
your,  yours. 

2. 

267.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Pater  me  amat  et  patrem  ego  amo.  2.  Tu  quoqu 
patrem  meum  amas.  3.  Patrem  tuum  ego  quoqiie  amc 
4.  Puella  nimium  se  culpat.  5.  Filium  tuum  amilmus  no 
omnes.  6.  Vos  {ace.)  agitatis.  7.  Non  ut  alii  nos  (acc.j 
videmus.  8.  Brutus  se  suo  gladio  perfodit.  9.  Nos  sumu 
miseri,  beat!  estis  vos.  10.  Sine  te  et  tecum  pariter  sumu 
miseri.  11.  Mecum  eris  miserrimus.  12.  De  te  erat  me^ 
oratio.  13.  Vobiscum  tristis  ero  nunquam.  14.  Mihi  me 
vita,  tibi  tua  est  cara.     15.  Amicus  noster  est  memor  vestn 

II.  1.  Thy  mother  is  dear  to  thee,  mine  to  me.  2.  Al| 
your  plans  are  known  to  us.  3.  The  boy  loves  himself  too*' 
much,     4.  The  burden  will  be  carried  by  me,  by  you,  by  us, 


PRONOUNS.  119 

by  thee.  5.  With  you  and  without  you  we  shall  be  equally 
happy.  6.  Thee  I  love,  but  not  thy  dog.  7.  O,  how  I  shall 
miss  you,  my  friend  !  8.  We^  are  poor,  you^  are  rich.  9.  Our 
life  is  very  short.  10.  The  boy  carried  a  wooden  cup  with 
him  (self). 

268.  VOCABULARY, 

agito,  1  [ago,  put  in  motion],  dis-  onus,  -eris,  n.,  burden. 

turh,  vex,  chase.  oratio,   -onis,   f.    [oro],    speech, 

beatus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  happi/.  talk,  address. 

culpo,  1  [culpa],  blame,  censure,  pariter,  adv.  [pair,  equal],  equally. 

reproach.  pauper, -eris,  adj.,  j>oor.  (167.3.) 

desidero,  1,  desire,  long  for,  miss.  per-fodio,  3,  -fodi,  -fossum,  dig 

ligneus,  -a,  -nm,  adj.  [lignum,  through,  stab,  pierce. 

wood],  of  wood,  wooden.  quoque,  conj.,  also,  too,  . 

nimium,  adv.,  too,  too  much.  sine,  prep.  w.  abl.,  without ^ 

notus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  known.  ut,  adv.  and  conj.,  as. 

3. 

269.  COLLOQUIUM. 
Frater  et  Sororcula. 

F.    Age,  sororcula  mea,  si  tibi  placet,  ambulabimus. 

come       little  sister  walk  ^ 

S.    Quo  est  tibi  in  animo,  care  frater,  ambulare?    Nonne 

whither 

m  agros  ? 

F.   Ita  est,  in  agros  et  in  umbra  silvarum. 

yes  shade 

S.    Libenter  tecum  ambulo,  tamen  .  .  . 

gladly  but 

F.   Quid?  cur  tantum  dubitas,  si,  ut  dicis,  mecum  ambulas 

BO  much       hesitate 

libenter  ? 

S.    Noll   me   ridere.      Metuo   angues.      "  Frigidus  latet 

don't  laugh  at  snakes  cold  lurks 

anguis  in  lierba,"  ut  cantat  Vergilius. 

F.    Noll  metuere.    Veni ;  ubi  fraga   matura  sunt  reppeii. 

where  strawberries  rij)e         are  have  found 

JS.    O  quam  suave !     In  me  non  jam  est  mora. 

delightful.  now  delay 


Why  should  the  pronouns  be  expressed  in  Latin? 


120 


DETERMINATIVE  PRONOUNS. 


J 


CHAPTER    XL.    1. 
DETERMINATIVE   PRONOUNS 
270.  PARADIGMS:    Is,  idem,  ipse. 

Is,  thatf  this ;  also,  he^  she,  it. 

SINGULAR. 

N.     is  ea  id 

G.     ejus  ejus  ejus 

D.     ei  ei  ei 

Ac.  eum  earn  id 


Ab.  eo 


ea 


eo 


Idem,  same. 

SINGULAR. 

N.  Idem        eSdem     idem         ]  ®^ 

(.  iidem 

G.  ejusdem  ejusdem  ejusdem  eorundem  earundem  eorundem 

eisdem    eisdem       eisdem 

iisdem     iisdem        iisdem 

Ac.eundem  eandem  idem         eosdem      easdem      eadem 

(  eisdem    eisdem       eisdem 

( iisdem    iisdem        iisdem 


D.  eidem      eidem      eidem 


Ab.e5^em     e^dem     eodem 


(ill 


Ipse,  self  (himself  etc.). 


SINGULAR. 

N.     ipse  ipsa 

G.     ipsius  ipsius 

D.     ipsi  ipsi 

Ac.  ipsum  ipsam 

Ab.  ipso  ipsa 


PLURAL. 

1 

ipsum 

ipsi 

ipsae 

ipsa       " 

ipsius 

ipsorum 

ipsarum 

ipsorum 

ipsi 

ipsis 

ipsis 

ipsis 

ipsum 

ipsos 

ipsas 

ipsa 

ipso 

ipsia 

ipsis 

ipsis     'i 

1.  Determinative  pronouns,  like  adjectives,  agree  with  nouni 
expressed  or  understood ;  idem  and  ipse  also  with  pronouns. 

2.  Is  is  very  often  used  as  a  personal  pronoun,  meaning  he^  she, 
it,  they.     Also  as  the  antecedent  of  qui,  who  ;  is  qui,  he  who. 

3.  idem  is  compounded  of  {5  and  the  suffix  c/em.  Idem  is  for 
Isdem;  idem  for  iddem;  eundem,  etc.,  for  eumdem,  etc; 
eorundem,  etc.,  for  eorumdem,  etc. 


I 

a 

I 


DETERMINATIVE  PRONOUNS.  121 

4.  Ipse,  self  (intensive)  is  used  to  emphasize  a  noun  or  pronoun 
expressed  or  understood,  and  must  be  distinguished  from  se,  self 
(reflexive)  : 

(1)  Homo  ipse  veniet,  the  man  himself  (sind  not  another)  will  come. 

(2)  Hominem  ipsum  vidT,  /  smo  the  man  himself. 

(3)  Homo  se  oulpat  nimium,  the  man  blames  himself  too  much. 

(4)  Miles  fratrem,  dein  se  ipsum  interfecit,  the  soldier  killed 

his  brother y  then  himself 

5.  How  do  we  indicate  in  English  in  speech,  and  how  in  writing, 
when  we  use  self  (himself  etc.)  whether  we  intend  the  intensive  or 
the  reflexive  self? 

6.  Ipse  may  be  variously  translated :  ipse  feci,  /  myself  did 
it,  I  did  it  ALONE,  /  did  it  OF  my  own  accord. 

271.  Decline  together  is  homo,  that  man;  ea  navis,  that  ship ; 
id  bellum,  that  loar ;  idem  dies,  the  same  day  ;  eadem  manus,  the 
same  hand ;  idem  onus,  the  same  burden  ;  vir  ipse,  the  man  himself 

2. 

272.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Cicero  est  scriptor  elegantissimus ;  ejus  libros  legi- 
mus.  2.  Fidum  amicum  habeo ;  eum  ego  magis  quam  tu 
amas.  3.  Eum  magis  quam  te  amo.  4.  Non  semper  eundem 
hominem  laudamus.  5.  Magister  ipse  te  laudabit.  6.  Sunt 
sex  partes  orbis  terrarum ;  maxima  earum  est  Asia.  7.  For- 
tima  nunc  mihi,^  nunc  ei^  favet.  8.  Interdum  amicis^  ipsis, 
interdum  inimicis^  nocet.  9.  Semper  idem  erat  Socratis 
vultus.     10.  In  eodera  specu  habitabant  Androclus  et  leo. 

II.  1 .  Sallust  is  an  elegant  author ;  have  you  read  his 
writings?  2.  I  have  not  read  those,  but  Cicero's.  3.  For- 
tune favored  now  you,^  now  them.^  4.  Even  {ipse)  your  own 
friend  will  blame  you.  5.  The  minds  of  men  are  not  always 
the  same.  6.  We  were  sailing^  with  you  in  the  same  ship. 
7.  He  gave  me  the  book  of  his  own  accord.^     8.  The  master 

1  Indirect  object,  though  trans-  2  Dative.     Cf .  I.  7. 

lated  as  a  direct  object.   See  343.  3  xjse  passive  of  veho. 

^  See  270.  6. 


122 


DETERMINATIVE    PRONOUNS. 


offers  the  same  rewards  to  the  boys, 
are  offered  by  the  master  himself. 

273. 


9.  The  same  rewards 


VOCABULARY. 

Androclus,  -i,  m.,  Androclus. 

aactor,  -oris,  m.  [augeo,  increase], 
maker,  author. 

elegans,  -utis,  adj.,  choice,  elegant, 

faveo,  2,  favi,  fautuin,  he  favor- 
able to,  befriend  (with  dat.). 

interduin,  adv.,  sometimes. 

mens,  mentis,  r.,  mind,  purpose. 

noceo,  2,  nocui,  nocitum,  do 
harm  to,  hurt,  injure  (with  dat.). 

orbis,  -is,  m.,  circle. 

orbis  terrarum,  the  earth,  the  world. 


Sallustius,  -i,  m.,  Sallust,  a  his- 
torian.   (79.) 

scriptor,  -oris,M.  {^cvllyo]^  writer^ 
author. 

scriptum,  -i,  n.  [scribo],  writing, '\ 
ivritten  work. 

sex,  num.  adj.,  indecl.,  six. 

specus,  -OS,  M.,  cave. 

suaviter,  adv.   [suavis],  swee 
delightfully. 

vultus,  -us,  M.,  countenance,  fea'i 


tures,  looks. 
animus  (161),  inind,  soul,  heart;  the  general  word  for  mind. 
mens,  mind,  as  that  which  thinks,  intellect;  more  limited  in  meaning,! 

COLLOQUIUM. 
274.    Translate  into  Latin :  — 

Brother  and  Little  Sister.  —  Continued. 
B.    Let  us  carry ^  with  us  two^  little-baskets.^ 
S.    See  !^  I  have  them  in  my  hand  already.^ 
B,    The  sun  is  hot,^  but  there  is  a  cooF  breeze. 
S.    Oh,  how  the  trees  and  flowers  delight  me ! 
B.    To  stay  in  the  house  is  downright^  stupid.^ 
S.    Yes,  indeed, ^^  and  I  don't  mean  to  any  more.^^ 
B.    Here  are^^  the  strawberries.      Now  we  will  fill  our 
baskets.     Isn't  it  jolly  ?^^ 


1  Let  us  carry,  portemus. 

2  Duas.     See  311.  4. 
^  Corbula,  -ae. 

*  Ecce.  ^  Jam. 

®  Ardens.  "^  Frigidus. 


^  Admodum. 


Molestus. 


i<^  Yes,  indeed,  ista  sunt,  those 
things  are  (true). 

11  Neither  Is  it  in  mind  to  me  more. 
See  269,  1.  2. 

12  Here  are  =  en !  or  ecce ! 
1^  suavissimum. 


DEMONSTRATIVE   PRONOUNS. 


123 


275. 


CHAPTER    XLI.   1. 

DEMONSTRATIVE   PRONOUNS. 

PARADIGMS  :  Hic,  iste,  ille. 

HTc,  this  (near),  this  of  mine. 


SINGULAR 

PLURAL. 

:\. 

hlc 

haec 

hoc 

hi 

hae 

haec 

G. 

hujus 

hujus 

hujus 

horum 

harum 

horum 

D. 

huic 

huic 

huic 

his 

his 

his 

Ac. 

hunc 

hanc 

hoc 

hos 

has 

haec 

Ab. 

hoc 

hac 

hoc 
Iste,  that, 

his 

that  of  yours. 

his 

his 

N. 

iste 

ista 

istud 

isti 

istae 

ista 

G. 

istius 

istius 

istius 

istorum 

istarum 

istorum 

D. 

isti 

isti 

isti 

istis 

istis 

istis 

Ac. 

istum 

istam 

istud 

istos 

istas 

ista 

Ab. 

isto 

ista 

isto 

istis 

istis 

istis 

Ille,  that  (yonder). 

N. 

ille 

ilia 

illud 

illi 

illae 

ilia 

G. 

illius 

illius 

illius 

illorum 

illarum 

illorum 

D. 

illi 

illi 

illi 

illis 

illis 

illis 

Ac. 

ilium 

illam 

illud 

illos 

illas 

ilia 

Ab. 

iUo 

ilia 

illo 

illis 

illis 

illis 

1.  Hic  is  used  of  that  which  is  near  the  speaker  in  place,  time, 
or  thought,  and  hence  is  called  the  Demonstrative  of  the  First  Per- 
son :  Hic  equus,  this  horse  (near  me,  or  belonging  to  me), 

2.  Iste  is  used  of  that  which  has  some  relation  to  the  person 
addressed,  and  hence  is  called  the  Demonstrative  of  the  Second 
Person :  Iste  equus,  that  horse  (near  you,  or  belonging  to  you). 

3.  Ille  is  used  of  that  which  is  relatively  remote  from  the 
speaker,  or  person  addressed,  in  place,  time,  or  thought,  and  hence  is 
called  the  Demonstrative  of  the  Third  Person :  Ille  equus,  that 
horse  (yonder). 

4.  Ille  often  means  that  well-known,  that  famous. 


t 


124  DEMONSTRATIVE  PRONOUNS. 


I 


5.  Hie  and  ille  are  sometimes  used  in  contrast:  Hic,  the  latter; 
ille,  the  former. 

6.  Is,  as  a  determinative  pronoun,  sometimes  approaches  hic  in 
meaning,  sometimes  ille.  Hence  it  is  to  be  translated  this  or  that, 
according  to  the  connection. 


1 


276.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Illius  hominis  filium  laiidabant  omnes.  2.  Iste  canis 
semper  latrat.     3.  Hujus  scholae  semper  memores  erimus. 

4.  Dabo  tibi  illud  carmen  pulcherrimura.  5.  111!  lapides 
durl  sunt.  6.  Multi  viridivites  in  hac  urbe  habitant.  7.  Va- 
ril  sunt  colores  hujus  floris.  8.  Nomen  illius  poetae  est  cla- 
rissimum.  9.  Harum  avium  cantus  nos  delectat.  10.  Ista 
tua  studia  amo  et  laudo.  11.  Has  terras  silvTs  pulcherrimis 
ornavit  Deus.     12.  Illud  ducis  consilium  nobis  utile  fuit.       jfl 

II.  1.  These  mountains  are  very  Miigh.  2.  1  shall  always 
be  mindful  of  that  friend  of  yours. ^  3.  This  thing  will  be 
hurtful  to  you.  4.  Demosthenes  and  Cicero  were  famous^ 
orators ;  the  former*  was   a   Greek,  the  latter*  a  Roman. 

5.  The  citizens  of  3'onder  city  are  most  wretched.     6.  The 
air  in  these  mountains  is  lighter  than  in  those  valleys.     7.  HejB 
gave  me  this  pretty  bird.     8.  That  old  farmer's  wine  is  good. 

9.  I  have  read  that  book  of  3'ours.  10.  That  book  of  yours 
has  been  read  by  me,  by  you,  by  us,  by  us  ourselves. 


2. 

277.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Hannibal,  clarissimus  ille  imperator,  Alpes  montes 
superavit.  2.  Militum  animos  hac  oratione  firmavit.  3.  Vi- 
detis,  milites  fortissimi,  Italiam  illam.  4.  Illud  est  domi- 
cilium  hostium  nostrorum.  5.  Galli,  incolae  harum  regionum, 
socii  amicique  nostr!  erunt.  6.  H!  nobis  omnes  res  neces- 
sarias  praebebunt.     7.  H!  erunt  hostes  illorum  Romanorum 

1  See  p.  91,  note.  ^  Superlative. 

2  That  of  yours  =  iste.  *  See  275.  5. 


I 


DEMONSTRATIVE   PRONOUNS.  125 

improborum.  8.  Koma  ilia  praecla  vestra  erit.  9.  Vos 
ipsi  expugnavistis  Saguntum,  oppidum  illud  firmissimum. 
10.  Has  Alpes,  illos  Pyrenaeos  montes  superavistis ;  Ro- 
manos  mox  vincetis. 

II.  1.  Hannibal  increased  the  courage  of  the  soldiers  by 
these  words.  2.  Again,  soldiers,  have  3'ou  defeated  those 
famous  Romans.  3.  The  gods  and  your  own  courage  have 
given  us  the  victor}-.  4.  This  fair  Italy  will  soon  be  ours. 
5.  Rome  itself,  that  proud  city,  shall  be  taken.  6.  Those 
arms  of  yours  shall  be  stained  with  the  best  blood  of  Rome. 
7.  Those  famous  legions  are  defeated.  8.  Cross  with  me 
yonder  mountains.  9.  Those  fierce  enemies  of  the  Romans, 
the  Samnites,  will  welcome  us.  10.  Rome  shall  be  the 
reward  of  valor.     Forward  !  ^ 

278.  VOCABULARY. 

aer,  aeris,  m.,  air,  legio,  -onis,  f.,  legion. 

cantus,  -us,  m.,  singing^  song.  maculo,  1,  stain. 

delecto,  1,  delight.  mox,  adv.,  soon.  [^sary. 

Demosthenes,  -Is,  m.,  Demosthe-  necessarius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  neces- 

nes,  an  Athenian  orator.  praeda,  -ae,  f.,  booty,  spoil. 

dives,  -itis,  adj.,  rich.  (167.  3.)  Saguntum,  -i,  n.,  Saguntum,  town 
do,  dare,  d6di,  datum,  give.  in  Spain. 

ex-pugno,  1,  take  by  storm,  take.  Samnis,  -itis,  m.  &  f.,  a  Samnite. 

firmo,  1  [firmus],  make  Jirm  or  sanguis,  -inis,  m.,  blood. 

steadfast,  fortify,  strengthen.  silva,  -ae,  f.,  wood,  forest. 

firmus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  strong,  firm.  socius,  -i,  m.,  ally,  associate. 

improbus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  bad.  superbus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  proud. 

iterum,  adv.,  a  second  time,  again.  tenuis,  -e,  adj.,  thin,  light. 

latro,  1,  bark,  bark  at.  transcendo,  3,  -i,  -sum,  cross. 

cantus,  song,  melody,  whether  of  the  voice  of  man,  of  birds,  or  of 

musical  instruments. 
carmen,  song,  as  melody,  and  also  in  a  wider  sense;  often  with 

reference  to  the  composition.     Hence,  a  poem.^ 

^  Procedite.  distinctions  in  synonymous  words 

2  It  must  not  be  supposed  that      are  always  observed  in  usage. 


126 


PRONOUNS. 


CHAPTER  XLII.   1. 

PRONOUNS:    RELATIVE,   INTERROGATIVE,  AND 
INDEFINITE. 

279.  PARADIGMS:    Qui,  quis,  aliquis. 

Relative  :    Qui,  wlio^  whicJi,  that. 


SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

N. 

qui 

quae 

quod 

qui 

quae 

quae 

G. 

cujus 

cujus 

cujus 

quorum 

quarum 

quorum 

D. 

CUl 

CUl 

CUl 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

Ac. 

quern 

quam 

quod 

quos 

quas 

quae 

Ab. 

quo 

qua 

quo 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

Interrogative  : 

Quis,  whOf  luliich,  ivhat? 

N. 

quis 

quae 

quid 

qui 

quae 

quae 

G. 

cujus 

cujus 

ciijus 

quorum 

quarum 

quorum 

D. 

CUl 

CUl 

CUl 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

Ac. 

quern 

quam 

quid 

quos 

quas 

quae 

Ab. 

quo 

qua 

quo 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

Indefinite  :   Aliquis,  some  one,  some,  any  one. 

SINGULAR. 


N. 

aliquis 

aliqua 

aliquid  or  -quod 

G. 

aliciijus 

aliciijus 

aliciijus 

D. 

alicui 

alicui 

alicui 

Ac. 

aliquem 

aliquam 

aliquid  or  -quod 

Ab. 

aliquo 

aliqua 

PLURAL. 

aliquo 

N. 

aliqui 

aliquae 

aliqua 

G. 

aliquorum 

aliquarum 

aliquorum 

D. 

aliquibus 

aliquibus 

aliquibus 

Ac. 

aliquos 

aliquas 

aliqua 

Ab. 

aliquibus 

aliquibus 

aliquibus 

1.  Observe  the  feminine  nominative  singular,  and  the  neuter 
nominative  plural  of  aliquis,  and  compare  them  with  correspond' 
iiig  forms  of  quis. 


PRONOUNS.  127 


2.  Aliquis  is  used  adjectively  in  the  neuter  form  aliquod,  and 
sometimes  in  the  masculine  and  feminine  forms.  The  same  is 
true  of  quidam  and  quisque  (4). 

3.  Besides  the  interrogative  quis  and  its  compounds,  there  is 
an  interrogative  adjective  qui  (which,  lohat?)  declined  like  the 
relative  qui. 

4.  Besides  aliquis,  the  most  important  indefinites  are : 

quidam         quaedam     quiddam,  or  quoddam,  certain  one,  certain. 
quisquam     {loanting)      quidquam,  any  one  (at  all),  no  plural, 
quisque         quaeque      quidque,  or  quodque,  each  one,  every. 

5.  Quidam,  quisquam,  and  quisque  are  declined  like  the 
simple  pronouns.  Quidam  changes  m  to  n  before  d ;  quendam, 
etc.,  quSrundam,  etc. 

6.  Aliquis,  some  one,  any  one  (without  emphasis)  ;  quisquam, 
any  one  at  all  (emphatic),  also  in  negative  and  interrogative 
sentences.     Quis  after  si,  nisi,  ne,  and  num,  is  indefinite,  any  one. 

7.  Aliquis  means  some  man,  I  don't  know  who;  quidam,  a 
certain  man,  whom  I  know,  but  don't  mean  to  describe. 

280.  Examine  the  following :  — 

1.  Puer  qui  venit,  the  boy  who  came. 

2.  Puella  quae  venit,  the  girl  who  came. 

3.  Libri  quos  legis,  the  books  which  you  read. 

4.  Puellae  quas  vidisti,  the  girls  whom  you  saic. 

Compare  the  relative  in  each  of  the  above  examples  with  the 
noun  to  which  it  refers  (called  the  antecedent)  in  respect,  first  to 
gender,  and  then  to  number. 

Look  now  at  the  case  of  the  relative  in  each  of  the  examples, 
and  compare  the  English  with  the  Latin.  Plainly,  the  case  of  the 
relative  has  nothing  to  do  with  that  of  the  antecedent.  It  may  be 
the  same  or  different. 

281.  Rule  of  Syntax.^  —  A  relative  pronoun 
agrees  with  its  antecedent  in  gender  and  number. 

^  As  the  person  of  the  antece-  say  "  the  relative  agrees  with  its 
dent  has  no  effect  on  the  relative,  antecedent  in  gender,  number,  and 
it  is  wrong,  though  customary,  to       person." 


128  PEONOUNS. 


282.  Examine  the  following :  — 

1.  Ego  qui  venT,  /  loho  came. 

2.  Vos  qui  venistis,  you  who  came. 

Observe  now  the  person  and  number  of  the  verb  in  these  two 
examples,  and  in  the  first  two  given  in  280. 

283.  Rule  of  Syntax.  —  The  verb  of  which  a 
relative  pronoun  is  the  subject  agrees  in  person  and 
nu^nber  with  the  antecedent  of  the  relative. 


284.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Quis  forum  Romanorum  rostrls  ornavit?  2.  Gajus 
Duilius,  qui  magnam  praedam  a  Carthaginiensibus  reporta- 
vit.  3.  Quae  amicitia  potest  esseMnter  improbos  ?  4.  Quis 
clarior  fuit  in  Graecia  Theraistocle  ?  ^  5.  Quern  times  in 
mea  domo  ?  6.  Quae  animalia  sunt  celerrima  et  ferocis- 
sima?  7.  Omne  animal  quod  sanguinem  habet  cor  habet. 
8.  Divites  sunt  ii  qui  suis  rebus  content!  sunt.  9.  Erant 
quoque^  anno  duo  consules  in  civitate  Romana.  10.  Sunt 
animalia  quaedam  in  quibus  est  aliquid  simile  ration!. 

II.  1.  What  have  you  in  your  hand?  2.  By  whom  was 
the  Roman  forum  adorned  with  the  prows  of  ships?  3.  We 
see  the  general  whom  you  praise.  4.  He  is  rich  who  is  con- 
tented. 5.  He  will  be  praised  whose*  courage  saved  our 
country.  6.  We  love  those  whose  manners  are  pleasing. 
7.  The  boy  has  something  in  his  hand.  8.  Certain  labors 
are  pleasant  to  us.  9.  We  are  the  same*  to-day  that*  we 
were  yesterday.  10.  What  things  are  brought  to  us  from 
Africa? 

1  Potest  esse,  can  be,  *  Of  whom, 

2  See  212.  ^  j^^g  same  .  .  .  that,  or  same  . .  • 

3  Ablative  of  quisque.  as,  idem  . . .  qui. 


PRONOUNS.  129 


285.  EXERCISES. 

Before  trying  to  do  the  following  exercises,  review  the  declen- 
sion of  irregular  adjectives  (200,  201),  and  write  out  the  declension 
of  quidam,  quisquam,  and  quisque. 

I.  1.  Est  quisquam  tibi  carior  quam  parentes  tui?  2.  Pro- 
prii  liberi  carissimi  cuique  sunt.  3.  Erant  duo  fllii  Eheae 
Silviae,  quorum  alter!  erat  nomeu  Romulus,  alter!  Remus ; 
uterque  fortis  erat.  4.  Estne  in  uUo  animal!  major  pruden- 
tia  quam  in  cane?  5.  Videsne  ilia  duo  s!dera?  utrius  lux 
clarior  est?  6.  Virtus  eorum  qu!  patriam  nostram  servaverunt 
semper  laudabitur.  7.  In  ist!s  arboribus  quae  liortum  ornant 
aves  variae  cantant.  8.  R!sus  aliorum  saepe  causa  !rae  nos- 
trae  est.  9.  Nullum  malum  sine  aliquo  bono  est.  10.  Nemo 
nostrum  idem  est  in  senectute  qu!^  fuit  in  juventute.  11.  Ur- 
bes  illae,  quarum  gloria  magna  est,  a  m!litibus  nostris  expu- 
gnatae  sunt. 

II.  1.  All  animals  that  have  blood  have  hearts.  2.  We 
shall  be  the  same^  to-morrow  as^  we  are  to-day.  3.  Is  any^ 
animal  more  sagacious  than  the  elephant?^  4.  We  have 
five  fingers  on  each  hand.  5.  Those  have  hope  who  have 
nothing  else.*  6.  Many  men  build  houses  which  they  will 
never  inhabit.  7.  The  moon  sends  upon  the  earth  the  light 
which  she  has  received  from  the  sun.  8.  Cornelia  had  two 
sons,  both  of  whom^  were  killed.  9.  Hector,  by  whose 
bravery  many  Greeks  were  slain,  was  himself  killed.  10.  Will 
not  some  friend  relieve  me  of  this  burden  ?  ^ 

286.  VOCABULARY. 

accipio,  3,  -cepi,  -ceptum  [ad-       Carthaginiensis,-e,  adj.  [Carth- 
capio],  take  to,  receive,  accept.  ago],  of  Carthage,  Carthaginian. 

bonum,  -i,  n.,  good  thing,  blessing.        clarus,  -a,  -um,  bright,  famous. 

1  See  p.  128,  note  5.  3  ggg  2II,  212.  ^  Of  whom  each. 

2  See  I.  4.  4  Aliud.  «  See  128,  129. 


130 


REVIEW   OF   PRONOUNS. 


contentus,  -a,  -iiin,  adj .,  contented. 

cor,  cordis,  n.,  /teart. 

eras,  adv.,  to-moj-row. 

digitus,  -i,  M.fjinger. 

duo, -ae,  -o,  num.  adj.,  two  (311. 4). 

ex-pugno,  1  [pugiia],taJce, capture. 

forum,  -i,  n.,  market-place,  forum. 

Gajus  Duilius,  -i,  m.,  Cains 
Duilius. 

Hector,  -oris,  m.,  Ilectai^,  chief  of 
the  Trojan  licroes. 

heri,  adv.,  yesterday. 

hodie,  adv.,  to-day. 

labor,  -oris,  m.,  labor. 

malum,  -i,  n.,  bad  thing,  evil. 

nemo  (-inis),  m.  &  f.  [ne,  homo], 
no  one.  For  genitive  and  abla- 
tive use  uullius,  nullo. 


parens,   -entls,   m.  &  f.,  parent. 

(167.  1.) 
proprius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  one's  own. 
prudentia,   -ae,    f.    [prudens], 

foresight,  sagacity,  wisdom. 
Remus,  -i,  m.,  Remus,  brother  of 

Romulus. 
re-porto,  1,  bring  back. 
Rhea  Silvia,  -ae,  f.,  Rhea  Silvia. 
risus,  -us,  M.  [rideo],  laughter. 
Romulus,   -i,    M.,   Romulus,   first 

king  of  Rome. 
rostrum,  -i,  n.,  prow  of  a  vessel. 
sidus,  -eris,  n.,  star,  constellation. 
Themistocles,  -is,  m.,   Themisto- 

cles,  a  famous  Greek. 
varius,   -a,   -um,   adj.,  different, 

changeable,  various. 


287. 


CHAPTER  XLIII.   1. 
REVIEW   OF   PRONOUNS. 

Review  the  paradigms, 
EXERCISES. 


I.  1.  Idem  es  qui^  semper  fiiisti.  2.  Hodie  eadem  dictitat 
quueVheri.  3.  Ecce  domum  quam  aedificavit  Johanniculus. 
4.  Quidam  puer  cachinnabat.  5.  Iste  homo,  qui  te  lauda- 
bat,  est  still tissimus.  6.  Sua  cuique^  carissima  sunt.  ^;^  7.  Siii 
culque^  carissimi  sunt.  8.  Coram  me  aliquis  illam  fabulam 
narrabat.  9.  Egens  est  et  is  qui  nou  satis  habet,  et  is  cui 
nihil  satis  est.     10.  Beatus  est  qui^  non  cupit  quae*^  non  habet. 


1  Seep.  128,  note' 5. 

2  Notice  the   order;    quisque 
likes  to  stand  after  the  reflexives. 


3  The  antecedent  of  the  rela- 
tive is  often  omitted  when  it  is 
some  form  of  is. 


REVIEW   OF   PRONOUNS.  131 

II.  1.  She  is  the  same  that^  she  always  has  been.  2.  He 
will  say  the  same  things  to-morrow  as^  to-day.  3.  Certain 
boys  laughed  out  loud  in  school.  4.  That  friend  of  yours 
is  a  very  wise  man.  5.  Those  trees  yonder  are  covered  with 
leaves.  6.  This  man  is  praised  by  the  citizens,  that  one  is 
blamed.      7.    The   general   himself  led   his   brave   soldiers. 

8.  The   soldiers   were   led   by   the   brave    general   himself. 

9.  Danger  itself  is  pleasing  to  the  brave. ^     10.  Those  who 
are  most  faithful  to  their  friends  are  most  dear  to  us. 


288.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Quod^  non  dedit  fortuna,  non  eripit.  2.  Liber  est 
qui^  null!  turpitudini  servit.  3.  Quis  est  amicior  fratri  quam 
frater?  4.  Saepe  nihil  est  inimicius  homini  quam  ipse  sibi. 
5.  Saepe  ii  nobis  nocent^  qui  nos  amant.  6.  Eos  quialiorum 
rebus  adversis  non  moventur  omnes  contemnunt.  7.  Eos 
vincere  difficile  est,  qui  nihil  timent.  8.  Deforme  est  de 
se  ipso  praedicare.  9.  Aliud^  bonum,  aliud^  malum  est. 
10.  Alteii^  laudem,  alter! ^  culpam  dabat. 

II.  1.  Some  one  has  done  this.  2.  Yesterday  a  story 
was  read  to  us  by  some  one.  3.  The  slave  killed  himself 
together  with  his  master.  4.  My  friend  will  migrate  with 
me  into  Gaul.  5.  The  inhabitants  of  the  city  were  frightened 
by  the  coming  of  the  enemy.  6.  Some''  bear^  thirst  easily, 
others^  hunger.  7.  The  fruits  of  this  tree  are  pleasing  to  me, 
for  they  are  sweet.  8.  Those ^  trees  are  higher  than  these^ 
houses.  9.  These  towers  are  high,  those  are  low.  10.  Those ^^ 
maidens,  whose  modesty  is  known,  are  praised  by  all. 

1  See  p.  128,  note  5.  6  ggg  p.  87,  note  3. 

2  Plural.    See  117.  ^  gge  p.  87,  note  4. 

3  See  p.  130,  note  3.  s  See  p.  87,  note  5. 
*  See  343.  •'  See  275.  1  and  3. 
^  See  p.  87,  note  4.  ^^  A  form  of  is. 


I 


132  REVIEW   OF   PRONOUNS. 

289.  VOCABULARY. 

ad-versus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  unfaror-  Johanniculus,  -i,  m,,  little  John, 

able.  Johnny,  Jack. 

cacMnno,   1,   laugh    aloud,      Cf.  migro,  1,  move  from  one  place  to 

rideo.  another,  migrate. 

coram,  prep.  w.  abl.,  in  presence  of.  modestia,  -ae,  f.,  modesty. 

cupio,  3,  -ivi,  -itum,  desire.  narro,  1,  tell,  relate,  report. 

de-formis,  -e,  adj.  [forma],  mis-  prae-dico,  1  [prae,  6e/bre ;  dtco, 

shapen,  ugly,  base,  disgraceful.  -are,    make    known"],    proclaim, 

dictito,  1  [dico],  keep  saying.  boast.    Cf.  praedico,  predict. 

ecce,  inter j.,  lol  see!  see  there!  satis,  adv.,  enough. 

egens, -entis,  adj.,  in  want,  needy.  servio,  4  [servus],  be  a  slave  to, 

e-ripio,  3,  -ul,  ereptum  [rapio],  serve  (w.  dat.). 

snatch  away ;  seize  and  bear  off.  sitis, -is,  f.,  thirst.    (154.) 

fames,  -Is,  f.,  hunger,  famine.  tolero,  1,  bear,  endure. 

frondosus,  -a,  -um,  adj .  [frons],  turpitudo,  -inls^  f.  [turpis],  ugli- 

covered  with  leaves,  leafy.  ness,  baseness. 
fractus,  -us,  m.,  fruit. 

3. 

290.  COLLOQUIUM. 
Socrates  et  Rhadamanthus. 

B.  Til,  nisi      fallor,    es  Socrates,  ille  Atheniensis. 

unless   I  am  mistaken 

S.    Recte   dicis.      Ego   sura   Socrates,  filius,  ut   ferunt, 
Sophroniscl.  "'      ^'^ 

jR.   Cur  dicis  ut  ferunt  ?    Nonne  re  vera  es  filius  illius  ? 

in  truth 

S.    Ipse  quidem  nescio,  O  Rhadamanthe,  cujus  sim  filius. 

indeed     not  know  am 

M.   Num^  me  ludis,  Socrates?   Caveto.     Nonne  te  sapien- 

mock  beware 

tern  dixit  oraculum  ? 

oracle 

S.    Ita  est ;    sed  qua  re  non  intellego,  nisi  quia  me  ipse 

yes  why  understand 

Tnsciura  perspicio. 

ignorant      see  plainly 

*  This  word  is  used   in  asking  questions  when  the  answer  no  is 
expected.     It  is  not  to  be  translated. 


REVIEW   OF   PRONOUNS.  133 

R,   Quo  modo  aetatem  degisti? 

how  pass 

S,    Magna    ex    parte    loquebar    maximeque    de    virtute 

for  the  most  part         I  used  to  talk         especially 

quaerebam. 

inquired 

B.  Mihi  de  virtute  explicate,  Socrates  ;  per  breve  tempus 
tibi  aures  praebebo. 

S*    Elieu  !  Rhadamanthe,  de  ista  re  sum  inscius,  nam  mihi 

alas! 

explicare  poterat  nemo. 

was  able    no  one 

J?.   Minime  sapiens,  Socrates,  tu  mihi  videris.     At  quid 

seem  but 

hoc  loco  tibi  est  in  animo  f acere  ? 

S.    Ante  omnia,  si  videbitur,  cum  Homero  velim  et  Ulixe 

seem  good  I  should  like 

et  aliis  clarissimls  Graeciae  principibus  loqui. 

toUlk 

R.  Apage  igitur  ad  istas  manes. 

be  off        then  shades 

4. 

291.  FOR    TRANSLATION. 

The  Battle  of  Marathon,  b.c.  490. 

Hoc  in  tempore  nulla  cTvitas  Atheniensibus  auxilio^  fuit 
praeter  Plataeenses.  Ea^  miUe  misit  militum.  Itaque  horum 
adventu  decem  milia  armatorum^completa  sunt,  quae  manus 
mirabili  flagrabat  pugnandT  cupiditate.  Quo  factum  esf*  ut 
plus  quam  collegae  Miltiades  valeret.^  Ejus  ergo  auctoritate 
impulsi^  Athenienses  copias  ex  urbe  eduxerunt  locoque^ 
idoneo  castra  fecerunt.  Delude  postero  die  proelium  com- 
mlserunt.      Datis,    etsi  non  aequum'^  locum  videbat   suis,^ 

^  Auxilio  fuit,  loas  for  assist-  ^  Plus  .  .  .  valeret,  had  more 

ance  =  assisted.    See  344.  influence. 

2  Supply  civitas.  ^  Impulsi  (participle  from  im  « 

^  Armatorum    (participle    as  pello)  prompted. 
noun),  of  armed  men.  "^  Loco  =  in  loco. 

*  Quo  factum  est,  by  which  it  ^  Aequum,  favorable, 

ivas  brought  about  =  the  result  luas.  ^  Supply  militibus. 


134 


COMPOUNDS  OF  Sum. 


tamen  fretus  numero  copiarum  suarum  confligere  cupiebat, 
eoque^  magis,  quod,  priusquam  Laeedaemonii  subsidio^  veni- 
rent,^  dimicare  utile  arbitrabatur.  Itaque  in  aciem  peditum 
centum,*  equitum  decern  mliia  produxit  proeliuraque  com- 
misit.  In  quo  tanto^  plus  virtute^  valuerunt  Athenienses, 
ut  decemplicem  numerum  hostium  profllgarint,^  adeoque  eos 
perteiTuerunt,  ut  Persae  non  castra,  sed  naves  pctierint.^ 
Qua  pugna'*  nihil  adhuc  exstitit  nobilius :  nulla  •enim  un- 
quam  tarn  exigua  manus  tantas  opes  prostravit.^^  —  Nepos, 
Milt,  V. 


CHAPTER  XLIV.   1. 

COMPOUNDS   OF    Sum. 

292.   Possum,  posse,  potui,  ,  he  able,  can. 

Possum  is  compounded  of  potis,  able,  and  sum.    Potis  is  evei 

where  shortened  to  pot ;  then  t  is  changed  to  s  before  5,  and  /  is 

dropped  after  t. 


INDICATIVE. 

SUBJUNCTIVE.           j 

SINGULAR.              PLURAL. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL.       i 

Pres.  /  am  able,  can,  etc. 

^ 

possum        possumus 

possim 

possimus 

potes            potestis 

possis 

possitis 

potest           possunt 

possit 

possint 

Imper.  /  was  able,  could,  etc. 

poteram       poteramus 

possem 

possemus 

FuT.  /  shall  be  able,  etc. 

potero          poterimus 

u. ..    - _..  .._ 

I 


1  Eoque  magis,  and  the  more. 

2  Subsldio:   of.  auxilio,  first 
hne,  and  note. 

^  Venirent,  should  come. 
*  Centum :  supply  milia. 
^  Tanto  plus  valuerunt,  were 
so  much  superior. 


6  Vlrtute.    See  259,  260. 

"  Profligarint,  they  routed. 

8  Petierint,/ec/  to.  See  p.  101, 
note  1. 

^  Pngna:  ablative  after  the 
comparative  nobilius.    (212.) 

1^  From  prosterno. 


I 


COMPOUKDS  OF  Sum. 


135 


potuerim       potuerimus 


potuissena     potuissemus 


Ferf.  /  have  been  able,  could,  etc. 
potui  potuimus 

Plup.   /  had  been  able,  could  have,  etc. 
potueram     potueramus 

FuT.  Perf.  I  shall  have  been  able,  etc. 
potuero        potuerimus 

INFINITIVE. 
Pres.  posse,  to  be  able.         Perf.  potuisse,  to  have  been  able. 


293.    Prosum,  prodesse,  profui,  ,  benefit, 

Prosuni  is  compounded  of  prod  (old  form  of  pro),  for,  and 
sum.     The  d  of  prod  is  retained  before  e. 


INDICATIVE. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

Pres.  I  benefit,  etc. 

pro-sum        pro-sumus 
prod-es  prod-estis 

prod-est        pro-sunt 
Imp.     prod-eram    prod-eramius 
FuT.    pr6d-er5        prod-erimus 
Perf.  pro-fui  pro-fuimus 

Plup.  pro-fueram  pro-fueramus 
F.  P.    pro-fuero      pro-fuerimus 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL, 

pro-sim  pro-simus 

pro-sis  pro-sitis 

pro-sit  pro-sint 

prod-essem  prod-essemus 

pro-fuerim     pro-fuerimus 
pro-fuissem  pro-fuissemus 


IMPERATIVE. 
Pres.  prod-es,  prod-este         Fut.  prod-esto,  prod-estote 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres.  prod-esse  Perf.  pro-fuisse 

Fut.  pro-futurus  esse 

PARTICIPLE. 
Fut.  pro-futurus 


The  other  compounds  of  sum  are  inflected  like  the  simple  verb- 


136  COMPOUNDS  OF  Sum. 

294.  Learn  the  tenses  of  the  indicative,  imperative,  and  infini- 
tive of  possum  and  prosum. 

295.  Rule  of  Syntax.  —  The  compounds  of  sum, 
except  possii^n  and  ahsuin,  all  take  the  dative ;  but 
Insum  is  often  followed  by  hi  with  the  ablative,  an^ 
intersufn  by  inter  with  the  accusative. 


296.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  In  vera  amicitia  magnum  inest  praesidiiim.  2.  Amil 
cus  verus  adest  amico,  neque  deerit  in  periculo.  3.  Amicq 
prodesse  dulce  est,  amico  deesse  turpc.  4.  Amicus  fiduJ 
nou  aberit  ab  amico  in  casibus  fortunae.  5.  Mores  map 
amicitiae  obsunt ;  inter  homines  malos  vera  amicitia  iioij 
interest.  6.  Cicero  consul  rei  publicae  praefuit.  7.  Multa 
epistulae  Ciceronis  et  ejus  amicorum  supersunt.  8.  Viri  prae-" 
stantes  Atheniensibus  nullo  tempore  defuerunt.  9.  Mores 
tyrannl  sibi^amlcos  parare  non  poterant.  10.  Non  omneij 
homines  feges  esse  possunt. 

II.  1.  Cornelia  was  able  to  train  her  sons  wisely.  2.  AM 
can  be  good  citizens.^  3.  Hannibal  was  not  able  to  take  thd 
city.     4.  In  Hannibal  there  was  great  cunning  and  bravery! 

5.  Hannibal    was    long    absent    from    his    own    countryl 

6.  He  commanded  armies  in  Spain  and  Italy.  7.  He  wa 
present  at  many  battles,  and  was  the  terror^  of  the  Romans." 
8.  He  benefited  his  country  in  many  ways.^  9.  But  his 
enemies  in  his  own  land  injured  him.  10.  Scipio  defeated 
him  in  battle^  in  Africa.  11.  He  survived  this  defeat  many 
years.^     12.  His  name  will  never  lack  renown." 

1  For  him,         ^  See  47.  ^  Ablative  without  in. 

3  Compare  auxilio,  291,  first  ^  Accusative, 

line,  and  note.  "^  Renown  will  never  he  icant'ng 

*  Ways  =  tilings.  See  259,260.  to  his  name. 


DEPONENT  VERBS.  137 

297.  VOCABULARY. 

ab-sum,  -esse,  afui,  be  away,  absent  (a  or  ab  w.  abl.). 

ad-sum,  -esse,  -fui  (also  aflfui),  be  present,  stand  by,  side  with, 

de-sum,  -esse,  -fui,  be  wanting,  lack. 

in-sum,  -esse,  -fui,  be  in,  among. 

inter-sum,  -esse,  -fui,  be  present  at,  among. 

ob-sum,  -esse,  -fui,  be  against,  opposed  to,  injure. 

possum,  posse,  potui,  be  able,  can. 

prae-sum,  -esse,  -fui,  be  before,  at  the  head  of,  command, 

pro-sum,  prod-esse,  pro-fui,  be  useful,  benefit. 

super-sum,  -esse,  -fui,  remain  over,  survive,  exist. 

calliditas,  -atis,  f.  [callidus],  shrewdness,  cunning. 

casus,  -us,,M.  [c'A^o,  fall~\,  falling  down,  mischance,  misfortune. 

clades,  -is,  f.,  destruction,  defeat.  • 

diu,  adv.,  long,  a  long  time. 

duleis,  -e,  adj.,  sweet,  pleasant.    Cf.  sua  vis. 

fama,  -ae,  f.,  rumor,  fame,  renoiCii. 

ne-que,  conj.,  and  not,  nor  ;  neque  . . .  neque,  neither  . . .  nor. 

paro,  1,  make  ready,  prepare,  get. 

patria,  -ae,  f.,  native  land,  countrif-.  ' 

praesldium,  -i,  n.  [prae,  sedeo],7/e/e7ice,  help,  garrison. 

praestans,  -tis,  adj.  [prae-sto,  stand  before'],  pre-eminent,  distinguished. 

-o>a<o<^ 

CHAPTER  XLV.  1. 

DEPONENT   VERBS. 

FiKST  AND  Second  Conjugations. 

298.  Deponent  verbs  have  the  forms  of  the  passive 
voice  with  the  meaning  of  the  active.  There  are  de- 
ponents of  each  of  the  four  regular  conjugations : 

Admiramur  opera  Dei,  ive  admire  the  icorks  of  God. 
Miseros  tuebimui,  we  shall  protect  the  wretched. 
Audi  multa,  loquere  pauca,  liste7i  much,  say  little. 
Caesar  provinciam  sortitus   est,   Ccesar  obtained  (by  lot)  a 
province. 


138  DEPONENT   VERBS. 


I 


299.  Review  the  passive  indicative,  imperative,  and  infinitive 
of  amo  and  moneo.    (86,  112). 

The  principal  parts  of  deponent  verbs  are  thus  given : 

admiror,  admirari,  admiratus  (sum), 
tueor,  tueri,  tuitus  (sum). 
loquor,  loqui,  locutus  (sum). 
sortior,  sortiri,  sortitus  (sum). 

300.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Admiramur  magnitudinem  caeli.  Quis  non  admira- 
bitur?  .  2.  Nocte  contemplamur  sidera.  3.  Pars  vagatur^. 
certis  cursibus,  plurima  non  vagantnr.  4.  Sol  dominaturW 
inter  Stellas.  5.  Terram  luna  comitatur  una,  Jovis  stellam 
lunae  cbmitantur  quattuor.  6.  Dareus  Alexandro  magnam 
Asiae  partem  pollicitus  est.  7.  Improbi  sunt  ii  qui  neminem 
verentur.  8.  Homo  f acinus  confessus  est.  9.  Comites  qui 
salutem  regis  tuiti  erant,  maximum  praemium  acceperunt. 

II.  1.  Who  does  not  admire  the  beauty  of  the  stars  ? 

2.  Other  nations  accompanied  the  Cimbri  across  the  Rhine. 

3.  They  wandered  far^  and  wide^  through  Gaul  and  Spain. 

4.  The  Romans  wondered  at  the  great  bodies  of  the  Ger- 
mans. 5.  Certain  animals  imitate  human  voices.  6.  We 
were  contemplating  that  beautiful  likeness.  7.  The  general 
promised  the  soldiers^  a  great  reward.  8.  He ^  is  a  bad  man 
who  does  not  respect  any  one."*  9.  Children  respect  their 
parents,  slaves  fear  their  master. 

301.  VOCABULARY. 

ad-iniror,  1,  wonder  at,  admire.  Cimbri,  -orum,  m,,  Cimbri,  a  Ger- 

Alexander,  -dri,  m.,  Alexander,  man  tribe. 

king  of  Macedon.  comitor,  1  [comes,  -ills],  accom- 

beneficium,  -i,  n.,  henejit,  favor.  panij,  attend. 

caelum,  -i,  n.,  sky,  heavens.  con-fiteor,  2,  -fessus,  confess. 

1  Longe  late  que.  ^  Is. 

2  Not  accusative.  *  Not  any  one  =  no  one. 


DEPONENT   VERBS.  139 

contemplor,  1,  look  at,  observe.  mereor,  2,  he  worthy  of,  deserve. 

cursus,  -us,  M.  [curro,  run'],  run-  per,  prep.  w.  ace,  through,  by. 

ning,  course.  poUiceor,  2,  promise. 

Dareus,   -i,    m.,   Darius,  Persian  pulchritudo, -inis,  f.  [pulcher], 

king.  beauty. 

dominor,  1  [dominus],  be  a  lord  stella,  -ae,  f.,  star. 

and  master,  rule.  tueor,  2,  tuitus  and  tutus,  watch, 

facinus,  -oris,  n.  [facio],  deed,  defend.     Cf.  defendo. 

crime.    Cf.  scelus.  vagor,  1,  go  to  and  fro,  wander. 

Germanus, -a, -uin,adj.,  German.  vasto,  1,  lay  waste,  ravage. 

imitor,  1,  imitate.  vereor,  2,  reverence,  respect. 
magnitudo,  -inis,  f.  [magnus], 

greatness. 

sidus  (286),  a  star,  a  great  star,  a  constellation, 
Stella,  a  star  as  a  bright  heavenly  body, 

2. 

302.  COLLOQUIUM. 

Pater  et  Filiolus. 
P.    Ades,  mi  filiole,  et  mihi  libellum  ostenta. 

come  here  little  book        show 

F.    Eccum,  care  pater,  si  libellum  Latinum  videre  cupis. 

here  it  is  wish 

P.    Quod  pensum  tibi  hodie  imperavit  praeceptor  ? 

impose 

F.    Pensum  verborum  deponentium  quae  ad  conjugationem 

deponent 

primam  atque  secundam  pertinent. 

belong 

P.    Quam  ob  rem  sic  appellantur  ista  verba  ? 

wherefore  name 

P.    Quia    form  am   activam   et    sTgnificationem    passivam 

form  meaning 

plerumque  deposuerunt.     Sic  nos  praeceptor  docuit. 

generally  lay  aside 

P.    Quod   aiitem    pensum    in    crastinum    diem    imperavit 

^  for  to-morrow 

praeceptor  ? 
P.    Ad  haec  addidit  praeceptor  alia  deponentia.     At  tu, 

add  but 

mi  pater,  Latinae  linguae  jam  puer  studebas? 


140 


DEPONENT  VERBS. 


P.    Certe,  flliole,  idqiie  veliementer. 

right  hard 

F,    Num  ego,  si  diligenter  didicero,  eriiditns,  iit  tu,  flam? 

learn  learned        as  become 

P.    Procul  dubio.     At  jam  tibi  eundum  est  dormitam. 

you  must  go  to  bed 


o>Ko 


CHAPTER    XL VI.    1. 

DEPONENT   VERBS. 

Third  and  Fourth  Conjugations. 

303.  Examine  the  following :  — 

1.  Utor  vestra  benignit^te,  I  avail  myself  of  (use)  your  kindness. 

2.  Abutitur  patientia  nostra,  he  ahuses  our  patience. 

3.  Lux  qua  fruimur  a  Deo  nobis   datur,   the  light  which  we  j 

eiijoy  is  given  us  hy  God. 

4.  Fungor  vice  cotis,  /  serve  as  (discharge  the  office  of)  a  ivhet-  \ 

stone. 

5.  Magna  praeda  potitus  est,  he  got  great  hooty. 

6.  Lacte  et  carne  vescebantur,  they  lived  upon  milk  and  flesh. 

Compare  the  translation  of  the  examples  with  the  Latin.     Ol> 
serve  that  the  direct  object  of  the  verb,  or  of  the  preposition  closely  j 
connected  with  the  verb  in  English,  is  represented  in  Latin  by  the  j 
ablative  case. 

304.  Rule   of   Syntax.  —  The    deponents    utor, 
fruor,  fungor,  potior^  vescor,  and  their  compounds,  j 
take  the  ablative. 


305.    Examine  the  following :  — 

1.  Meminit  praeteritorum,  he  rememhers  the  past. 

2.  Haec  olim  meminisse  juvabit,  to  remember  these  things  tvill  ] 

one  day  give  j^leasure. 


DEPOKEKT   VERBS.  141 

3.  Totam  causam  oblitus  est,  he  forgot  the  whole  case. 

4.  Totius  causae  oblitus  est,  he  forgot  the  whole  case. 
Observe  that  in  the  above  examples  the  genitive  is  used  in  1 

and  4,  the  accusative  in  2  and  3. 

306.  Rule  of  Syntax.  —  Verbs  of  remembering 
and  forgetti7ig  tiilLe  the  genitive  or  accusative. 

1.  Neuter  pronouns  and  adjectives  are  commonly  put  in  the 
accusative.     Recorder  regularly  takes  the  accusative. 

307.  Review  the  passive  indicative,  imperative,  and  infinitive 
of  rego  and  audio.    (180,  223). 

308.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Sulla  urbem  Romam  armatusMngressus  est.  2.  Atlie- 
niensium  dux  maximam  adeptus  est  gloriam.  3.  Alexander 
Magnus  in  Asiam  profectus  est.  4.  Eum  multi  et  nob  lies 
viri  secuti  sunt.  5.  Quas  injurias  passus  es  obliviscere.^ 
G.  Benefieia  quae  accepimus  non  obliviscemur.  7.  Quitd 
beneficium  accepit  id  obliviscitur.  8.  Omnia  patP  discimus. 
9.  Cicero  magna  cum  gloria  consulatu  functus  est.  10.  Lux 
qua  fruimur  donum  est  Dei. 

II.  1.  Alexander  and  his  companions  entered  Asia. 
2.  They  suffered  both'^  hunger  and  thirst.  3.  He  obtained 
great  glory  by  his  victories.  4.  He  did  not  forget  the  words 
of  his  master.  5.  For  he  had  been  the  pupil  of  a  wise  man. 
6.  The  soldiers  follow  their  general.  7.  The}^^  are  bad 
men  who  forget  benefits.  8.  We  can  learn  to  endure  all 
things.  9.  Who  does  not  enjoy  the  light  which  is  given 
us  by  God?     10.  The  boys  faithfully  discharged  their  duty. 

2. 

309.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Caesar,  Pompejus,  Crassus,  imperium  inter  se  partitT 
sunt.     2.  Caesar  Galliam  provinciam  sortitus  est.     3.   Sae- 

~     1  Armed.  ^  Imperative.  ^  Present  infinitive  of  patlor. 

4  Et.  5  II.     See  270.  2, 


142  DEPONENT   VERBS. 


pissime  belli  fortunam  expertus  est.  4.  Postea  tota  Italia 
potitus  est.  5.  Patres  bona  sua  cum  llberTs  partiuntur. 
6.  Multa  in  Italia  bella  orta  sunt.  7.  Frons,  oculi,  vultus, 
saepe  mentiuntur.  8.  Qui  post  mortem  Alexanclri  regno 
illius  potiti  sunt?     9.  Optime  scimus  quod  expert!  sumus. 

II.  1.  Soldiers  often  try  the  fortune  of  war.  2.  The 
leaders  had  divided  among  th^emselves  the  property^  of  the 
enemy.  3.  The  Rhone  rises  not  far  from  the  sources  of 
the  Ehine.  4.  The  Rhine,  which  rises  in  the  Alps,  flows 
into  the  ocean.  5.  The  best  friends  share  perils  with  friends. 
6.  Who  possessed  the  kingdom  after  Alexander  ?  7.  We 
will  make  trial  of  our  valor.  8.  They  got  possession  of  the 
camp  of  the  enemy.  9.  Who  gets  by  lot  Sicily  (as)  his 
province  ?  ^ 

310.  VOCABULARY. 

adipiscor,  3,  adeptus^^e^,  obtain.  oceanus,  -i,  m.,  ocedrC] 

Cf.  potior.  offlciuin,  -i,  n,,  duti/. 

castra,  -orum,  n.  (pi.),  camp.  optime,  adv.,  mos^  exqellentli/,  best, 

Crassus,   -i,   m.,    Crassus,  a   rich  orior,^  4,  ortus,  rise,  appear,  begin. 

Roman,  contemporary  of  CaBsar.  partior,  4  [pars],  divide,  share. 

ex-perior,  4,  expertui^,  make  trial  patior,  3,  passus,  bear,  suffer. 

of,  test.      j  !  Pompejus,    -ei,   m.,    Pompey,    a 

frons,  frontis,  f.,  broib,  forehead.  celebrated  Roman  general. 

fraor,   3,   fruitus  and   fructus,  postea,  adv.,  afterwards. 

enjou.  \  potior,    4,   become  master  of,    get, 

fungor,  3,  functus,  kerform,  dis-  Cf.  adipiscor.  [march. 

charge.  )  proficiscor,   3,  -fectus,  set   out, 

impdrium,  -i,  n.  [iixl(pero],  com-  provincia,  -ae,  r„  province. 

mand,  authority,  -power.  regnum,  -i,  n.,  kingdom. 

in-gi^edior,  3,  gr^ssus  [gradior],  sequor,  3,  secatus,  follow. 

enter.  '  sortior,  4,  draw  lots,  obtain  by  lot. 

men  tier,  4,  lifi,  deceive.  Sulla,  -ae,  m.,  SuM,  a  Roman 
obliviscor,^,  oblitus,  forget.  ^^neral  and  statesrtian. 

/  

1  Compare  I.  5.       ^  Predicate  accusative.       ^  See  vocab.  p.  247. 


NUMERALS. 


148 


CHAPTER 

XLVII.    1. 

311. 

NUMERALS. 

CARDINALS. 

ORDINALS. 

1. 

unus,  -a,  -um 

primus,  -a,  -um 

2. 

duo,  duae,  duo 

secundus  (or  alter) 

3. 

tres,  tria 

tertius 

4. 

quattuor 

quartus 

5. 

quinque 

quintus 

6. 

sex 

sextus 

7. 

septem 

Septimus 

8. 

octo 

octavus 

9. 

novem 

nonus 

10. 

decern 

decimus 

11. 

undecim 

lindecimus 

12. 

duodecim 

duodecjmus 

13. 

tredecim. 

tertius  decimus 

14. 

quattuordecim 

quartus  decimus 

15. 

quindecim 

quintus  decimus 

16. 

sedecim,  or  sexdecim 

sextus  decimus 

17. 

septendecim 

Septimus  decimus 

18. 

duodeviginti  ^ 

duodevicesimus 

19. 

undeviginti  ^ 

undevicesimus 

20. 

viginti 

vicesimus 

21. 

f  viginti  iinus,  or 
\  unus  et  viginti 

i  vicesimus  primus,  or 
\  unus  et  vicesimus 

22. 

(■  viginti  duo,  or 
\  duo  et  viginti 

("  vicesimus  secundus,  or 
\  alter  et  vicesimus 

28. 

duodetriginta  ^ 

duodetricesimus 

29. 

undetriginta  ^ 

iindetricesimus 

30. 

triginta 

tricesimus 

40. 

quadraginta 

quadragesimus 

50. 

quinquaginta 

quinquagesimus 

60. 

sexaginta 

sexagesimus 

70. 

..septuaginta 

septuagesimus 

^  Duodeviginti  =  two  from  twenty ;  undeviginti  =  unus  de  viginti, 

one  from  twenty.     Similarly  are  formed  28,  29,  38,  39,  etc. 


144 

NUMERALS. 

CARDINALS. 

ORDINALS. 

80. 

octoginta 

octogesimus 

90. 

nonaginta 

nonagesimus 

100. 

centum 

centesimus 

101. 

(■  centum  unus,  or 
X  centum  et  unus 

c  centesimus  primus,  or 
X  centesimus  et  primus 

200. 

ducenti,  -ae,  -a 

ducentesimus 

300. 

trecenti 

trecentesimus 

400. 

quadringenti 

quadringentesimus 

500. 

quingenti 

quingentesimus 

600. 

sescenti 

sescentesimus 

700. 

septingenti 

septingestisiimis 

800. 

octingenti 

octingentesimus 

900. 

nongenti 

nongentesimus 

1,000. 

mille 

millesimus 

2,000. 

duo  milia 

bis  millesimus 

100,000. 

centum  milia 

centies  millesimus 

1.  Cardinal  numbers  answer  the  question  Aow  many  .^  Ordinals, 
which  in  order? 

2.  The  cardinals  from  quattuor  to  centum,  inclusive,  are  in- 
declinable: quattuor  homines, /owr  men;  quattuor  hominum, 
of  four  men. 

3.  Unus  is  declined  like  bonus,  except  that  it  has  genitive  and 
dative  singular  unius,  uni,  like  alius  (201). 

4.  Duo  and  tres  are  thus  declined : 

MASC.  FEM.  NEUT. 

N.  duo  duae  duo 

G.  duorum  duarum  duorum 

D.  du5bus  duabus  duobus 

Ac.  duos,  duo  duas  duo 

Ab.  dudbus  duabus  duobus 

5.  The  hundreds,  ducenti,  etc.,  are  declined  like  the  plural  of 
bonus. 

6.  Mille  is  indeclinable  in  the  singular,  and  is  sometimes  an 
adjective  and  sometimes  a  noun  :  mille  homines,  a  thousand  men  ; 
mille  hominum,  a  thousand  (of)  men.  The  plural  has  the  forms 
milia,  milium,  milibus,  and  is  always  a  noun :  tria  milia 
hominum,  three  thousand  men  (three  thousands  of  men). 


M.  &  P. 

NEUT. 

tres 

tria 

trium 

trium 

tribus 

tribus 

tres 

tria 

tribus 

tribus 

NUMERALS,  145 


7.  The  ordinals  are  declined  like  bonus. 

8.  Other  kinds  of  numerals  are  the  distributives  :  singuli,  -ae,  -a, 
one  each,  bini,  -ae,  -a,  two  each,  etc. ;  and  the  numeral  adverbs : 
Bemel,  once,  bis,  twice,  etc. 

312.  Examine  the  following :  — 

1.  Decern  annos  Troja  oppugnabatur,  Troy  was  besieged  for 

ten  yearns. 

2.  Turris  alta  est  centum  pedes,  the  tower  is  a  hundred  feet  high. 

The  accusative  annos  denotes  duration  or  extent  of  time  ; 
pedes,  extent  of  ^  space.  The  accusative,  then,  is  used  to  answ^er 
the  question  how  long?  or  how  farf  (in  time  or  space),  and  may  be 
called  the  Accusative  of  Extent. 

313.  Rule  of  Syntax. — Extent  of  time  or  space 
is  expressed  by  the  accusative. 

2. 

314.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Homo  unum  os,  duas  aures,  duos  oculos  habet. 
2.  Alexander  Magnus  tredecim  annos  regnavit.  3.  Templum 
Dianae  quadringentos  quinquaginta  pedes  longum  et  ducen- 
tos  viginti  pedes  latum  erat.  4.  Annus  spatium  trecentorum 
sexaginta  quinque  dierum  est.     5.  Duodecim  sunt  menses. 

6.  Mensis   triginta    dies   habet,    Februarius   duodetnginta. 

7.  Dies  vTginti  quattuor  horas  habet.  8.  Romanorum  vete- 
rum  annus  decem  menses  habebat ;  Martins  erat  primus, 
December  decimus.  9.  Aut  tertius  decimus  aut  quintus 
decimus  dies  mensis  Idus  nominabatur. 

II.  1.  Romulus,  the  first  king  of  Rome,  reigned  thirty- 
seven  years.  2.  This  house  is  fifty-nine^  feet  long  and 
forty-eight  feet  wide.  3.  The  river  is  fourteen  feet  deep  and 
ninety- two  feet  wide.  4.  With^  the  ancient  Romans  Septem- 
ber was  the  seventh  month ;  with  us  September  is  the  ninth 
month.     5.   The  Roman  consuls  held  power  for  one  year. 

^  See  p.  143,  note.  2  Apud,  with  accusative. 


146 


IRREGULAR  VERBS  :    Volo,  Nolo,  Malo. 


6.  In  the  five  hundred  and  fiftieth  year  of  the  city  Scipio 
was  consul.  7.  Five  and  twenty  languages  were  known  to 
King  Mithridates.  8.  In  the  first  month  of  the  year  there 
are  thirty-one  days.  9.  A  Koman  legion  had  five  thousand 
foot-soldiers  and  three  hundred  horse-soldiers. 


315. 

annus,  -i,  m.,  year. 

auris,  -is,  f.,  ear, 

December,   -bris,  m.    [decern], 

December.    Often  as  adj. 
Diana,  -ae,  f.,  Diana,  goddess  of 

the  chase.  [as  adj. 

Februarius,  -i,  m.,  February.   Oft. 
idus,  -uum,  F.,  plur.,  the  Ides  of 

the  month.     (244.  1.) 


VOCABULARY. 

lingua,  -ae,  f.,  tonguey  language. 
Martius,  -i,  m.    [Mars],  March. 

Often  as  adj. 
Mithridates,  -is,  m.,  Mithridates, 

king  of  Pontus. 
OS,  oris,  N.,  mouth,  face. 
September,  -bris,  m.  [septem], 

September.    Often  as  adj. 
spatium,  -i,  n.,  room,  space,  period 


CHAPTER  XLVIII.  1. 

316.  IRREGULAR  VERBS. 

Volo,  velle,  volui, ,  he  willing,  will,  wish. 

Nolo,  nolle,  nolui, ,  be  unwilling,  will  not. 

Mal5,  m&Ue,  malui, ,  he  more  willing,  prefer. 


INDICATIVE. 

PRES. 

volo 

nolo 

malo 

VIS 

non  vis 

mavis 

vult 

non  vult 

mavult 

volumus 

nolumus 

malumus 

vultis 

non  vultis  . 

mavultis 

volunt 

nolunt 

malunt 

Imper. 

volebam 

nolebam 

malebam 

FUT. 

volam 

nolam 

malam 

Perf. 

volul 

nolui 

malui 

Plup. 

volueram 

nolueram 

malueram 

F.  p. 

voluero 

noluero 

maluero 

IRREGULAR  VERBS  :  Volo,  Nolo,  Malo. 


147 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Pres. 

velim 

nolim 

malim 

veils 

nolis 

mails 

velit 

nolit 

malit 

velimus 

nolimus 

malimus 

velitis 

nolitis 

malitis 

veUnt 

nolint 

malint 

Impek 

.  vellem 

11 611  em 

mallem 

velles 

noUes 

malles 

vellet 

nollet 

mallet 

vellemus 

nollemus 

mallemus 

velletis 

nolletis 

malletis 

vellent 

noUent 

mallent 

Perf. 

voluerim 

noluerim 

maluerim 

Plup. 

voluissem 

noluissem 
IMPERATIVE. 

maluissem 

Pres. 

(  Wanting) 

noli 
nolite 

(  Wanting) 

FUT. 

(  Wanting) 

[nolito,  etc.] 
INFINITIVE. 

(  Wanting) 

Pres. 

velle 

nolle 

malle 

Perf. 

voluisse 

noluisse 
PARTICIPLE. 

mSluisse 

Prfs. 

volens 

nolens 

(  Wanting) 

31 7.  Learn  the  tenses  of  the  indicative  and  infinitive  of  volo. 
nolo,  and  malo,  and  the  present  imperative  of  nolo. 

2. 

318.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  N6s  scribere  volumus,  tu  vis  legere,  ille  puer  ludere 
vult.  2.  Cur  in  horto  ambiilare  voliint?  3.  In  horto  ambu- 
lare  malunt  quod  ibi  sunt  fontes  et  arbores.  4.  Volebantne 
vitia  sua  excusare?     5.  Noli  excusare'vitia  tua.     6.  Nolite 


148 


IRKEGULAK  VERBS :  Volo,  Nolo,  Malo. 


oblivisci  praeceptorum  ^  parentum.  7.  Timoleoii  maluit 
diligi  quam  metui.  8.  Valere  maluerat  quam  dives  esse. 
9.  Alieua  quisque  vitia  reprehendere  mavult  quam  sua  cor- 
rigere.     10.  Volumus  ad  finem  itineris  progredi. 

II.  1.  Why  would  you  rather  read  than  write?  2. 
would  rather  walk  in  the  fields  with  you.  3.  Who  would 
not  rather  be  praised  than  blamed  ?  4.  They  will  be  un- 
willing to  accept  your  gift.  5.  Do  not  forge t,^  boys,  the 
precepts  of  your  teacher.  6.  Do  not  forget,  my  boy,  the 
lesson  which  I  have  explained.  7.  He  listened  because  he 
wished  to  learn.  8.  He  would  not^  blame  another's  fault; 
he  greatly  desired  to  correct  his  own.  9.  We  wish  the  same 
(things)  as*  you.  10.  Our  friends  will  wish  the  same 
(thing)  as  ourselves. 


319. 


VOCABULARY. 


alienus,  -a,   -um,   adj.    [alius], 

belonging  to  another,  another's. 
ainbulo,  1,  walk,  take  a  walk. 
corrigo,  3,  -rexi,  -rectum  [com, 

rego,  keep  straight],  make  straight, 

reform,  correct. 
diligo,  3,  -lexi,  -lectum    [dis, 

apart,  lego,  choose],  esteem,  love. 

Cf .  amo. 
ex-cuso,  1  [causa],  excuse. 
ex-plico,  1,  -avi,  -atum,  and  -ui, 

-itum  [plico],  unfold,  explain, 
ibi,  adv.,  there,  Cf.  ubi,  where. 
iter,   itineris,   n.    [eo,  327.  1], 

journey,    (262.) 
Indo,  3,  Insi,  Insum,  play. 
malo,  malle,  malui,  [ma- 

gis,  volo],  wish   rather,  prefer, 

would  rather. 


I 


maxime,  adv.   (sup.  of  mag^ 

more),  most,  especially,  greatly. 
metuo,  3,  -ui,  -utum   [metus], 

fear.    Cf.  timeo.  ^i 

nolo,  nolle,  nolui, [non,  vfl 

lo],  he  unwilling,  will  not,  not  wish. 
praeceptum,  -i,  n.  [praecipio], 

maxim,  precept. 
pro-gredior,  3,  -gressus  [gradi- 

or],  go  forward. 
quod,  conj.,  because.     Cf.  quia^ 
re-prehendo,   3,   -di,  -hensuii 

hold  hack,  restrain,  reprove. 
Timoleon,  -ontis,  m.,  Timoleon,] 

Corinthian. 
valeo,  2,  -ui,  -itum,  be  strong  or  well. 
vitium,  -i,  ^.,  fault,  blemish,  vice. 
volo,  velle,  volui, ,  he  willing, 

will,  wish,  desire.   Cf.  desidero. 


adi- 

i 


1  From  praeceptum. 

2  Cf.  I.  6. 


3  Was  unwilling. 

4  See  p.  128,  note  5. 


IRREGULAR  VERBS:   Fero. 


149 


amo,  love,  not  implying  and  not  excluding  esteem  ;  the  common  word. 
diligo,  love  unselfishly  and  with  esteem ;  more  restricted  in  mean- 
ing than  amo. 

volo  means  both  less  and  more  than  wish,  namely,  consent  and  will; 

very  much  used. 
desidero   means  wish  ardently,  with   the  notion  (which  volo  has 

not)  of  lacking  or  missing  the  thing  much  desired ;  more  restricted 

in  meaning  than  volo. 

3. 
320.  FOR    TRANSLATION. 

Multi  homines  volunt  quidem  recte  facere,  sed  non  faciunt ; 
nam  velle  et  facere  non  idem  est.  Saepe  homo  recte  agere 
vult,  sed  vires  desunt.  Multl  peccata  sua  excusare  quam 
deponere  malunt.  Saepe  aliena  peccata  vituperare  quam 
nostra  corrigere  malumus.  Multi  sua  sorte  non  sunt  con- 
tent!, sed  aliena  appetere  malunt.  At  cur  non  feliciter  vivere 
mavis  ?    Felix  is  est  qui  recte  agere  vult  recteque  agit. 


CHAPTER  XLIX.  1. 
321.         THE  IRREGULAR  VERB  Fero. 

Fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latum :  hear,  carry,  endure, 
INDICATIVE. 


ACTIVE. 

PASSIVE. 

Pres. 

fero           ferimus 

feror                 ferimur 

fers           fertis 

f  erris,  or  -re      f  erimini 

fert           ferunt 

fertur               feruntur 

Imper 

ferebam 

ferebar 

FUT. 

feram 

ferar 

Perf. 

tuli 

latus  sum 

Plup. 

tuleram 

latus  eram 

F.  P. 

tulero 

latus  ero 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Pres. 

feram 

ferar 

Imper 

ferrem 

ferrer 

Perf. 

tulerim 

latus  sim 

Plup. 

tulissem 

latus  essem 

150 


IREEGULAE  VEEBS  :    Fero. 


IMPERATIVE. 
ACTIVE.                                                   PASSIVE. 

Pjres. 

feri           ferte                         [ferre]           ferimini 

FUT. 

ferto         fertote                      fertor 

ferto         ferunto                     fertor          feruntor 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres. 

ferre                                             ferri 

Perf. 

tulisse                                         latus  esse 

FuT. 

laturus  esse                                latum  iri 

PARTICIPLES. 

Pres. 

ferens 

FUT. 

laturus                            Ger.     ferendus 

GERUND.                                                ^ 
G.     ferendi 

D.     ferendo 

Ac.  ferendum 

Ab.  ferendo 

SUPINE. 
Ac.  latum                                  Ab.  15tu 

322.  Compounds  of  fero  are  conjugated  like  the  simple  vel^ 
Observe  the  changes  suffered  by  certain  of  the  prepositions  in  the 
following : 

ab-        aufero,  auferre,  abstuli,  ablatum. 

ad-         adfero,  adferre,  attuli,  allatum  (adl). 

com-     confero,  conferre,  contuli,  collatum  (conl). 

dis-        differs,  differre,  distuli,  dilatum. 

ex-         effero,  efferre,  extuli,  elatum. 

in-  Infer 6,  inferre,  intuli,  illatum  (inl). 

ob-        offero,  offerre,  obtuli,  oblatum. 

sub-       suffers,  sufferre,  sustuli,  sublatum. 

323.  Learn  the  tenses  of  the  indicative,  the  imperative,  and 
the  present  and  perfect  infinitive,  active  and  passive,  of  ferS. 

1  For  fere;    dico,   dOco,   faclo,   fero,   have   imperative   present 
second  singular  die,  due,  fac,  for. 


lEREGULAR  VERBS  :   Fero.  151 

324.  e:Scercises. 

I.  1.  Aufert,  aufertur.  2.  Auferet,  auferetur.  3.  Abs- 
tulit,  ablatus  est.  4.  Conferre,  conferri.  5.  Conferunt, 
conferuntur.  6.  Conferent,  conferentur.  7.  Contulerant, 
collati  erant.  8.  Distulerunt,  dilati  sunt.  9.  Distulerit, 
dilatus  erit.  10.  Distulisse,  dilatus  esse.  11.  Differebant, 
differebantur. 

II.  1.  We  bear,  we  are  borne.  2.  We  were  bearing,  we 
were  borne.  3.  We  have  borne,  we  have  been  borne. 
4.  We  shall  bear,  we  shall  be  borne.  5.  We  had  borne, 
we  had  been  borne.  6.  Bear  thou,  bear  ye.  7.  To  offer, 
to  be  offered.  8.  Ye  shall  offer,  ye  shall  be  offered.  9.  To 
have  offered,  to  have  been  offered.  10.  Ye  offer,  ye  will 
offer.     11.  Ye  are  offered,  ye  will  be  offered. 

2. 

325.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Ferte  patienter^  labor es.  2.  Bene  ferre  magnam 
fortunam  disce.  3.  Ferte  patienter  quae^  mutari  non 
possunt.  4.  Non  omnis  agerqui  seriturfert  fruges.  5.  Be- 
nignum  regem  non  tulistis ;  jam  ferum  et  barbarum  fertote. 
6.  Nolite  differre  pensum  quod  hodie  facere  potestis.  7.  Im- 
perator  militibus  defessis  auxilium  attulit.  8.  In  unum  locum 
eollatum  est  ex  agris  omne  frumentum.  9.  Longa^  nobis 
est  omnis  mora  quae  gaudia  differt.  10.  Caesar  omnibus 
qui  contra  se  arma  tulerant  veniam  dedit. 

II.  1.  They  bore  labor  with  patience.  2.  They  did  not 
endure  a  good  king ;  now  they  are  enduring  a  bad  one.^ 
3.  We  cannot  put  off  our  tasks.  4.  We  shall  learn  to  bear 
our  good  fortune  well.  5.  They  bore  with  patience  that^ 
which  they  could  not  change.     6.  The  robbers  bore  off  the 


1  What  might  be  substituted  for  the  adverb  1    See  144,  145. 

2  See  p.  130,  note  3.  3  Tedious.  ^  Omit.  &  Id. 


152 


IRREGULAR  VERBS:    E6,  Fio. 


booty  which  they  had  seized.  7*  Do  not^  bring  me  that 
which  I  do  not  want.  8.  Delays  which  postpone  our  joy  are 
always  tedious.  9.  The  townsmen  carried  their  alP  with 
them  out  of  the  town. 


326.  VOCABU 

ad-fero    (alFero),    adferre,    at- 

tuli,  adlatum,  hear  to,  bring. 
au-fero,  auferre,  abstuli,  abla- 

tum  [ab(s)],  bear  offj  carry 
aivay. 

auxilium,  -i,  n.,  help,  aid, 

barbarus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  foreign, 
barbarous. 

benignus,-a,  -um,  adj.,  kind,  good. 

con-fero,  conferre,  contuli, 
collatum  (conlatiim),  bring 
together,  collect ;  se  conferre,  be- 
take one's  self. 

dif-fero,  difFerre,  distiili,  dila- 
tuni  [dis,  apart],  bear  apart, 
scatter,  put  off,  postpone, 

ef-fero,  efferre,  extuli,  elatum 
[ex],  bear  out,  bring  forth. 


LARY. 

ferns,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  wild,  cruel.\ 
fruges,  -um,  f.,  'plnr.,  fruits. 
gaudium,    -I,    n.    [gaudeo, 

joice],  jog,  delight. 
in-fero,  inferre,  intuli,  illatiii 

(inlatum),6earm,cawse;belluB 

inferre,  to  make  war,  w.  dat. 
jam,  adv.,  already,  now,  at  last. 
mora,  -ae,  f.,  delay. 
of-fero,  offerre,  obtnli,  oblatu^ 

[ob,  befoj'e],  present,  offer. 
patienter,    adv.    [patiens], 

tiently,  with  patience. 
sero,  3,  sevi,  satum,  sow,  plantl 
suf-fero,  sufferre,  sustnli,  sulj 

latum  [sub],  undergo,  cndure,\ 
venia,   -ae,    f.,   indulgence,    kin 

ness,  mercy. 


327. 


CHAPTER    L.   1. 
IRREGULAR    VERBS. 


Eo,  ire,  ii  [ivi],  itum,  go. 

Fio,  fieri,  factus  sum  (supplies  pass,  to  facio),  be  made,  hecon 

INDICATIVE. 
E6.  Flo. 

Pres.  eo  imus  fio  fimus 

is  itis  fis  fitis 

it  eunt  fit  fiunt 


1  Compare  I.  6. 


2  Their  all,  omnia  sua. 


IRREGULAR  VERBS:    Eo,  Pio. 


153 


Eo. 

Fio. 

Imper. 

ibam 

fiebam 

FUT. 

ibo 

fiam 

Perf. 

ii 

factus  sum 

Plup. 

ieram 

factus  eram 

F.  P. 

iero 

factus  ero 

Pres. 

SUBJUNCTIVE, 
earn 

flam 

Imper. 

Trem 

fierem 

Perf. 

ierim 

factus  sim 

Plup. 

iissem 

IMPERATIVE. 

factus  essem 

Pres.  i 

ite 

n 

me 

FuT.    ito 

itote 

Its 

eunto 

Pres. 

INFINITIVE, 
ire 

fieri 

Perf. 

iisse 

factus  esse 

FuT. 

iturus  esse 

PARTICIPLES. 

factum  iri 

Pres. 

FUT. 

iens,  Gen.  euntis 
iturus                                G 

er. 

faciendus 

T>TTfm:% 

.  factus 

G. 

GERUND, 
eundi 

XUAVX"  1 

D. 

eundd 

Ac. 

eundum 

Ab. 

eundo 

SUPINE. 
Ac.   itum     Ab.  itu 

1.  The  root  of  e5,  namely  i,  is  changed  to  e  before  a  vowel, 
except  in  perf.  plup.  and  fut.  perf.,  and  in  nom.  sing,  of  pres.  part. 

2.  Compounds  of  eo  generally  form  the  perfect  in  ii  instead 
of  m.     The  simple  verb  rarely,  if  ever,  has  Ivi,  iveram,  etc. 

3.  The  i  of  fio  is  long  except  when  followed  by  er,  and  in  fit. 

328.   Learn  the  tenses  of  the  indicative,  the  imperative,  and 
the  present  and  perfect  infinitive  of  eo  and  fio. 


164  IREEGULAR  VERBS  :   Eo,  Fio. 

329.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Nolite  velle  id  quod  fieri  n5n  potest.  2.  Amici 
Alexandri  reges  fact!  sunt.  3.  Nemo  nascitur  sapiens,  nemo 
casu  fit  bonus.     4.  Leve  fiebat  onus,  quod  bene  ferebatur. 

5.  Apud   veteres   Romanos   ex   agricolis    fiebant    consules. 

6.  Omnes    fere^    homines    senectute     fiunt     prudentiores. 

7.  Quidam  amnes  subeunt  terram  rursusque  in  terram  red- 
eunt.     8.  Alpes  nemo  ante  Hannibalem  cum  exercitu  trans- 
iit.     9.  Miltiades  Parum  insulam  expugnare  non  potuit  et  in 
patriam  rediit.      10.    Populus   solet   non   nunquam^  dignos^ 
praeterire.  fl 

II.  1.  That  has  been  done  which  you  wished.  2.  My 
friends,  you  become  wiser  by  old  age.  3.  Men  never  be- 
come good  by  chance.  4.  Who  will  cross  the  river  with  me?^ 
5.  The  generals  crossed  the  mountains  with  a  large  part^ 
of  their  forces.  6.  Light  become  the  burdens  that  are 
patiently  borne.  7.  Our  friends  have  gone  away,  but  they 
will  return.  8.  The  people  passed  by  many  worthy  men. 
9.  The  inhabitants  of  the  city  went  out  with  their  horses 
and  wagons.  10.  The  generals  return  to^  their  country  with 
prisoners  and  booty.     11.  Do  not ^  cross  the  very  deep  river. 

2. 

330.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Septies  Marius,  qui  Cimbros  et  Teutones  duobus 
acerrimis  proeliis  vicit,  consul  f actus  est.  2.  Socrates  aequo 
animo  diem  supremum  obiit.  3.  Ariovisti  copiae  intra 
annos  quattuordecim  tectum  non  subierant.  4.  Autumno 
multae   aves   in   alias   terras    proficiscuntur,   at  vere    novo 

1  Fere  is  often  thus  placed  be-  ^  See  265.  3. 
tween  an  adjective  and  its  noun.  *  See  p.  21,  note  1. 

2  Non  nunquam,  not  never  =  ^  To  =  into, 
sometimes.  ^  See  318.  I.  5  and  6. 


IRREGULAR  VERBS  :    Eo,  FlO. 


155 


redeunt.  5.  Abeunt  omnia  unde  orta  sunt.  6.  Alexander 
consilio^  fortitudineque  omnes  anteibat  ;  omnes  labores 
subibat. 

II.  1 .  In  winter  -  the  days  become  shorter  and  the  nights 
longer.  2.  After  the  battle  many  perished  of  cold^  and 
hunger.  3.  Cicero  was  made  consul"*  by  the  Romans. 
4.  By  the  prudence  (consilium)  and  valor  of  Scipio,  Hanni- 
bal was  compelled  to  return  into  Africa.  5.  We  ought  to 
meet  our  last  day  with  equanimity.^  6.  Alexander  came  off 
victorious^  from  all  his  battles. 


331. 


VOCABULARY. 


ab-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -ituni,  go  off,  come 

off,  go  away.     (327.  2.) 
aequus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  level,  equal; 

calm. 
ante-eo,  -ire,  -ii, ,  go  before, 

surpass. 
apud,   prep,  with   ace.,  with,   in, 

near,  among. 
Ariovistus,  -i,  m.,  Ariovistus,  king 

of  a  German  tribe. 
autumuus,  -i,  m.,  autumn. 
cogo,    3,    -egi,    -actum    [com, 

ago],  drive  together ;  compel. 
copia,  -ae,  f.,   power,  abundance, 

wealth;  plur.  troops y  forces. 
debeo,  2,  -ui,  -itum,  owe,  ought. 
ex-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  go  out. 
fere,  adv.,  nearly,  for  the  most  part. 
intra,  prep,  with  ace.,  within. 
Marius,  -i,  m.,  Marius,  a  famous 

Roman  general. 
nascor,  3,  natus,  be  born. 


ob-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  go  towards, 

meet. 
Parus,  -i,  f.,  Faros,  an  island  in 

the  ^gean  Sea.    (11.  4.) 

per-eo,  -ire,  -ii, ,  perish. 

praeter-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  go  by, 

pass  by,  omit. 
red-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  return. 
re-fero,    -ferre,    -tuli,    -latum, 

carry  bach. 
rursus,     adv.     [re-vorsus,     re- 

verto],  turned  back,  back,  again. 
septies,  num.  adv.  [septem],  sei;eM 

times. 
sub-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  go  under, 

enter,  undergo. 
tectum,  -i,  n.  [tego,  cover],  cover- 
ing, shelter,  roof. 
Teutones,  -um,  m.,  the  Teutons,  a 

German  tribe. 
trans -eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  go  over, 

cross. 


1  See  260. 

2  Compare  I.  4. 

3  Ablative. 


Compare  I.  1 ;  also  47. 
Compare  I.  2. 
Victor. 


156 


PREPOSITIONS. 


332. 


COLLOQUIUM. 

TlTYRUS    ET    MeLIBOEUS. 


T,    Aliquis  januam  piilsat.     I,  puer,  aperi  januam. 

door  knock  open 

\_Meliboeus  trlstl  vultu  passihus  tardis  introit.~\ 

steps  slow        enter 

Salve,  amice,  diu  me  non  adisti.     Cur  iste  vultus  tiistis? 

how  do  you  do 

M,  Eheu  !  mi  Tityre,  abeo  e  mea  patria. 
T.    Cur  abis  ?      Quo  abibis  ?      Noli  relinquere  haec  arva 
dulcia.  ^^»^®  fi*^^^« 

M.  Quid  tibi  vTs?     Meos  agros  militibus  impiis  donavit 

what  would  you  have  me  do  wicked       has  given 

Octavianus.     Magna  pars  gregum  interiit.     Ipse  peril. 

am  undone 

T,  Minime,  amice  ;  adi  ad  Octavianum  ;  ille  est  benignus, 
neque  vult  te  perire.     Tu  agros  recipies. 

Jf.  Parvae  spes  mihi  sunt  redeundi ;  tamen  ibo,  ut  tu 
mones  ;  Octaviano  ad  pedes  me  proiciam. 

T.  Et  redibis  in  agros  tuos  ;  redlbit  pax  aurea.  Vale,  mi 
Meliboee,  es  bono  animo. 

keep  up  your  courage 

M,  Et  tu  vale,  bone  Tityre. 


CHAPTER   LI.   1. 
Prepositions. 

333.  Thus  far  several  prepositions  have  been  used  in  the  exer- 
cises, some  followed  by  the  accusative  and  some  by  the  ablative. 
These  are  the  only  cases  in  Latin  that  follow  prepositions. 

Prepositions  followed  by  the  Ablative. 
a  (ab,  abs),  away  from^  hy.         e  (ex),  out  of,  from. 


absque,  without. 
coram,  in  presence  of. 
cum,  with. 
de,  froruj  concerning. 


prae,  before,  in  comparison  icith. 

pro,  before,  for. 

sine,  without. 

tenus,  as  far  as,  up  to. 


EXPRESSIONS   OF   PLACE.  157 

1.  In,  meaning  into,  to,  towards,  for,  that  is  after  verbs  denoting 
motion,  takes  the  accusative. 

2.  In,  meaning  in,  on,  at,  that  is  after  verbs  denoting  rest,  takes 
the  ablative.     See  334. 

3.  Sub,  under,  up  to,  after  verbs  of  motion,  takes  the  accusative ; 
after  verbs  of  rest,  the  ablative. 

4.  Remember  that  all  prepositions  except  the  ten  mentioned, 
and  in  and  sub,  are  followed  by  the  accusative  only. 

Expressions  of  Place. 

334.  Examine  the  following :  — 

1.  In  oppido,  in  the  town.  8.  Athenis,  at  (in)  Athens. 

2.  In  navi,  on  shipboard.  9.  Corinthi,  at  {in)  Corinth. 

3.  Ad  montem,  to  the  mountain.      10.  Thuriis,  at  (in)  Thurii. 

4.  "Ex  siQYis,  from  the  f  elds.  11.  Ca.itha.Qini,  at  (in)  Carthar/e. 

5.  In  Italia,  in  Italy.  12.  R5mae,  at  (in^  Rome. 

6.  In  Ttaliam,  to  Italy.  13.  Romam,  to  Rome. 

7.  Ex  Italia,  from  Italy.  14.  Homa,  from  Rome. 

Observe  the  ways  of  denoting  the  place  m,  on,  at,  to,  from  which. 
In  English  we  always  ^  use  a  preposition  with  the  noun  of  place, 
as  the  examples  show.  So  in  Latin  (see  examples  1-7),  except 
with  names  of  towns. ^  For  these  a  rule  may  be  inferred  from  the 
examples  8-14. 

335.  Rule  of  Syntax.  —  With  names  of  towns  — 

1.  The  place  in  or  at  which  is  expressed  by  the 
locative.    (See  14.  2,  40,  175.) 

2.  Tlie  place  to  which,  by  the  accusative  without 
a  preposition.^ 

3.  Tlie  place  from  which,  by  the  ablative  without 
a  preposition.* 

1  Except  in  the  case  of  the  word  the  Accusative  of  Ijimit,  be- 
come, after  a  verb  of  motion.  cause  it  denotes  the  limit,  or  end, 

2  Names  of  small  islands  are       of  motion. 

often  treated  like  names  of  towns.  *  This  ablative  is  the  ablative 

3  This  accusative  may  be  called      of  separation.    (128,  129,  130.) 


158  EXPRESSIONS   OF   PLACE. 

336.    Domus,  Iwme,  house,  and  rus,  the  country,  have  the  con- 
struction of  names  of  towns : 

domi,  at  home.  ruri,  in  the  country. 

domum,  (to)  home.  rus,  to  (into)  the  country. 

domo,  from  home.  rure,  f?wn  the  country. 


337.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Consules  in  sedem  suam  processere.^  2.  Porsena 
rex  infesto  cum  exercitu  Romam  venit.  3.  Eomam  eX 
agris  in  urbem  demigrant.  4.  Nova  Romae  dignitas  creata 
est,  quae  dictatura  appellata  est.  5.  Tarquiuius  Cumas  se 
contulit.  6.  Missi  sunt  Roma  ad  Coriolanum  oratores  de 
pace.  7.  Is  de  foro  domum  se  recipiebat.  8.  Erat  quidam 
Athenis  qui  se  sapientem  profitebatur.  9.  Regulus  in  Afri- 
cam  trajecit.  10.  Deinde  Romam  missus  est,  sed  mox 
Carthaginem  rediit.  11.  Roma  miss!  sunt  Carthaginem 
legiiti.      12.    RomanI  duas  clades  in  Hispania   acceperunt. 

13.  Tunc    Scipio    ex    Sicilia    in    Africam    profectus    est. 

14.  Hannibal  ex  angustils  evasit. 

*  II.  1.  The  consul  set  out  from  Rome  with  a  large  army. 

2.  We    have    removed    from    the    city    into    the    country. 

3.  Then  the  general  retreated  ^  into  Campania.  4.  I  have 
lived  in  Athens  three  years. ^"^  5.  Tarquin  remained  at 
Cumse  a  long  time.  6.  Scipio  defeated  Hannibal  at  Zama. 
7.  Regulus  returned  from  Africa  to  Rome.  8.  Afterwards 
he  was  sent  back  from  Rome  to  Carthage.  9.  Cassar 
carried  on  war  in  Gaul  eight  years. ^  10.  Cicero  was  born  at 
Arpinum.  11.  The  consul  proceeded  to  Athens  with  his 
army.  12.  From  Athens  he  sailed^  to  Italy.  13.  Do  you 
remain  (imperative)  at  home ;  I  will  return  to  the  arm3^ 
14.  Shall  you  come  home  soon? 

1  From  procedo,  perfect  tense.  ^  See  313. 

2  See  I.  7,  and  239.  *  See  272.  II.  6. 


EXPRESSIONS   OF   PLACE. 


159 


338. 

angustiae,  -arum,  f.,  plur.  [an- 

gustus,    narrow],   narrow  pass. 

Cf.  Eng.  narrows. 
appello,  1,  address,  call,  name. 
Arpinum,  -i,  n.,  Arpinum,  a  town 

in  Italy. 
Athenae,  -arum,  f.  plur.,>if7iens. 
Carthago,  -inis,  f.,  Carthage,  a 

city  in  Africa. 
Coriolanus,  -i,  m.,  a  surname  of 

C.  Marcius,  a  Roman  consul. 
Camae,  -arum,  f.  plur.,  Cumce,  a 

town  in  Campania. 
de-migro,  1,  emigrate,  remove. 
dicta tura,    -ae,    f.    [dictator], 

office  of  dictator,  dictatorship. 
dfgnitas,     -atis,     f.      [dignus, 

worthy],  worth,  dignity,  office. 
e-vado,    3,    evasi,    evasuin,   go 

forth,  escape. 


VOCABULARY. 

infestus,  -a,   -um,    adj.,   hostile, 

troublesome,  dangerous. 
orator,    -oris,    m.    [oro,    speak, 

plead],  orator,  ambassador. 
Porsena,    -ae,    m.,    Porsena,    an 

king. 
pro-fiteor,    2,    -fessus    [fateor], 

acknowledge,  confess,  declare. 
re-mitto,  3,  -misi,  -missum,  send 

back. 
sedes,  -is,  f.   [sedeo,  sit],  seat, 

abode. 
Tarquinius,    -i,    m.,    Tarquin,   a 

Roman  king. 
tra-icio,  3,  -jeei,  -jeetum  [trans, 

jacio],   throw  across,  pass  over, 

cross. 
turn,  adv.,  then,  at  that  time. 
Zamaj  -ae,  f.,  Zama,  a  town  in. 

Africa. 


3. 


339. 


FOR  TRANSLATION. 
The  Battle  of  Cann^,  b.c.  216. 
Hannibal  in  Apuliam  per^yenerat.  Adversus  eum  Roma 
profecti  sunt  duo  consules,  Aemilius  PauUus  et  Terentius 
Varro.  Paullo^  cunctatio  Fabi^  magis  placebat ;  Varro 
autem,  ferox^  et  temerarius,  acriora  sequebatur  consilia. 
Ambo  consules  ad  vicum,  qui  Cannae  appellabatur,  castra 
communiverunt.  Ibi  delude  Yarro  invito  collega  ^  aciem  m- 
struxit  et  signum  pugnae  dedit.  Hannibal  autem  ita  consti- 
tuerat  aciem,  ut  Romanis^  et^  solis  radii  et  ventus  ab  oriente 


^  For  the  case,  see  343. 

2  Fabius  Maximus,  whose  policy 
had    been   one    of    prudence,   or 
rather,  of  extreme  caution. 
ituous. 


*  His  colleague  unwilling  = 
against  the  wishes  of  his  colleague. 
See  412. 

^  To  the  Romans,  dative  with 
adversi.  ^  Both. 


160  ADDITIONAL   PRINCIPLES    OF    SYNTAX. 

pulverem   adflans^  adversi   essent.^     Victus   caesusque   est 

Romauus  exercitus ;  nusquam  graviore  vulnere  afflicta  est 

res  publica.  r^     .       ,  -.r.^-. 

\_Continuea  on  p,  177.J 

CHAPTER   LII. 
ADDITIONAL  PRINCIPLES   OF   SYNTAX. 

340.  Excimine  the  following :  — 

1.  Alter  consulum,  one  of  the  consuls. 

2.  Unus  militum,  one  of  the  soldiers. 

3.  Quia  vestrum  ?  who  of  you  f 

4.  Nihil  novi,  nothing  (of)  new. 

5.  Satis  pecuniae,  enough  (of)  money. 

6.  Unus  ex  militibus,  one  of  the  soldiers. 

7.  Minimus  ex  illis,  the  youngest  of  them. 

The  first  five  of  the  examples  illustrate  what  is  called  the 
Partitive  Genitive,  the  word  in  the  genitive  denoting  a  whole,  and 
the  word  which  it  limits  a  part  of  that  whole ;  6  and  7  illustrate 
another  way  of  expressing  the  partitive  idea. 

341.  Examine  the  following :  — 

1.  Catilina  fuit  ingenio  maid,  Catiline  was  (a  man)  of  bad 

disposition. 

2.  Iccius  summa  nobilitate  fuit,  Iccius  was  (a  man)  of  the 

highest  rank. 

3.  Puer  sSdecim  annorum,  a  boy  of  sixteen  years. 

4.  Vestis  magni  preti,  a  garment  of  great  value. 

5.  Vir  summae  virtutis,  -a  man  of  the  highest  courage. 

The  above  are  examples  of  the  Descriptive  Ablative  and  the 
Descriptive  Genitive.  Observe  that  in  each  instance  the  abla- 
tive or  genitive  is  limited  by  an  adjective,  and  that  the  adjective 
and  noun  together  denote  a  quality  or  characteristic  of  that  which 
is  described. 


1  Present  participle  of  adflo.  ^  j^g^e  an  annoyance. 


ADDITIONAL   PRINCIPLES   OF   SYNTAX.  161 

342.  Examine  the  following :  — 

1.  Regi  serviS,  /  serve  the  king. 

2.  Civitati  prodest,  he  benefits  the  state, 

3.  Caesari  placuit,  it  pleased  Ccesar. 

4.  Fratri  persuadet,  he  persuades  his  brother. 

5.  Crede  mihi,  believe  me. 

6.  Legibus  civitatis  parebat,  (220.  I.  2). 

7.  Interdum  amicis  nocet,  (272.  I.  8). 

Observe  that  the  verbs,  which  in  English  have  a  direct  object, 
are  followed  in  Latin  by  the  dative  (the  case  of  the  indirect  object). 
Such  verbs  should  be  carefully  noted  as  they  occur  in  the  exercises. 
They  may  be  summed  up  in  the  following  — 

343.  Rule  of  Syntax.  —  Many  verbs  signifying 
to  please  or  displease,  benefit  or  injure,  cominand  or 
obey  9  serve,  resist,  believe,  threaten,  persuade,  and 
the  like,  take  the  dative. 


344.    Examine  the  following :  — 

1.  Magno  USUI  nostris  fuit,  it  was  of  great  service  to  our  men. 

2.  Est  mihi  curae,  it  is  {for)  a  care  to  me. 

3.  Equitatum  auxilio  Caesari  mis^ant,  they  had  sent  cavalry 

to  aid  Ccesar  {for  aid  to  Ccesar). 

4.  Quinque  cohortes  castris  praesidio  relinquit,  he  leaves 

five  cohorts  to  defend  the  camp  {for  defence  to  the  camp). 

Observe  in  each  of  the  above  sentences  two  datives,  one  trans- 
lated (literally)  with  for,  the  other  with  to.  In  1  and  2,  usui  and 
curae  are  like  the  predicate  nominative,  which  is  often  used  where 
we  might  expect  this  dative ;  in  3  and  4,  auxilio  and  praesidio 
denote  a  purpose.  This  dative  for  which  is  sometimes  called  the 
Dative  of  Service.  The  two  together  are  sometimes  called  the 
Double  Dative. 

Observe  instances  of  the  foregoing  constructions  as  they  occur 
in  the  exercises  and  reading  lessons. 


162  DERIVATION. 


CHAPTER  LIII. 

DERIVATION. 

345.  Some  derivations  have  been  indicated  in  the  vocabu- 
laries by  separating  the  parts  of  compound  words,  and,  beginning 
with  221,  by  putting  w^ords  in  brackets.  The  bracketed  words, 
however,  are  not  to  be  understood  as  the  primitives  or  origi- 
nals of  the  words  against  which  they  stand,  as  is  customarily 
the  case  in  lexicons  and  special  vocabularies,  but  that  they  are 
connected  with  them  in  formation  from,  a  common  root  or  stem.  The 
habit  of  observing  such  relationships  is  the  important  thing.  The 
following  list  is  selected  from  previous  vocabularies  for  further 
study  of  the  subject :  — 

1.  amo,  love;   amicus,  loving^  friendly ;   amicitiB.,  friendship ;  in- 

imicus  (for  in-amicus),  unfriendly,  hostile. 

2.  a.Qer,  feldy  land,  soil;  agri-cola  (colo,  ctdtivate),  one  ivho  cultivates 

the  soil,  farmer  ;  agri-cultura,  cultivation  of  the  soil,  agriculture. 
Col5  also  means  dwells  hence  incola,  inhabitant.  Meaning  of 
incolo  ? 

3.  civis,  citizen  ;   civilis,  pertaining  to  a  citizen ;  civitas,  the  condi- 

tion of  a  citizen,  or  a  body  of  citizens,  state.  Like  civilis,  form 
and  define  adjectives  from  the  stems  of  puer  and  hostis. 

4.  rego,  rule;   rex  (reg«),  ruler,  king;   regina,  ruler,  queen;  rS- 

gnum,  kingdom;  regno,  he  king,  reign;  regula,  rule. 

5.  facio,  do;  facinus,  thing  done,  deed ;   facilis  (that  may  he  done), 

easy ;  difficilis  (for  dis-facilis),  not  to  he  done,  difficult. 
G.  nosco,  know;  nomen   {that  by  which  a  thing  is  known),  name; 
nomino,  v.,  name;    nobilis  (that  can  he  known),  well  known, 
nohle,  cf.  facilis. 

7.  fvL^a.,  flight ;  f\i^io,flee.  liber,  adj., /rc^c;  libero,  v.,  free. 
in.etvL3,i\.,fear;  metno,  y.,  fear.  laxLS,-n., praise;  laudo,  v., praise. 
timor,  u.,fear ;  timeo,  Y.,fear.     disco,  learn ;  discipulus,  learner. 
do,  give ;  donum,  gift.                 moveo,  move  ;  motus,  motion. 
fluo,  flow ;  fluvius,  flumen,  stream,  river. 

dominus,  lord,  master ;  domina,  mistress ;  dominor,  he  master. 

8.  aurum,  gold ;  aureus,  of  gold,  golden. 
lignum,  wood;  ligneus,  of  wood,  wooden. 


DEKIVATION.  163 


ferrum,  iron;  ferreus,  of  iron,  iron, 

argentum,  silver.     Form  an  adjective  from  the  stem  of  argen- 
tum,  and  define  it. 
9.  alo,   nourish;    alimentum    (that  which   nourishes),   food,  pro- 
visions. 

moneo,  remind;  monumentum  (that  which  reminds),  monument. 

orno,  adorn  ;  meaning  of  ornamentum  ? 

10.  pulcher,  beautiful;  pulchritude,  beauty, 
fortis,  brave ;  fortitude,  bravery. 
turpis,  base  ;  turpitude,  baseness. 

altus,  high.   Form  a  noun  from  the  stem  of  altus,  and  define  it. 

11.  ignavus  (not  busy),  idle ;  ignavia,  idleness. 
memor,  mindful;  memoria  (mindfidness),  memory. 
piger,  lazy ;  pigritia,  laziness. 

prudens,  wise,  prudent ;  prudentia,  wisdom,  prudence. 

sapiens,  wise  ;  sapientia,  wisdom. 

amicus,  friend  ;  amicitia,  friendship. 

Form  a  noun  from  the  stem  of  inimicus,  and  define  it. 

12.  equus,  horse;  eques,  horseman. 

pes  (stem  ped),  ybo^;  ped^s,  foot-soldier. 

13.  aro,  v.,  plough;  aratrum,  n.  (thing  to  plough  with),  plough, 
(rodo,  gnaw)  ;   rostrum  (that  which  gnaws),  beak,  snout,  hence 

beak  of  a  ship. 

14.  Vir,  man;  virtus,  manliness,  virtue. 
servus,  slave  ;  servitus,  slavery. 

consul,  consul;  consulatus,  office  of  a  consul,  consulship. 
magister,  master;   magistratus,  office  of  a  magister,  magis- 
tracy, also  magistrate. 

15.  periculum,  c?an^6r;  peiiculosVLS,  full  of  danger,  dangerous, 
frons,  leaf;  frondosus,  covered  with  leaves,  leafy, 
studium,  zeal ;  meaning  of  studiosus  ? 

16.  audeo,  dare ;  audax,  daring. 
rapio,  seize ;  rapax,  grasping. 
teneo,  hold  ;  meaning  of  tenax  ? 

17.  scribo,  write  ;  scriptor,  writer. 

vinco  (victum),  conquer ;  victor,  conqueror, 
defendd,  defend ;  defensor,  defender. 

From  stem  of  amo,  love,  form  a  word  meaning  lover ;  from  stem 
of  audiS,  hear,  in  the  same  way,  a  word  meaning  hearer. 


164  THE  subjunctive:  foems. 

18.  ullus,  any ;  nuUus,  not  any, 
sci5,  know  ;  nescio,  know  not. 

19.  homo,  man ;  humanus  (belonging  to  a  man) ,  human, 
mors,  death ;  mortalis  (belonging  to  death),  mortal. 
alius,  another;  alienus  (belonging  to  another) ,  another^ s. 

20.  Observe  also  the  force  of  the  various  prefixes,  a,  ad,  de,  dis, 

prae,  pro,  re,  sub,  etc.,  as  in  a-mitto,  ac-cedo,  de-scend^ 
di-mitto,  in-fero,  prae-sum,  pro-cedo,  re-fero,  sub-eo,  et 


CHAPTER   LIV.   1. 

THE   SUBJUNCTIVE   MOOD. 

Sequence  OF  Tenses:   Practice  on  Forms. 

346.  Learn  the  subjunctive  of  sum  (73)  and  its  compounds 
(292,  293). 

The  chief  use  of  the  subjunctive  is  in  subjoined,  that  is,  de- 
pendent, clauses. 

347.  Examine  the  foUowing :  — 

1.  Audi5  ubi  sit,  fuerit,  futurus  sit,  /  I^ear  where  he  is,  has  been 

or  was,  is  going  to  be. 

2.  Audivi  ubi  sit,  fuerit,  futurus  sit,  /  have  heard  where  he  is, 

has  been  or  was,  is  going  to  be. 

3.  Audiam  ubi  sit,  fuerit,  futurus  sit,  /  shall  hear  where  he  is, 

has  been  or  was,  is  going  to  be. 

4.  Audivero  ubi  sit,  fuerit,  futurus  sit,  I  shall  have  heard 

where  he  is,  has  been  or  was,  is  going  to  be. 

5.  Audiebam  ubi  esset,  fuisset,  futurus  esset,  /  heard  where 

he  was,  had  been,  was  going  to  be. 

6.  Audivi  ubi  esset,  fuisset,  futurus  esset,  /  heard  where  he 

was,  had  been,  was  going  to  be. 

7.  Audiveram  ubi  esset,  fuisset,  futurus  esset,  /  had  heard 

where  he  was,  had  been,  was  going  to  be. 


SEQUENCE  OF  TENSES:  FOEMS.        165 

Notice  what  tenses  are  used  in  the  principal  clauses  of  each  of 
the  preceding  groups  of  examples.  Those  in  the  first  group  —  the 
present,  perfect  definite,^  future,  and  future  perfect  —  are  called 
primary  or  principal  tenses.  Those  in  the  second  group  —  the 
imperfect,  perfect  indefinite, ^  and  the  pluperfect  —  are  called 
secondary  or  historical  tenses. 

Observe  also  that  primary  tenses  of  the  subjunctive  are  used  in 
the  first  four,  secondary  in  the  last  three. 

348.  Rule  of  Syntax.  —  Primary  tenses  of  the 
subjunctive  follow  primary  tenses  of  the  indicative, 
and  secondary  follow  secondary. 

Observe  that  the  subjunctive  in  the  foregoing  examples  is  trans- 
lated like  the  indicative. 

349.  Examine  the  following :  — 

1.  Nemo  adest  quin  sit  fortis,  no  one  is  present  who  is  not  brave, 

2.  Quis  adest  quin  sit  fortis  ?  who  is  present  who  is  not  brave  f 

3.  Nemo  dubitat  quin  sit  fortis,  no  one  doubts  that  he  is  brave, 

or  his  being  brave. 

4.  Non  dubiumi  est   quin  sit  fortis,  there  is  no  doubt  that  he  is 

brave,  or  of  his  being  brave. 

5.  Non  dubito   quin  sit  fortis,  I  do  not  doubt  that  he  is  brave, 

or  his  being  brave. 

Observe  (1)  that  the  subjunctive  follows  quin;  (2)  that  quin 
is  used  after  negative  expressions  and  questions  that  expect  a 
negative  answer ;  (3)  that  the  subjunctive  clause  with  quin  (com- 
pounded of  qui,  who,  and  ne,  not)  may  be  variously  rendered. 

2. 

350.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Quis  dubitat  quin  sint  fortes?  2.  Nemo  dubitat 
quTn  vita  sit  bre vis.  3.  Non  dubito  quin  adfuerint.  4.  Non 
dubium  erat  quin  assent  fortes.     5,   Quis   dubitabat   quin 

1  That  is,  the  perfect  translated  with  have  or  has. 

2  That  is,  the  perfect  translated  without  have  or  has. 


166  THE  SUBJUNCTIVE:   FORMS:   Ut. 

fuissent  fortes  ?  6.  Nemo  dubitaverat  quin  adfuisset ;  ad- 
fuissent.  7.  Non  est  dubium  quin  possit ;  possint ;  potuerit ; 
potuerint.  8.  Quis  dubitabat  quTn  posset?  possent?  potuis- 
set?  potuissent?  9.  Non  est  dubium  quin  praesis  ;  praesitis  ; 
praefueris  ;  praefueritis.  10.  Quis  dubitaverat  quin  afuisset? 
afuissent? 

II.  1.  I  do  not  doubt  that  he  is  present ;  has  been  present ; 
is  absent ;  has  been  absent.  2.  Who  doubted  that  he  could? 
they  could?  we  could?  you  could?  3.  They  do  not  doubt 
that  he  is  at  the  head  of  (praesum)  ;  has  been  at  the  head  of. 
4.  Who  has  doubted  his  surviving?  their  surviving ?  5.  Who 
doubted  their  injuring?  having  injured?  6.  There  is  no 
doubt  that  he  can  ;  we  can  ;  you  can  ;  they  can.  7.  The^ 
was  no  doubt  that  he  could  ;  I  could ;  they  could. 


351.  Learn  the  subjunctive,  active  and  passive,  of  amo  (8 
and  moneo  (112). 

1.  Observe  that  in  the  active  voice  the  imperfect  subjunctive 
can  be  formed  readily  from  the  present  infinitive,  and  the  pluper- 
fect subjunctive  from  the  perfect  infinitive.  Compare  the  perfect 
subjunctive  with  the  future  perfect  indicative. 

il 

352.  Examine  the  following :  —  ml 

Se  armant  ut  pugnent,  they  arm  themselves  that  they  may  fight, 
in  order  that  they  may  fight,  to  fight,  so  as  to  fight,  in  order 
fight,  for  the  purpose  of  fighting. 

Observe  that  the  various  equivalents  of  ut  pugnent  hava 
common  notion  or  idea,  that  of  purpose. 


yht, 

I 


353.  Rule  of  Syntax. —  Ut  with  the  subjunctive 
may  he  used  to  denote  a  purpose,  and  may  he  vari- 
ously translated. 

354.  Keview  the  indicative  and  imperative  of  eo,  go  (327). 


I 


f  THE  subjunctive:  forms:  XJt.  167 

355.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  It  ut  monstret  et  moneat.  2.  Ibat  ut  monstraret  et 
moneret.  3.  lit  ut  monstret  et  moneat.  4.  lit  ut  mon- 
straret et  moneret.  5.  Ibunt  ut  monstrent  et  moneant. 
6.  lerunt  ut  monstrarent  et  monerent.  7.  lerant  ut  mon- 
strarent  et  monerent.  8.  Non  dubitavi  quin  monstravisset 
et  monuisset.  9.  Quis  dubitaverat  quin  monstravissent 
et  monuissent?  10.  Nemo  dubitavit  quin  monstravissemus 
et  monuissemus.  11.  Non  est  dubium  quin  monstremus  et 
moneamus. 

II.  1.  He  goes  to  see  and  praise.  2.  They  go  for  the 
purpose  of  seeing  and  praising.  3.  We  will  go  in  order  to 
see  and  praise.  4.  Who  will  not  go  that  he  may  see  and 
praise?  5.  You  will  go  to  see  and  praise.  6.  They  have 
gone  to  see  and  praise.  7.  He  has  gone  for  the  purpose  of 
seeing  and  praising.  8.  He  went  in  order  to  see  and  praise. 
9.  Go  (plur,)  to  see  and  praise.  10.  He  was  going  that 
he  might  see  and  praise.  11.  Who  doubts  his  having  seen 
and  praised?  12.  No  one  doubted  that  they  bad  seen  and 
praised. 

4. 

356.  EXERCISES. 

I.    1.   El  (eis,  mihi,  nobis)  imperatut^  — 
conetur,  conentur,  coner,  conemur. 

2.  EI  (eis,  mihi,  nobis)  imperabat  ut  — 

conaretur,  conarentur,  conarer,  conaremur. 

3.  Quis  dubitat  quin  — 

conatus  sit,  conati  sint,  conatus  sim,  eonati  simus? 

4.  Nemo  dubitabat  quin  — 

conatus  esset,  conati  assent,  conatus  essem,  conati 
essemus. 

^  Translate  thus :  He  orders  him  to  try  (that  he  try) ;  them  to  try  (thai 
they  try). 


168       THE   SUBJUNTCTIYE  :    FOKMS:   Ut  AND  Ne. 

5.  Eum  (e5s,  me,  nos)  monet  ut  — 

tueatur,  tueantur,  tuear,  tueamur. 

6.  Eum  (eos,  me,  nos)  monebat  ut  — 

tueretur,  tuerentur,  tuerer,  tueremur. 

7.  Quis  dubitat  quTn  — 

tuitus  sit,  tuiti  sint,  tuitus  sim,  tuiti  simus? 

8.  Nemo  dubitabat  quln  — 

tuitus  esset,  tuiti  essent,  tuitus  essem,  tuiti  essemusJ 

11.^  1.  They  will  order  him^  (them,  me,  us)  to  imitateJ 

2.  They    have    ordered    him    (them,   me,   us)    to    imitate,! 

3.  Who   doubts    his^    (their,    my,    our)    having   imitated  J 

4.  They  ordered  him  (them,  me,  us)  to  imitate.  5.  Nobody; 
doubted  his  (their,  my,  our)  having  imitated.  6.  The^ 
advise  him  (them,  me,  us)  to  promise.  7.  They  advised 
him  (them,  me,  us)  to  promise.  8.  There  was  no  doublj 
that  he  (they,  I,  we)  had  promised. 

5. 

357.  Learn  the  subjunctive,  active  and  passive,  of  rego  (180), 
audio  (223),  capio  (235). 

358.  The  conjunction  ng,  in  order  that  not,  that  not,  in  order  not 
tOy  so  oiijuot  to,  lest,  is  used  to  denote  a  negative  purpose,  just  as  ut 
denoted  a  positive  purpose.     See  352,  353. 


359. 

EXERCISES. 

I.  1. 

Eum  (eos) 

monet  ut  — 

regat. 

regatur,         audiat, 

audiatur, 

regant. 

regantur,       audiant. 

audiantur. 

2. 

Eum  (eos) 

monuit  ut  — 

regat. 

regatur,         audiat, 

audiatur, 

regant. 

regantur,       audiant, 

audiantur. 

3. 

Eum  (eos) 

monebat  ut  — 

regeret, 

regeretur,      audiret. 

audiretur. 

regerent, 

,  regerentur,    audirent, 

audirentur. 

1  Imitate  the  arrangement  in  I.  ^  Dative. 

^  That  is,  that  he,  they,  /,  we,  have  imitated. 


i 


r 


THE  SUBJUNCTIVE :   FORMS  :   Ut  AND  Ne.         169 


4.  Eum  (eos)  monuit  ut  — 

regeret,     regeretur,     audiret,      audiretur, 
regerent,  regerentur,    audirent,    audirentur. 

5.  Te  (vos)  monet  ne  — 

capias,       capiatis,       capiaris,     capiaminT. 

6.  Me  (nos)  monuit  ne  — 

capiam,     capiamus,     capiar,       capiamur. 

7.  Me  (nos)  monebat  ne  — 

caperem,   caperemus,  caperer,     caperemur. 

8.  Me  (nos)  monuit  ne  — 

caperem,  caperemus,  caperer,     caperemur. 

II.  1 .  They  advise  him  (them)  — 

to  lead,     to  be  led,        to  find,     to  be  found. 

2.  They  warn  him  (them)  — 

not  to  receive,         not  to  be  received. 

3.  They  will  advise  him  (them)  — 

to  lead,     to  be  led,        to  find,     to  be  found. 

4.  They  were  warning  him  (them)  — 

not  to  lead,  find,  receive, 

not  to  be  led,      be  found,      be  received. 

5.  Who  doubted  that  he  (they)  — 

had  led,  had  found,        had  received, 

had  been  led,      been  found,      been  received? 

6. 

360.  Learn  the  subjunctive  of  eo  (327),  and  fero  (321). 

361.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Me  hortatur  ut  cam;  feram.  2.  Eos  hortamur  ut 
eant ;  ferantur.  3.  Vos  hortanturut  eatis  ;  feratis.  4.  Eum 
hortati  sunt  ut  iret;  ferret.  5.  Me  hortati  sunt  ne  cam; 
feram.  6.  Te  hortabantur  ne  ires  ;  ferres.  7.  Eos  hortati 
erant  ut  Trent;  ferrent.  8.  Non  dubium  erat  quin  iis- 
sent;  tulissent.  9.  Non  est  dubium  quIn  ierit;  tulerit. 
10.  Nemo  dubitabat  quTn  iret ;  ferretur. 


170  THE  SUBJUKCTIVE  :   FORMS :   Ut  AND  Ne. 

II.  1.  He  commands  that  he  (they,  I,  we)  go;  bear; 
be  borne.  2.  He  was  commanding  that  he  (they,  I,  we) 
should  go ;  bear ;  be  borne.  3.  There  is  no  doubt  of  his 
(their,  my,  our)  having  gone  ;  borne  ;  been  borne.  4.  There 
was  no  doubt  that  he  (they,  I,  we)  had  gone ;  borne ;  been 
borne. 

7. 

362.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Imperator  exercitum  in  collem  subduxit,  ut  fortunam 
belli  experlretur.  2.  Pater  Horati  populum  orabat  ne  se 
orbum  faceret.  3.  lUud  facit  ut  hostes  circumveniantur. 
4.  Consul  curavit  ut  plebs  agros  coleret.  5.  Non  dubium 
erat  quin  Roman!  auxilium  ferrent.  6.  Manlius  edicit  ne 
quis^  extra  ordinem  pugnet.  7.  Omnes  occidentur  ut  vires 
hostium  frangantur,  aut  omnes  dimittentur  ut  beneficio  obli- 
gentur.  8.  Non  est  dubium  quin  terror  animos  omnium 
civium  occupaverit.  9.  Incidit^  ut  eo  tempore  Hasdrubal 
ad  eundem  portum  veniret.  10.  ScTpio  uxorem  oravit  ne 
corpus  suum  Romam  referretur. 

II.  1.  The  ambassadors  beg  the  senate  to  render  aid  to 
their  ^  kingdom.  2.  The  ambassador  begged  the  senate  to 
render  aid  to  his*  king.  3.  Nobody  doubts  that  Hannibal 
is  brave.  4.  Nobody  doubted  that  Hannibal  had  fought 
bravely.  5.  They  did  this  that  they  might  surround  the 
enemy.     6.  This  they  do  in  order  to  surround  the  enemy. 

7.  Scipio  begs  his  wife  not  to  carry  his  body  back  to  Rome. 

8.  Scipio  begged  his  wife  not  to  carry  his  body  back  to 
Rome.  9.  It  turned  out  that  the  soldier  received  a  wound 
on  the  head.  10.  We  will  draw  up  the  soldiers  on  a  hill  to 
try  the  fortune  of  war. 

^  Ne  quls,  lest  any  one  =  that  no  one. 

2  After  verbs  meaning  to  happen,  to  turn  out,  and  the  like,  ut  means 
that,  but  not  in  order  that. 

^  Suus,  because  their  means  their  own,  and  not  of  them. 
^  Suus. 


I 


THE  SUBJUNCTIVE  :  KELATIVE  OF  PURPOSE. 


171 


363.  VOCABU 

circum-venio,  4,  -veiii,  -ventum, 

surround. 

collis,  -is,  M.,  MIL    Cf.  mons. 

Conor,  1,  attempt, 

euro,  1  [cara],  care  for,  take  care. 

di-mitto,  3,  -niisi,  -missum,  send 
away,  send  off. 

e-dico,  3,  -dixi,  -dictum,  speak 
out,  declare,  proclaim. 

e-venio,  4,  -veni,  -ventum,  come 
forth,  turn  out,  happen.  Cf .  aecido. 

extra,  prep.  w.  ace.,  without,  out- 
side of.    Cf.  intra. 

frango,  3,  fregi,  fraetum,  break. 

Hasdrubal,  -alis,  m.,  Hasdruhal, 
brother  of  Hannibal. 

hortor,  1,  urge,  encourage. 

in-cido,  3,  -cidi,  -casum  [cado], 
foil  into,  happen,  befoll. 


LARY. 

Manlius,  -i,  m.,  Manlius,  a  Roman 
general. 

inonstro,  1,  show,  point  out. 

ob-ligo,  1,  bind,  put  under  obliga- 
tion, oblige. 

oc-cido,  3,  -cidi,  -cisum  [ob, 
caedo,  cut^,  cut  down,  kill. 

occupo,  1  [ob,  capio],  take  pos- 
session of,  seize. 

orb  us,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  bereaved, 
childless. 

oro,  1  [os,  mouth"],  pray,  beg. 

plebs,  -bis,  f.,  the  common  people. 

senatus,  -us,  m.  [senex],  council 
of  elders,  senate.    (345.  14.) 

sub-duco,  3,  -duxi,  -ductum, 
draw  from  under,  draw  up. 

uxor,  -oris,  f.,  wife.  Cf.  conjunx. 

vis,  vis,  F.,  strength,  power.  (262.) 


CHAPTER    LV. 
THE   SUBJUNCTIVE:   RELATIVE  OF  PURPOSE. 

[It  is  suggested  that  the  turning  of  English  into  Latin  be  now  deferred  till  after 
the  Reading  Lessons,  pp.  211-222,  have  been  finished.] 

364.  In  all  the  Latin  sentences  in  the  preceding  lesson  in 
which  ut  and  ne  are  used  with  the  subjunctive,  except  362,  I.  9, 
the  dependent  clause  expresses  a  purpose.  And,  on  the  other  hand, 
in  the  English  sentences  all  the  dependent  clauses  expressing  pur- 
pose ("^0  render  aid,'"'  ^' not  to  carry"  etc.)  had  to  be  turned  into 
Latin  by  ut  or  ne  with  the  subjunctive.  But  the  Latin  often 
expresses  a  purpose  by  means  of  a  relative  pronoun  followed  by 
the  subjunctive.     See  the  first  six  sentences  below. 

365.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Ancus  legatum  mittit  ut  res  repetat.  2.  Ancifs 
legatum  mittit  qui  res  repetat.     3.  Legati  venerunt  ut  pacem 


172        THE  SUBJUNCTIVE  :    RELATIVE  OF  PURPOSE. 

peterent.  4.  Legati  venerunt  qui  pacem  peterent.  5.  Pater 
filio  equum  dedit  ut  equitaret.  6.  Pater  filio  equum  dabat 
qui  eum  veheret.  7.  Ad  singulas  urbes  seribemus  ne  muros 
diruant.  8.  Non  dubium  est  quin  Cato  ad  urbes  scripserit. 
9.  Quis  dubitavit  quin  Cato  imperavisset  ut  urbes  muros 
diruerent?  10.  Romulus  urbem  fecit  quae  asylum  esset  -,  ^ 
Romulus  urbem  facit  quae  sit  asylum.  9 

II.  1.  A  horse  was  given  to  the  boy  by  his  father,  for^ 
him  to  ride.  2.  A  father  sent  a  messenger  to  Rome  to 
speak 2  to  his  son.  3.  A  father  sends  a  messenger  to  Rome 
to  speak 2  to  his  son.  4.  Romulus  makes  proclamation  that 
no  one^  shall  leap^  over  his  wall.  5.  Romulus  proclaimed 
that  no  one  should  leap  over  his  wall.  6.  We  will  warn 
them  not  to  leap*  over  our  walls.  7.  Romulus  sent  messen- 
gers to  invite^  neighboring  people  to  his  games.  8.  The 
father  will  give  his  son  a  horse  for  him  to  ride.  9.  Who 
doubts  that  a  kind  father  gives  his  son  books?  10.  Nobody 
doubted  that  the  father  had  given  his  son  many  things.^ 

366.  VOCABULARY. 

al-loquor,  3,  -locatus  [ad],  speak  nnitimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [finis], 

tOy  address.  bordering  on,  neighboring. 

Ancus,  -i,  M.,   Ancus,  a  Roman  Impero,  1,  order,  command,  with 

king.  dative.    Cf .  jubeo  with  ace. 

asylum,  -i,  n.,  a  place  of  refuge,  ludus,  -i,  m.  [ludo],  game,  play. 

asylum.  niiutius,   -i,    m.,   bearer   of  news, 

Cato,  -onis,  m.,  Cato,  a  famous  messenger. 

Roman  censor.  re-peto,  3,  -ivi,  -ii,   -itum,  seek 

di-ruo,     3,    -rui,    -rutum,     tear  again,  demand  back;   res  repe- 

asunder,  destroy.  tere,  demand  restitution. 

equito,  1  [eques],  act  the  eques,       tran-sllio,   4,  -ii,  and  -ui,  

ride.  [salio,  leap"],  leap  over  or  across. 

1  That  he  might  ride.  *  Present  subjunctive. 

*2  Translate  in  two  ways.'  ^  See  362.  I.  10. 

8  See  362.  I.  6,  and  note.  ^  Many  things,  niulta. 


THE  SUBJUNCTIVE:    Ut  AND  Ne.  173 

CHAPTER   LVI. 

THE   SUBJUNCTIVE :    Ut  and  Ne. 

367.  The  subjunctive  with  ut  to  denote  purpose  has  been  illus- 
trated (352).     But  the  subjunctive  with  ut  has  other  uses. 

368.  Examine  the  following :  — 

1.  Tantus  est  militum  ardor  ut  ad  bellum  ducantur,  so  great 

is  the  ardor  of  the  soldiers  that  they  are  led  to  war, 

2.  Accidit  ut  non  domi  essem,  it  happened  that  I  was  not  at 

home. 

3.  Fabricius  ade5  inops  decessit  ut  nihil  reliquerit,^  Fa- 

bricius  died  so  poor  as  to  leave  nothing. 

In  these  examples  the  dependent  clause  denotes  a  result.  Com- 
pare the  translation  of  ut  and  the  subjunctive  in  purpose  clauses 
and  in  result  clauses. 

369.  Still  another  use  of  the  subjunctive  with  ut 
and  ne  is  illustrated  in  the  following  sentences: — 

1.  Timeo  ut  veniat,  I  fear  that  he  is  not  coming^  or  will  not  come, 

2.  Timeo  ut  venerit,  I  fear  that  he  has  not  come. 

3.  Timebam  ut  venisset,  I  feared  that  he  had  not  come, 

4.  Timed  ne  veniat,  I  fear  that  he  is  coming  j  or  will  come 

5.  Timeo  ne  venerit,  /  fear  that  he  has  come. 

6.  Timebam  ne  venisset,  /  feared  that  he  had  come. 

An  inspection  of  the  foregoing  examples  shows  that  ut  and  ne 

seen  sometimes  to  exchange  meanings. 

After  verbs  of  fearing,  ut  is  translated  that  not,  and  ne,  that. 
Observe  that  in  1  and  4  the  present  subjunctive  may  be  tran& 

iated  as  a  future. 

370.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Pompejus  ita  egit  ut  a  Sulla  diligeretur.  2.  Is,  ut 
Sullae^  subveniret,  milites  collegit.  3.  Postea  in^  Siciliam 
profectus   est,    ut   earn   provinciam    a    Carbone    reciperet. 

1  An  exception  to  348.  2  See  343.  ^  See  333. 1. 


174  THE  SUBJUNCTIVE:    Ut  AND  Ne. 

4.  Catilinae  exercitus  adeo  acriter  dimicavit,  ut  nemo  super- 
esset.  5.  Accidit  ut  esset  plena  luna.  6.  Atticus  sic 
Graece  loquebatur,  ut  Athenis  natus  videretur.  7.  Atticus 
Athenis   ita   vixit,   ut  omnibus    civibus    esset    carissimus. 

8.  Non   dubito   quin    nostii    milites    hostes    superaverint. 

9.  Non     est     dubium     quTn     semper     fidem     servaveritis. 

10.  Timeo  ut  sustineas  labores.  11.  Metuo  ne  malum 
consilium  capias.  12.  Metu5  ut  sustinueris  labores. 
13.  Quis  metuit  ne  malum  consilium  capiam? 

Point  out  the  purpose  clauses  in  the  above. 

II.  1.  The  boy  so  acts  that  he  is  loved  by  all.  2.  They 
so  acted  that  they  were  loved  b}^  all.  3.  He  will  so  act  as  to 
be^  loved  by  all.  4.  He  has  so  acted  as  to  be  loved  by 
all.  5.  They  will  not  doubt  our  having  come.^  6.  They 
had  not  doubted  our  having  come.^  7.  I  fear  that  you  are 
not  well.  8.  I  feared  that  you  were  not  well.  9.  I  fear 
that  you  are  sick.     10.  I  was  afraid  that  you  had  been  sick. 

11.  The  enemy  are  fighting  so  spiritedly  that  no  one  will 
survive.^  12.  They  have  fought  so  sharply  that  not  one  has 
survived.  13.  We  will  set  out  for^  Sicily  in  order  to  receive^ 
that  province. 

371.  VOCABULARY, 

ac-cido,  3,  -cidi, [ad,  cado],  col-ligo,  3,  -legi,  -lectum  [com, 

fall  upon,  fall  out,  happen.     Cf.  lego],  collect.    Also  eonligo. 

evenio  and  incido.  di-inico,  l,Jight,  contend. 

ad-eo,  adv.  {to  this),  thus  far,  so,  Graece,  adv.  [Graecus],  in  (rrec^. 

so  very.  loquor,  3,  locutus,  speak ,  talk. 

Atticus,  -i,  M.,  Atticus,  a  friend  of  sub-venio,    4,   -veni,   -ventum, 

Cicero.  come   to   the  aid  of,   aid,  assist^ 

Carbo,  -onis,  m.,  Carlo,  a  Roman.  with  dative.     Cf .  succurro. 

Catilina,  -ae,  m.,   Catiline,  a  fa-  sustineo,  2, -tinui, -tentum  [sub, 

mous  Roman  conspirator.  teneo],  hold  up,  hear,  endure. 

1  As  to  he,  ut,  etc.  *  Pres.  subj. 

2  That  we  have  come.  ^  See  I.  3,  and  note. 
8  That  we  had  come.                  ^  Not  infinitive. 


THE  SUBJUNCTIVE:   Cum.  175 

CHAPTER    LVII.   1. 
THE   SUBJUNCTIVE:    Cum. 

372.  The  subjunctive  occurs  very  frequently  in  de- 
pendent clauses  beginning  with  cum,  meaning  (1)  when^ 
while,  as,  of  time ;  (2)  since,  because,  as,  of  cause  or 
reason;  (3)  although,  of  concession: 

1.  Cum  Servius  in  domo  Tarquini  esset,  mirabile  accidit, 

while  Servius  was  in  the  house  of  Tarquin,  a  wonderful  thing 

happened, 
2,  Cum  Tarquinius  occisus  esset,  §jus  uxor  populum  allo- 

cuta  est,  when  Tarquin  had  been  killed,  his  wife  addressed 

the  people, 
3.  Tullia,  cum  domum  rediret,  super  corpus  patris  carpen- 

tum  egit,    Tullia^  as  she  was  returning  home,   drove  her 

wagon  over  the  body  of  her  father. 

An  inspection  of  the  above  examples  shows  that  — 

(1)  The  tenses  of  the  subjunctive  are  the  imperf.  and  pluperfect. 

(2)  The  cum  clause  marks  the  time  of  the  act  of  the  principal 
clause,  the  verb  of  which  is  in  the  perfect. 

(3)  The  sentences  may  be  called  narrative  sentences, 

373.  Rule  of  Syntax.  —  Cum  temporal,  that  is, 
cum,  in  narrative  clauses,  is  followed  by  the  imper- 
fect and  pluperfect  subjunctive  to  mark  the  time 
of  the  action  in  the  principal  clause. 

374.  Examine  the  following :  — 

1.  Cum  huic  leg!  senatus  repugnaret,  Caesar  rem  ad  popu- 

lum detulit,  since  the  senate  opposed  this  law,  Caesar  referred 
the  matter  to  the  people, 

2.  Cum  de  improviso  venisset,  Rem!  legates  miserunt,  since 

he  had  come  unexpectedly^  the  Remi  sent  ambassadors. 

3.  Cum  vita  metus  plena  sit,  amicitias  parate,  since  life  is 

fidl  of  fear,  form  friendships. 

4.  Cum  me  interrogaveris,  respondebo,  as  you  have  asked  me, 

I  will  answer. 


176  THE   SUBJUNCTIVE:    Cum. 

5.  Nihil  me  adjuvit  cum  posset,  he  gave  me  no  aid  {aided  me 
in  nothing) J  although  it  was  in  his  power, 

Notice  that  — 

(1)  All  the  four  tenses  of  the  subjunctive  are  used. 

(2)  The  cum  clause  states  the  cause  or  reason  of  the  act  of  the 
principal  clause ;  or  denotes  a  concession^  indicated  in  English  by 
though,  admitting  that,  etc. 

375.  Rule  of  Syntax. —  Cum  causal  or  conces- 
sive is  followed,  by  the  subjunctive  in  all  its  tenses. 

1.  Cum  followed  by  the  present  or  perfect  subjunctive  is  almost 
always  causal,  and  may  be  translated  since  or  as ;  followed  by  th,e 
imperfect  or  pluperfect  it  is  very  often  temporal. 

2.  Cum  temporal  and  the  subjunctive  can  often  be  translated 
in  some  other  way  better  than  by  when  or  as  with  the  indicative. 
Thus,  in  372.  2,  we  might  translate,  After  the  killing  of  Tarquin, 
etc. ;  and  in  3,  Tulliay  returning  home,  or  Tullia,  on  her  way  home. 

376.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Cum  jussi  essent  invicem  dicere,  unus  orsus  est. 
2.  Pyrrhus,  cum  tot  Romanos  mortuos  videret,  manus  ad  cae- 
lum sustulit.  3.  Cum  exploratores  cepisset,  eos  per  castra 
circumduxit.  4.  Quae  cum  ita  sint,^  perge.  5.  Cum  sit  in 
nobis  consilium,  cur  dubitamus  ?  6.  Cum  de  improviso 
venerit  Caesar,  ad  eum  legatos  mittemus.  7.  Cum  amid 
adsint,  gaudemus.  8.  Cum^  nox  appropinquaret,  abierunt. 
9.  Cum  nox  appropTnquavisset,  abierunt.  10.  Caesar,  cum 
frustra  misisset,  solus  naviculam  conscendit  ne  agnoscei:etur. 

II.  1.  When  one  had  begun  ,^  the  rest  became  (ivere)  silent. 
2.  Pyrrhus,  having  seen^  the  bravery  of  the  Romans,  spoke 
these  words.  3.  Since  he  has  seen  the  bravery  of  the 
Romans,  he  raises  his  hands  to  heaven.     4.  Since  night  is 

1  Since  these  things  are  so  =  such  of  night ;  or,  since  night  was  ap- 
being  the  case.  proaching. 

2  Cum  may  be  translated  as  ^  See  373. 

temporal  or  causal :  on  the  approach  *  Pijrrhus,  when  he  had  seen. 


THE  subjunctive:  Cum. 


177 


approaching,  we  will  go  off.  5.  When  our  friends  had 
arrived,  we  went  to  Boston.  6.  On  the  arrival  of  our 
friends  we  went  to  Boston.  7.  While  Csesar  was  embarking 
in  a  boat,  no  one  recognized  him.  8.  As^  Csesar  was  alone, 
he  was  not  recognized.  9.  As^  I  was  telling  him  a  story,  he 
suddenly  laughed.  10.  As^  they  had  prudence,  we  did  not 
hesitate. 


377. 


VOCABULARY. 


a-gnosco,3,-gnovi,-gnitum,  [ad, 

(g)nosco,  know]f  recognize. 
ap-propinquo,  1  [ad J,  approach, 
Bostonia,  -ae,  r.,  Boston. 
ceteri,  -ae,  -a,  adj.,  the  rest. 
circum-duco,  3,  -xi,   -ductum, 

lead  around. 
con-scendo,    3,    -di,     -scensuin 

[scando,  climb],  ascend,  embark, 

go  on  board. 
dubito,  1  [dubius],  doubt,  hesitate. 
dubius,  -a,  -uin,  adj.,  doubtful. 
gaudeo,2    2,    gavisus    sum,    be 

glad,  rejoice. 
iiii-pro-viso,  adv.  [video],  unex- 

pectedly. 


in-vicem,  adv.,  by  turns,  in  turn. 
jubeo,    2,    jassi,    jussum,    hid, 

order.    Cf.  impero. 
mortuus,  -a,  -um  [P.  of  morior], 

dead. 
iiavicula,  -ae,  f.    [navis],   little 

vessel,  boat. 
ordior,  4,  orsus,  begin,  undertake. 
pergo,   3,   perrexi,   perrectum 

[per,  rego],  go  on,  continue. 
taceo,  2,  tacui,  taciturn,  be  silent, 

say  nothing  about. 
tollo,  3,  sustuli,  sublatum,  raise, 

lift  up. 
tot,  adj.,indecl.,  so  many.  Cf .  quot. 


378.  FOR    TRANSLATION. 

The  Battle  of  Cannae.  —  Continued, 
Aemilius  Paullus  tells  obrutus  cecidit.     Quem^  cum  media 
in  pugna  sedentem  in  saxo  oppletum  cruore  conspexisset  quT- 


1  The  as  of  reason,  or  of  time  ? 

2  Four  common  verbs,  audeo, 
dare,  gandeo,  rejoice,  soleo,  be 
accustomed,  fido,  trust,  have  the 
passive  form  in  the  perfect,  and 
hence  are  called  semi- deponents. 

^  Translate  first  mentally,  tak- 
ing the  words  as  they  stand,  ren- 


dering cum,  ivhen;  then  recast 
this  preliminary  translation,  be- 
ginning with  cum  quidam  tribu- 
nus,  and  rendering  quern,  him. 

Follow  this  method,  when  a 
Latin  sentence  appears  difficult; 
but  keep  a  sharp  eye  on  the  ter- 
minations of  the  words. 


178         THE  SUBJUNCTIVE  :    INDIRECT  QUESTIONS. 

dam  tribunus  mllitum  :  "Cape,"  inquit,  ''  hunc  equum  et  fuge, 
Aemili.  Etiam  sine  tua  morte  lacrimarum  ^  satis  luctusque 
est."  Ad  ea  consul:^  "Tu  quidem  macte  virtute  esto.^  Sed 
cave,*  exiguum  tempus  e  manibus  hostium  evadendi  perdas.* 
Abi,  nuntia  patribus,  ut  urbem  muniant  ac,^  prius  quam 
hostis  victor  adveniat,  praesidiis  firment.  Me  in  hac  strage 
meorum  militum  patere^  exspirare."  Alter  consul  cum  paucis 
equitibus  Venusiam^  perfugit.  Consulares  aut  praetorii 
occiderunt  ^  vTginti,  senatores  capti  aut  occisi  sunt  triginta, 
nobiles  viri  trecenti,  militum  quadraginta  milia,  equitum  tria 
milia  et  quTngenti.  Hannibal  in  ^  testimonium  victoriae  suae 
tres  modios  aureorum  anulorum  Carthaginem  mlsit,  quos  de 
manibus  equitum  Romanorum  et  senatorum  detraxerat. 


CHAPTER    LVIII. 
THE  SUBJUNCTIVE:   INDIRECT  QUESTIONS. 
3  79,    Examine  the  following :  — 

Direct.  Indirect. 

1.  Quis  est  ?  who  is  he  f  Scio  quis  sit,  /  Imow  who  he  is, 

n    -rru-  o      i  9         Scio  ubi  simus,  /  know  where 

2.  Ubi  sumus  ?  ivhere  are  we  f 

we  are. 

r  g       Scio  cur  rideas,  /  know  why  you 
laugh. 
4.  Quern   vidisti?    whom   have       Scio    quern    videris,   /   know 


3.  Cur  rides  ?  why  do  you  laugh  f 


you  seen  ? 


whom  you  have  seen. 


1  See  340.  5. 

2  Supply  dixit  or  respondit. 

But  it  is  livelier  without  a  verb. 

3  Perhaps  the  literal  transla- 
tion of  this  phrase  is,  he  thou 
blessed  in  (or  for)  thy  courage; 
macte  for  mactus,  because  tu 
is  here  almost  more  of  a  vocative 
than  a  nominative. 


*  Supply  ne  after  cave,  beware 
lest  you  lose  =  beware  of  losing. 

^  Connects  miinlant  and  fir- 
ment. 

6  Imperative  from  patior. 

7  Account  for  the  case. 

8  From  occld9.  But  occisi, 
in  the  next  clause,  from  occido. 

^  For;  in  expresses  purpose. 


THE  subjunctive:  indirect  questions.      179 

Compare  each  of  the  foregoing  examples  in  the  left  hand  column 
with  the  corresponding  one  on  the  right.  Observe  that  each  depen- 
dent clause  in  the  right  hand  column  begins  with  an  interrogative 
word,  and  contains  the  substance  of  a  question,  though  not  a 
question  in  form.  Such  dependent  clauses  are  called  Indirect 
Questions.     Observe  the  mood,  and  how  it  is  translated. 

380.  Rule  of  Syntax.  —  indirect  questions  take 
the  subjunctive. 

1.  The  commonest  interrogative  words  introducing  indirect 
questions  are  quis,  who^  cur,  why'?  num,  whether?  ubi,  where f 
qu5,  whither  ?  unde,  whence  f  quot,  how  many  ? 

381.  EXERCISES. 

[Read  again  the  remarks  and  rule,  p.  165.] 

I.  1.  Scit  quid  agas.  2.  Scit  quid  egeris.  3.  Sciebat 
quid  ageres.     4.  Sciebat  quid  egisses.     5.  Audivi  quid  agat. 

6.  Audi VI  quid  egerit.  7.  Audivi  quid  ageret.  8.  Audivi 
quid  egisset.  9.  Audiveram  quid  ageret.  10.  Audiveram 
quid  egisset. 

II.  1.  Volo  scire  unde  veneris.  2.  Dic^  mihi  num  meam 
sororem  videris.  3.  Nescio  unde  veniant  tot  milites. 
4.  Quaeram  num  omnia  feliciter  evenerint.  5.  Speculabimur 
quot  homines  in  urbem  ineant  et  quot  exeant.  6.  Nasica 
hominem  interrogavit  num  manibus  ambulare  solitus  esset. 

7.  Quaerebat  quae^  civitates  in  armis  essent.  8.  QuTdam 
homo  interrogatus  est  quae  naves  essent  tutissimae.  9.  Die 
mihi  quid  in  manu  habeas.  10.  Caesar  omnem  equitatum 
mittit,  qui  videat^  quas  in  partes^  hostes  iter  faciant. 

III.  1.  He  sees  who  is  walking;  has  walked.  2.  They 
see  who  are  walking;  have  walked.  3.  We  shall  see  who 
walk  ;  have  walked.  4.  We  knew  why  he  was  laughing  ;  had 
laughed.     5.  You  knew  why  I  was  laughing;   had  laughed. 

1  See  p.  150,  note.  '  Compare  365.  I.  2  and  4. 

2  See  279.  8.  '^  Into  what  varts  =  in  what  direction. 


180  THE   SUBJUNCTIVE: 


6.  They  wondered  why  he  was  praised ;  had  been  praised. 

7.  They  will  wonder  why  I  am  praised ;  have  been  praised. 

8.  Do  you  not  wonder  why  we  are  praised ;  have  been 
praised?  9.  I  wonder  whether  he  had  been  admonished  ;  is 
being  admonished.  10.  They  wondered  whether  we  were 
admonished  ;  had  been  admonished. 

382.  VOCABULARY. 

Interrogo,  1,  ash^  inquire.  rogo,  1,  as^,  question. 

Nasica,  -ae,  m.,  Nasica,  surname       scio,  4,  scivi,  scitum,  know.       JH 

of  one  of  the  Scipios.  soleo,^  2,  solitus,  be  accustomed.  ™ 

Dum,^  interrog.  adv.,  whether,  in-       speculor,  1,  spy  out,  watch. 

troducing  indirect  questions.  tOtus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  safe, 

interrogo,  ask  a  question,  inquire,  and  nearly  hmited  to  that  sense. 
rogo,  ask  a  question,  but  much  more  commonly  ask  a  favor.,  make 

a  request. 
quaero,  ask  a  question,  but  much  used  in  the  sense  of  seeking  to 

gain  or  to  know,  searching  into. 


CHAPTER  LIX.   1. 
THE   SUBJUNCTIVE:    WISHES  AND  CONDITIONS. 

383.    Examine  the  following :  — 

1.  Utinam  pater  veniat!  icould  that  father  would  come!  I  wish 

father  ivould  come  I  0  that  father  would  come! 

2.  Si  pater  veniat,  laetus  sim,  if  father  should  come,  I  should 

be  glad, 

3.  Utinam  pater  adesset !  would  that  father  were  here  ! 

4.  Si  pater  adesset,  laetus  essem,  if  father  were  here,  I  should 

be  glad. 

5.  Utinam  pater  adf uisset !  would  that  father  had  been  here  ! 

6.  Si  pater  adf  uisset,  laetus  fuissem,  if  father  had  been  here, 

I  should  have  been  glad. 

1  Introducing  direct  questions,  it  indicates  that  the  answer  no  is  ex- 
pected, but  does  not  usually  admit  of  translation.       ^  ggg  p,  177^  n.  2. 


WISHES  AND   CONDITIONS.  181 

(1)  In  1  and  2  what  time  do  the  words  would  come,  should  come, 
should  he,  point  to  ?  Plainly  not  to  the  past,  nor  to  the  instant  pres- 
ent, but  vaguely  to  the  future ;  and  this  vague  future  is  expressed 
in  Latin  by  the  present  subjunctive.  The  wish  and  the  condition 
referring  to  the  future  may  he  fulfilled ;  the  father  may  come. 

(2)  In  3  and  4  the  wish  and  condition  refer  to  the  present ;  and 
this  present  is  expressed  by  the  imperfect  subjunctive.  The  wish 
and  condition  are  plainly  contrary  to  ivhat  is  the  fact;  the  father  is, 
in  fact,  not  present. 

(3)  In  5  and  6  the  tense  of  the  subjunctive  offers  no  difficulty. 
The  wish  and  condition  are  plainly  contrary  to  what  was  the  fact ; 
the  father  was,  in  fact,  not  present. 

384.  Rule  of  Syntax.  —  In  wishes  and  conditions 
the  present  subjunctive  is  used  of  what  may  come 
true,  the  imperfect  subjunctive  of  what  is  not  true, 
tlie  pluperfect  subjunctive  of  what  was  not  true. 
Tlie  same  mood  is  regularly  employed  in  the  con- 
clusion of  such  conditional  sentences. 

The  indicative  is  not  used  in  wishes.  The  use  of  the  indicative 
in  conditional  sentences  is  easily  understood. 

385.  Examine  the  following :  —  ^ 

1.  Si  pater  adest,  bene  est,  if  father  is  present,  it  is  well. 

2.  Si  pater  aderat,  bene  erat,  if  father  was  present,  it  was  well. 

3.  Si  pater  aderit,  bene  erit,  if  father  shall  he  present,'^  it  will 

he  well. 

Observe  that  in  examples  1  and  2  a  condition  is  stated  without 
implying  anything.  In  example  3,  as  the  time  is  future,  that  which 
is  supposed  may  he  fulfilled.  This  form,  then,  of  stating  a  supposi- 
tion is  almost  exactly  equivalent  to  that  of  the  present  subjunctive 
in  383 ;  it  is  only  a  livelier  way  of  putting  it. 

^  In  English  we  commonly  use  etc.)  present,  it  will  he  well.    Do  not 

a  present  form  in  such  conditions  be  deceived,  when  translating  into 

that  refer  to  the  future.    Thus  we  Latin,  by  this  apparent  present.  See 

say,  If  he  is  (to-morrow,  next  week,  if  the  conclusion  contains  a  future. 


182  THE   SUBJUNCTIVE: 

386.  EXERCISES.i 

I.    1.    Si   victoriam   certain   videam,  nunquam   pugnem. 

2.  Si  me  viruin  bonum  judicares,^  non  me  corrumpere  velles.^ 

3.  Dictator,^    si     adfuisset,    rem     non     melius    gessisset. 

4.  Varro,  si  Carthaginiensium  dux  fuisset,  temeritatis 
poenas  dedisset.^  5.  Si  patrem  tuum  eras  videam,  quid 
dicat?  6.  Non  profectus  essem,  nisi  Caesar  jussisset. 
7.  Si  recte  facias,  lander  is.  8.  Si  man  eat  Marcus,  gaudea- 
mus ;  sin  autem  eat,  tamen  eum  laudemus.  9.  Si  leo 
accederet,^  omnes  fugerent.  10.  Utinam  frater  meus  viveret 
classemque  iterum  duceret !  11.  Utinam  mater  nobis  fabulam 
narret !     12.  Utinam  tecum ^  in  agris  ambulavissem ! 

11.^  1.  Would  that  I  were  walking  in  the  fields  with  you 
to-day!  2.  I  wish  you  had  been  walking^  with  me^  yester- 
day. 3.  O  take^  a  walk  with  us  in  the  fields  to-morrow ! 
4.  If  3-ou  should  see  victory  certain,  my  friend,  should  you 
not  fight?  5.  I  should  not  now  be  setting  out  if  Caesar  did 
not  order  it.  6.  If  you  were  acting  rightly,  you  would  be 
praised.  7.  If  you  had  acted  rightly,  you  would  have 
been  praised.  8.  I  wish^  you  would  act  rightly,  so  as 
to^^  be  praised.     9.  If  we  should  see  a  lion,  we  should  flee. 

1  In  translating  these  sentences,  to  come,  which  would  be  expressed 
render  the  present  subjunctive  in       by  the  present  subjunctive. 

such  a  way  as  to  indicate  vaguely  ^  See  265.  3. 

future  time ;  thus,  videam ...  pug-  "^  In   turning    these    sentences 

nem,  should  see  . .  .  should  fight.  into  Latin,   do  not  be  misled  as 

2  Compare  383.  4,  and  read  to  the  real  time  of  the  verbs ;  were 
again  383  (2).  walking,  in  the  first  sentence,  de- 

8  Notice   the  position   of   this  notes  present  time.  Read  again  the 

word,  which  is  the  subject  of  ges-  examples,  383,  and  the  remarks. 

sisset.    It  may  be  translated  as  it  See  also  the  varied  translation  of 

stands,  first.  the  first  example. 

*  Given  punishments  of  =  paid  ^  Compare  I.  12. 

the  penalty  for.  ^  Compare  383.  1. 

^  If  a  lion  were  coming,  not  were  ^^  Ut.     See  352. 


WISHES  AND  CONDITIONS.  183 

10.  I  wish  I  had  seen  a  huge  lion.  11.  If  my  brother^  were 
living,  he  would  now  be  commanding  the  fleet.  12.  Would 
that  your  brother  were  alive  ! 

387.  VOCABULARY. 

ac-cedo,  3, -cessi,  -cessum  [ad],  judico,  1  [judex],  jM^^e,  deem, 

go  or  come  near,  approach.  recte,  adv.  [rectus],  rightly. 

cor-rumpo,   3,  -rupi,    -ruptum  sin,  conj.  [si,  ne],  hut  if,  if  how- 

[coin],  break  in  pieces,  destroy  ;  ever,  if. 

corrupt,  bribe.  temeritas,    -atis,    f.    [temere], 

dictator,  -oris,  m.  [dicto,  dico],  chance;  rashness. 

chief  magistrate,  dictator.  utl-nam,  adv.,  would  that,  0  that, 

iinmanis,  -e,  adj.,  huge,  immense.  I  wish  that. 

2. 

388.  COLLOQUIUM. 
Johannes  et  Jacobus. 

Jo.  Die  mihi,  Jacobe,  unde  venias,  quid  egeris. 

have  been  doing 

Ja.  Rure  venio,  ubi  feriarum  partem  egi.     Et  tu  ? 

vacation  spent 

Jo.  Ego  iter  cum  parentibus  feci,  neque  scio  quando 
domum  revertar.  ^^^^ 

return 

Ja,  Utinam  ego  quoque  iter  faciam !  Si  parentes  ades- 
sent,  iter  mecum  facerent. 

Jo.  Ego  itineris  diuturnitate  sum  defessus,  et  gauderem  si 
in  schola  essem.  ^°^^ 

Ja.  Veni  mecum  in  scholam  et  una  ediscamus. 

together  let  us  learn 

Jo.  Tecum  libenter  in  scholam  ibo,  sed  cognoscere  velim 

^    -     'J,  J.  linow    should  like 

qui  Sit  praeceptor. 

Ja.   Praeceptor   est   vir   doctissimus.      Yim   Latinl  scit, 

ever  so  much 

atque  semper  est  benignus,  morosus  nunquam. 

pleasant 

Jo.  Quid  te  docet? 

^  Imitate  the  order  in  I.  3  and  4;  the  subject  might,  however,  be 
placed  after  si. 


184     THE  SUBJUNCTIVE  AND  IMPERATIVE. 

Ja.  Docet  nos  modum  subjunctivum.   Heri,  exempli  causa, 

for  example 

nobis  de  subjunctivo  in  interrogationibus  indirectis  explicavit. 

questions 

Jo,  Multa  de  interrogationibus   indirectis    audivT,   neque 
unquam   intellegere   potui.     Fecitne   praeceptor  ut   tu   isdl 
intellegeres  ?  » 

Ja.  Sane,  m!  amice,  et  ego,  ut  opinor,  faciam  ut  tu  quoque 

yes  indeed 

eadem  intellegas.     Si  dicam,  Uhi  est  frdter  tuns?  interroga- 

question 

tum  sit  directum  ;  sin  autem,  Nescio  uhi  sit  frdter,  interrogii- 
tum  sit  indirectum.     Intellegisne  ? 

Jo.  Satis  intellego.     Sed  in  hunc  diem  hactenus. 

enough 


1 


CHAPTER   LX. 
THE   SUBJUNCTIVE  AND   IMPERATIVE. 

389.  Learn  the  future  imperative,  active  and  passive,  of  tl 
tegular  and  irregular  verbs,  and  review  the  present  imperative, 

390.  In  the  last  lesson  occurred  the  first  illustrations  of  the 
subjunctive  not  in  dependent  clauses,  that  is,  in  wishes  and  in  the 
principal  clauses  of  conditional  sentences.  The  subjunctive  is 
similarly  used  in  commands  and  appeals,  and  when  so  used  is 
called  the  Hortatory  Subjunctive. 

391.  Examine  the  following  paradigms:  — 

Commands  and  Appeals. 
Positive.  Negative. 

moneam,  let  me  advise.  ne  moneani,  let  me  not  advise. 

mone,  or  moneas,  advise.  ne  monueris,  do  not  advise. 

{  moneat,     j  let  him  advise,  or  ne  moneat,      (  let  him  not,  or  he 

\  monuerit,  (.  he  shall  advise.  ne  monuerit,  (  shall  not,  advise. 

moneamus,  let  us  advise.  ne  moneamus,  let  us  not  advise. 

monete,  advise.  ne  monueritis,  do  not  advise. 

(moneant,     (let  them  advise,  ^g  ^oneant,     (let  them  not,  ov 

imonuerintj    or  they  ahall  „g  ^onuerint,  j    tl^^y  shall  not, 
(    advise.  \    advise. 


THE  SUBJUNCTIVE  AND  IMPERATIVE.  185 

(1)  Observe  that  positive  commands  and  appeals  are  expressed 
by  the  subjunctive  only,  except  in  the  second  person  ;  and  negative 
commands  and  appeals,  by  the  subjunctive  with  ne.  ^ 

(2)  Observe  also  that  the  present  and  perfect  subjunctive,  in 
the  third  person,  are  used  without  essential  difference  of  meaning ; 
and  that  in  negative  commands  and  appeals  in  the  second  person 
the  perfect  ^  only  ^  is  given. 

(3)  The  future  imperative  is  mostly  confined  to  laws  and 
maxims :  Hominem  mortuum  in  urbe  ne  sepelito,  thou  shalt 
not  hury  a  dead  man  within  the  city,  Percontatorem  fugito,  nam 
garrulus  idem  est,  avoid  a  questioner,  for  he  is  a  babbler  too. 

(4)  The  preceding  paradigms,  with  the  meanings,  should  be 
thoroughly  committed  to  memory. 

392.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Cotidie  scribe  ad  me,  ml  fill,  quid  feceris.  2.  Puer 
ad  patrem  seribit  quid  fecerit.  3.  Mittamus  nimtium  ad 
Caesarem  qui^  eum  moneat.  4.  Ne  mecum  in  litore  hodie 
ambulaveris.  5.  Ne  pueii  incauti  cultros  habeant.  6.  Im- 
perator  consilium  conficiat.  7.  Nolite,  milites,  hostium 
exercitum  timere.  8.  Ne,  milites,  hostium  exercitum  timu- 
eritis.  9.  Omnia  sua^  secum^  incolae  portaverint.  10.  Mihi 
aures  praebete,  disci puli,  et  diligenter  audite  quae  dicam. 
11.  Ne  id  quod  est  falsum  dixeris.  12.  Le5  dixit :  Restat 
pars  quarta,  at  ne  quisquam^  audeat  eam  tangere. 

II.  1.  They  shall  not  send^  a  messenger.  2.  Let  no  one 
touch^  the  fourth  part.  3.  Touch  not^^  the  fourth  part  of  the 
— — — 1 — 

1  Prohibitions   are   more  com-  ^  The  imperative  so  used  is  not 
monly  expressed  by  noli  (nolite)       common,  and  not  to  be  imitated, 
with  the  infinitive.     See  318.  I.  *  Compare  365.  I.  2  and  4. 

5  and  6.  s  Omnia  sua,  their  all. 

2  This  form  of  the  subjunctive  "  ^  See  265.  3. 

in  this  use  is  here  called  the  per-  "^  Let  no  one.    See  279.  6. 

feet,  in  deference  to  custom ;  it  is  ^  Ne  with  perfect  subjunctive 

really  the  subjunctive  of  the  future  ^  See  I.  12. 

perfect,  lo  Express  in  two  ways. 


186  THE   SITBJUKCTIVE  AND   IMPERATIVE. 

booty.  4.  Let  the  pupils  listen  attentively  to  the  words  of 
the  master.  5.  Do  not  listen/  boys,  to  the  counsels  of 
the  bad.  6.  Write  daily  to  your  parents  what^  you  are 
doing.  7.  Carry  your  books  home^  with  you  and  study 
diligently.  8.  Do  not  forget^  what*  has  been  said  to  you 
to-day.  9.  Touch  not^  wine ;  let  us  not  touch  wine ;  theyl 
shall  not  touch  wine.  10.  Let  us  go  out  and  carry  our  all] 
with  us. 


393.  VOCABULARY. 

at,  conj.,  but.   Cf.  autem.   (214.)  falsus,  -a,  -um,  adj.   [fallo,  de- 
audeoy^  2,  ausus  sum,  dare,  be  ceive],  deceptive,  false. 

bold.  In-cautus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [caveo], 
con-ficio,  3,  -feci,  -fectum  [com,  incautious,  heedless. 

facio],  make,  accomplish,  carry  re-sto,  1,  restlti, ,  stay  behind, 

out.  remain. 

cotidie,  adv.  [quot,  dies],  daily,  tango,  3,  tetigi,  tactum,  touch. 

at,  but  on  the  contrary,  but  for  all  that. 

sed,  but,  without  special  emphasis. 

autem,  but,  often  to  be  rendered  however ;  weaker  than  at  or  sed. 


394.  FOR    TRANSLATION. 

Marcus  Porcius  Cato,  Puer. 

M.  Porcius  Cato  jam  puer^  invictum  animi  robur  ostendit. 
Cum  in  domo  Drusi  avunculi  sui  educaretur,  Latini  de  cTvi- 
tate  impetranda^  Romam  venerunt.  Popedius,  Latinorum 
princeps,  qui  Driisi  hospes  erat,  Catonem  puerum  rogavit,  ut 
Latinos  apud  avunculum  adjuvaret.     Cato  vultu   constant! 

1  Express  in  two  ways.  ^  jam  puer,  already  a  boy  = 

2  Compare  I.  10.  even  in  boyhood. 

3  See  336.  ^  Dg  civitate  impetranda, 
*  Id  quod.  respecting  the  citizenship  to  be  oh 
5  See  p.  177,  note  2.  tained  —  to  obtain  citizenship. 


THE  IKFINITIYE.  187 


negavit  id  se  facturum.^  Iterum  deinde  ac  saepius  interpel- 
latus^  in  proposito  perstitit.  Tunc  Popedius  puerura  in  excel- 
sam  aedium  partem  levatum  tenuit,^  et  se  abjecturum^  inde 
minatus  est,  nisi  precibus  obtemperaret ;  neque  hoc  metu  ^  a 
sententia  eum  potuit  dimovere.  Tunc  Popedius  exclamasse^ 
fertur:"^  '' Gratulemur^  nobis ,^  Latini,  hunc  esse  tam  par- 
vum;  sT  enim  senator  esset,^^  ne  sperare  quidem^^  jus^^  civi- 
tatis  liceret.^^ 

CHAPTER    LXI. 
THE   INFINITIVE. 

395.  Learn  the  infinitives  of  the  regular  and  irregular  verbs. 
(86,  112, 180,  223,  235,  etc.) 

396.  Examine  the  following : — 

1.  Errare  est  humanum,  to  err  is  human. 

2.  Possum  videre,  /  am  able  to  see. 

3.  Volo  legere,  /  wish  to  read. 

4.  Earn  sequi  se  jubet,  he  orders  her  to  follow  him(self) . 

5.  Saturnus  in  Italiam  venisse  dicitur,  Saturn  is  said  to 

have  come  into  Italy. 

Observe  that  in  each  sentence  the  infinitive  is  used  in  Latin 
precisely  as  in  English.  This  use  of  the  infinitive,  as  offering  no 
difficulty,  has  been  tacitly  illustrated  in  some  of  the  foregoing 
exercises. 

^  Negavit  .  .  .  facturum,  de-  ^  Exclamasse    =    exclama- 

nied  himself  to  be  going  to  do  it  =  visse. 

refused  to  do  it.  "^  Fertur  =  dicitur. 

2  Perf .  part.  See  amatus,  p.  34.  ^  Gratulemur,  let  us  congratu- 

3  Puerum  . . .  levatum  tenuit,  late.    See  391. 

held  the  raised-up  hoy  =  raised  up  ^  Nobis.     See  343. 

a7id  held  the  boy.  lo  Esset . . .  liceret.    See  383. 

*  Se  abjectfirum,  that  he  would  ^^  Ne  .  .  .  quidem,  not  even, 

throw  (him)  down.  12  j„g  givitatis.    Cf .  civitate, 

^  Hoc  meta,  by  this  fear  =  by  line  2. 
fear  of  this. 


188  THE  INFIKITIYE. 


397.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.    Cur  me  vTs   corrumpere?      2.    Timere   incipiebat. 
3.  Soror   flere   incipiebat.      4.   Vincere   seis,^   victoria^  uti 
nescTs.    5.  Tarquinius  Cumas  se  eontulisse  dicitur.    6.  Pon-^ 
tern  jubet  rescind!.     7.   Dulce  est  pro  patria  mori.     8.  Cat 
esse  quam  videri  bonus  malebat.     9.  Pueros  decet  tacere 
10.   Tune   Marium    audebis    occldere  ?      11.    Nobis   est  iij 
animo^  per  provinciam  iter   facere.      12.  Caesar  ab  urb 
proficisci  maturat. 

II.  1.  Pyrrhus  wanted  to  bribe  Fabricius.  2.  Fabricius 
could  not*  be  turned  from  (the  path  of)  honor.  3.  Why 
did  you  begin  to  weep?  4.  Did  Hannibal  know  how ^  to 
conquer?  5.  Tarquin  was  said  to  have  besieged  Rome. 
6.  Rome  is  said  to  have  been  besieged.  7.  Seeing  is  believ- 
ing.^ 8.  The  consul  was  ordered^  to  tear  down  the  bridge. 
9.  The  bridge  is  said  to  have  been  torn  down.  10.  It  is 
pleasant^  to  live  for  (one's)  friends.  11.  We  intend  to  tear 
down  the  bridge.  12.  He  is  said  to  have  departed  from 
Italy. 

398.  VOCABULARY. 

a-verto,  3,  -ti,  -sum,  turn  away  in-cipio,  3,  -cepi,  -ceptum  [ca- 

from,  avert.  pio]  {take  in  hand),  begin. 

credo,    3,   -didi,    -ditum,    trusty  maturo,  1  [inaturus,r2/)e],/ias^en. 

believe,  w.  dat.    (343.)  morior,^  3,  mortuus,  die. 

decet,   2,   decuit,   ,   impers.  pons,  pontis,  m.,  bridge. 

(p.  200),  it  is  becoming,  fitting,  re-scindo,    3,    -scidi,    -scissum, 

proper.  tear    awaij,     tear     down,     break 

honestas,   -atis,   f.   [honestus],  down. 

honor,  integrity,  honesty.  soror,  -oris,  f.,  sister. 

1  You  know  how,  ^  To  see  is  to  believe.    Cf.  I.  7. 

2  See  304.  "^  Usejubeo. 

3  It  is  in  mind  to  us  =  we  intend.  ^  Neuter.    Cf.  I.  7. 

4  Could  not  =  was  not  able,  ^  Morior  has  future  participle 
^  See  I.  4,  moriturus. 


ACCUSATIVE  AND  INFINITIVE.  189 

CHAPTER   LXII.    1. 
ACCUSATIVE   AND   INFINITIVE. 

Indirect  Discourse. 

399.  Examine  the  following :  — 

Direct. 

1.  Homo  est,  he  is  a  man, 

2.  ignis  calet,  Jire  is  hot, 

3.  Amicus  adest,  (his)  friend  is  present. 

4.  Mundus  a  De5  regitur,  the  world  is  ruled  by  God, 

Indirect. 

1.  Dicit  se  hominem  esse,  he  says  that  he  is  a  man, 

2.  Sentimus  ignem  calere,  we  perceive  that  f  re  is  hot, 

3.  Putat  amicum  adesse,  he  thinks  that  his  friend  is  present. 

4.  Scimus  mundum  a  De5  regi,  tve  know  that  the  loorld  is 

ruled  by  God. 

Notice  the  difference  between  the  direct  and  indirect  forms  of 
statement. 

In  the  second  group,  compare  the  English  with  the  Latin. 
Observe  (1)  that  after  the  leading  verb  there  is  nothing  in  the 
Latin  corresponding  to  the  conjunction  that;  (2)  that,  while  the 
English  retains  the  nominative  and  indicative  of  the  direct  form, 
the  Latin  has  instead  the  accusative  and  infinitive. 

The  second  group  illustrates  the  indirect  discourse^  so  called 
because  what  some  one  says,  thinks,  or  knows,  is  stated  in  the 
dependent  clause  indirectly, 

400.  Rule  of  Syntax.  —  The  accusative  and  in- 
finitive are  regularly  used  after  verbs  of  saying, 
thinking,  knowing,  perceiving,  and  the  like, 

401.  Rule  of  Syntax. — The  subject  of  the  infini- 
tive is  in  the  accusative. 


190 


ACCUSATIVE  AND   INFINITIVE. 


402.  Tenses  of  the  Infinitive. 

Present. 


dicit  '\ 

dicet  >■  te  scribere, 

dixit  ) 

dicit  ^ 

dicet  >  epistulam  scribi, 

dixit ) 


dicit  ) 

dicet  >  te  scrTpturum  esse, 

dixit  ) 

dicit  -) 

rlToPt  C  epistulam  scrip- 
^^^®^  r  turn  iri,i 

dixit ) 


rhe  says  that  you  are  writing, 

<  he  will  say  that  you  are  writing. 
C  he  said  that  you  were  writing. 

r  he  says  that  the  letter  is  being  written. 

<  he  will  say  that  the  letter  is  being  written. 
(  he  said  that  the  letter  was  being  written. 

Future. 

he  says  that  you  will  write, 
he  will  say  that  you  will  write, 
he  said  that  you  would  write. 

he  says  that  the  letter  will  be  written. 
he  will  say  that  the  letter  will  be  written, 
he  said  that  the  letter  would  be  written. 


■1 


te  scripsisse, 


dicit  ^  epistulam 
dicet  >-  scriptam 
dixit )         esse, 


Perfect. 

he  says  that  you  wrote  (have  written"), 
he  will  say  that  you  wrote  (have  written), 
he  said  that  you  wrote  (had  written). 

he  says  that  the  letter  was  (has  been)  written, 
he  will  say  that  the  letter  was  (has  been)  written, 
he  said  that  the  letter  was  (had  been)  written. 


A  study  of  the  above  table  will  show  that  the  present  infini- 
tive denotes  the  same  time  as  that  indicated  by  the  tense  of  the 
leading  verb;  that  the  future  infinitive  denotes  time  after  that 
indicated  by  the  leading  verb ;  and  that  the  perfect  infinitive  de- 
notes time  before  that  indicated  by  the  leading  verb. 

403.  Rule  of  Syntax.  —  The  tenses  of  the  infini- 
tive refer  to  present,  future,  or  past  time,  relatively 
to  the  time  of  the  leading  verb. 


1  More  commonly,  fore  ut  epistula  with  subj.    Also  see  p.  192,  n.  1. 


ACCUSATIVE  AND   INFINITIVE.  191 


404.  EXERCISES. 

[It  will  be  best  to  translate  each  of  the  following  sentences  twice ; 
first,  literally,  just  as  they  stand,  then  into  good  English :  thus, 
History  relates  two  sons  to  have  been  to  Cornelia  =  history  relates  that 
Cornelia  had  two  sons.  The  eighth  thus  :  The  ambassador  said  him- 
self a  public  messenger  to  be  of  the  Roman  people  =  the  ambassador 
said  that  he  was,  etc.] 

I.  1.  Historianarrat  duos  fllios  fuisse  Corneliae.  2.  Cor- 
nelia dixit  fllios  suos  esse  ornamenta  sua.  3.  Scimus  matres 
fllios  amare.  4.  Traditum^  est  Caesarem  a  Bruto  et  Cassio 
occisum  esse.  5.  Certum  est  casu  bonum  fieri  neminem.^ 
6.  Scio  haec  vera  esse.  7.  Marcellus  Hannibalem  vinci 
posse  docuit.  8.  Legatus  dixit  se  publicum  nuntium  esse 
populi  Roman!.     9.  Thales  aquam  dixit  esse  initium  rerum. 

10.  Traditum  est  Homerum  fuisse  caecum.  11.  Legatus 
dicit  montem  ab  hostibus  teneri. 

[Before  translating  into  Latin,  cast  each  sentence  mentally  into 
the  Latin  form;  thus  the  first  sentence  will  be.  It  is  said  two  sons 
to  have  been  to  Cornelia,  or  Cornelia  two  sons  to  have  had ;  and  the 
seventh.  We  know  you  the  truth  to  be  about  to  tell.  This  practice  is 
of  capital  importance.] 

II.  1.  It  is  said  that  Cornelia  had  two  sons.  2.  Have 
we  not  heard  that  Cornelia  had  jewels?  3.  I  think  that  you 
will  have  jewels.     4.  We  know  that  Cornelia  loved  her  boys. 

5.  Do  not^  all  mothers  think  that  their  sons  are  their  jewels? 

6.  I  think  that  the  moon  will  be  full  to-morrow.  7.  We 
know  that  you  will  tell  the  truth.  8.  History  relates  that 
Hannibal  was  defeated  by  Marcellus.  9.  It  is  related  that 
Homer  wrote  poems.     10.  I  know  that  this  has  been  done. 

11.  He  said  that  the  enemy  held  the  mountain. 

1  In  the  compound   tenses  of  adjective.      Here   traditum  est 

the  passive  voice  the  perfect  parti-  =  it  is  [a  thing)  related. 
ciple  occasionally  loses  its  idea  of  ^  Subject  of  fieri. 

time   and    becomes   virtually   an  ^  Nonne. 


192  ACCUSATIVE  AND  INFINITIVE. 

3. 
405.  EXERCISES. 

[Read  the  first  paragraph,  page  191.] 

I.  1.    Jurate   vos  rem   publicam   non    deserturos    esse. 

2.  Vox  quondam  audita  est  Romam  a  Gallis  captum^  Irl. 

3.  Certum  est  Hannibalem  a  Scipione  victum  esse.  4.  Ferunt^ 
eo  die  lunam  fuisse  plenam.  5.  Cum  NasTca  ad  Ennium 
venisset,  servus  dixit  Ennium  domi  non  esse.  6.  Nasica 
sensit  ilium  ^  intus  esse.  7.  Postea  cum  ad  Nasicam  venisset 
Ennius,  exclamavit  ipse  Nasica  se^  domi  non  esse.  8.  Cato 
dicere  solebat  acerbos  inimicos  saepe  verum  dicere.  9.  Abi, 
nuntia  te  vidisse  Gajum  Marium  in  Carthaginis  ruinis  seden- 
tem  (sitting),  10.  Matrona  quaedam  dictitabat  se  triginta 
tantum  annos  habere.^ 

[See  second  paragraph,  p.  191.  The  first  sentence  expressed  in 
the  Latin  idiom  will  be,  Ennius  says  himself  at  home  not  to  he;  the 
third.  He  thinks  himself  at  home  to  be  about  to  be ;  the  fourth,  Cato 
thought  his  friends  the  truth  not  always  to  speak  (compare  I.  8).] 

II.  1.  Ennius  says  that  he  is  not  at  home.  2.  He  said 
that  he  had  not  been  at  home.  3.  He  thinks  that  he  shall 
be  at  home  to-morrow.  4.  Cato  thought  that  his  friends 
did  not  always  tell  him^  the  truth.  5.  It  is  evident  that  the 
world  was  not  made  by  chance.  6.  We  have  sworn  that  we 
will  not  desert  our  leader.  7.  The  soldiers  swore  that  they 
had  not  deserted  the  republic.  8.  It  was  evident  that  the 
enemy  was  being  defeated.^  9.  Do  you  not  know  that  the 
enemy  are  near?  10.  It  is  certain  that  they  are  advancing 
towards  the  town. 

1  Captum,  being  a  supine  *  To  have  thirty  years  =  to  be 
(433),  does  not  change  its  form       thirty  years  old. 

to  agree  with  Romam.  ^  Him  =  himself;  not  accusative. 

2  Ferunt  =  dicunt.  ^  Notice  that  the  time  of  the  de- 
8  Observe    the    difference    be-      pendent  verb  is  present,  with  refer- 

tween  ilium  in  6  and  se  in  7.  ence  to  that  of  the  leading  verb. 


ACCUSATIVE  AND   INFINITIVE. 


193 


406, 


VOCABULARY. 


acerbus,  -a,  -um,   adj.  [acer], 

harsh,  bitter. 
arbitror,  1,  think,  suppose,  believe. 
constat,  1,  -stitit,  ,  impers. 

(415),  it  is  evident  J  clear. 
de-sero,  3,  -ui,  -turn,  desert,  aban- 
don. 
Ennius,  -i,  m.,  Ennius,  a  Roman 

poet. 
ex-clamo,  1,  cry  out,  exclaim. 
Gallus,  -i,  M.,  a  Gaul. 
historia,  -ae,  f.,  history. 
iii-iinicus,-a,-um,adj.  [amicus], 

unfriendly,     hostile;     noun,     an 

enemy.    (172.) 
intus,  adv.  [in],  inside,  within. 
juro,  1  [jus],  swear,  take  an  oath. 
Marcellus,   -i,    m.,   Marcellus,    a 

Roman  general. 


matrona,  -ae,  f.  [mater],  wife, 
lady,  matron. 

nuntio,  1  [nuntius],  announce, 
report. 

ornamentum,  -i,  n.  [or no],  orna- 
ment, jewel.    (345.  9.) 

populus,  -i,  M.,  people. 

publicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [popu- 
lus] (pertaining  to  the  people), 
public.     (345.  19.) 

quondam,  adv.,  once,  formerly. 

sentio,  4,  sensi,  sensum,  feel, 
know  [by  the  senses),  see,  perceive. 

tantum,  adv.  [tantus],  only. 

Thales,  -Is,  m.,  Thales,  a  Greek 
philosopher. 

tra-do,  3,  -didi,  -ditum  [trans], 
give  over,  deliver  ;  relate,  recount. 

verum,  -i,  n.  [verus],  the  truth. 


4. 

407.  FOR    TRANSLATION. 

Nasica  et  Ennius. 

Nasica,^  cum  ad  poetam  Ennium  venisset,^  eique^  ab  ostio 
quaereuti^  Ennium  ancilla  clixisset  eum  domi^  non  esse,  sensit 
illam^  domini  jussu  dixisse,  et  ilium''  intus  esse.  Paucis  post 
diebus,  cum  ad  Nasicam  venisset  Ennius  et  eum  a^  janua 
quaereret,  exclamat  Nasica  se  domi  non  esse.  Tum  Ennius, 
"Quid?    ego    non    cognosco   vocem,"    inquit,^    "  tuam  ? " 


^  Subject  of  sensit. 

2  Ad  .  .  .  venisset,    had    come 
to,  that  is,  to  call  on. 

3  To  him,  dat.  of  is.  See  270. 2. 
*  Pres.  part,  of  quaero,  in  the 

dat.  with  ei,  to  him  asking  for. 


5  See  336. 

6  Refers  to  ancilla,  and  is  the 
subject  ace.  of  dixisse. 

7  That  is,  Ennius. 

^  A  janua,  at  the  door. 

^  Observe  the  position  of  in  quit. 


194  PARTICIPLES. 

HIc^Nasica:  "Homo  es  impudens.  Ego,  cum  te  quaere- 
rem,  ancillae^  tuae  credidi  te^  domi  nou  esse;  tu  milii  non 
credis  ipsi?"* 

CHAPTER    LXIII.    1. 

PARTICIPLES. 

408.  Learn  the  participles  of  the  regular  and  irregular  verbs. 

1.  For  declension  of  a  present  active  participle,  see  165.  The 
ablative  singular  generally  ends  in  <?,  but  in  i  when  the  participle 
is  used  as  an  adjective. 

2.  The  other  participles,  ending  in  us,  a,  wm,  are  declined  like 
bonus  (71). 

409.  Examine  the  following :  — 

( cadit,  he  falls       )    ^  ,  • 

1.  Fortissime  dimicans  ■}  cadet,  he  will  fall  >  '^^       ^ 

(cecidit,       he  fell        )        ^^^^  y- 

2.  Hostes  adortus  profligavit,  he  attacked  and  routed  (having 

attacked,  he  routed)  the  enemy, 

3.  El  advenienti  aquila  pilleum  sustulit,  an  eagle  took  off  his 

cap  as  he  was  approaching  (to  him  approaching). 

4.  Leonidas  superatus  cedere  noluit,  Leonidas,  (though)  over- 

powered, would  not  ijield. 

5.  Roma  expulsus  Athenas  ibit,  (if)  expelled  from  Rome,  he 

will  go  to  Athens. 

6.  Epistulam  sibi  commissain  detulit,  he  delivered  the  letter 

(which  had  been)  intrusted  to  him. 

7.  Ea  re  commotus  in  Italiam  rediit,  he  returned  into  Italy 

(because  he  ivas)  alarmed  at  this  event, 

8.  Nos  morituri  salutamus,  we,  (who  are)  about  to  die,  salute  you, 

9.  Ob  virgines  raptas,  on  account  of  the  seizure  of  the  maidens 

(maidens  seized), 

1  An  adverb,  hereupon.  ^  Subject  ace.  of  esse.     See  401 

2  Dat.  after  credidi.   See  343.       •*  Emphasizes  mihi.    (270.4.) 


PARTICIPLES.  195 


Study  the  above  examples  with  reference  first  to  the  tenses 
of  the  participles,  and  observe  that  the  time  of  the  participles  is 
present,  past,  or  future,  relatively  to  the  time  of  the  leading  verb. 

Notice  how  the  participle  is  translated  in  each  example ;  only 
in  the  first  is  it  oest  translated  literally.  What  the  Latin  expresses 
by  a  participle  we  very  often  express  by  a  clause  beginning  asj 
though,  if,  because,  etc.,  by  a  relative  clause,  or  by  a  verb  coordinate 
with  one  following. 

2. 

410.  EXERCISES. 

[It  will  be  best  to  translate  every  sentence  literally,  then  into 
good  English.] 

I.  1.  Remus  irrldens  murum  transiliit.  2.  Abi  hinc, 
oblita^  fratrum,  oblita^  patriae.  3.  Legato  res  repetenti^ 
superbe  responsum  est^  a  Latinis.  4.  Falisci  statim  beneficio 
victi  portas  Romanis  aperuerunt.  5.  Filius  Manli  Latinum 
ex  equo  excussum  transfixit.^  6.  Roman!  necessitate  victT 
legatos  mittunt.  7.  Hunc  Fabricius  vinctnm  reduci  jussit. 
8.  Hannibal  causam  belli  quaerens  Saguntum  evertit.  9.  Ea 
re  commotus  in  Italiam  rediit  armis  injuriam  acceplam 
vindicaturus.^  10.  Missos^  a  senatu  legatos  honorifice 
excepit. 

[Cast  each  of  the  following  sentences  into  the  Latin  idiom 
before  attempting  to  translate.  Thus,  Romulus  killed  Remus  laugh- 
ing at  (ace.  in  agreement  with  Remus)  ;  Horatius  stabbed  his  sister 
forgetful  (oblitam) ;  to  the  ambassadors  demanding,  etc.] 

II.  1.  Romulus  killed  Remus  because  he  laughed  at  his 
wall.     2.  Horatius  stabbed  his  sister  with  his  sword  because 

1  Feminine  of  the  perf.  part.  ^  Respcnsum  est,  it  was  re- 
oblitus,  from  oblivlscor.   Trans-      plied  =  answer  was  made. 

late,  Thou  who  hast  forgotten  (lit.,  *  Excussum  transfixit,s«rwcA; 

having  forgotten).  off  and  stabbed.    See  409.  2. 

2  To  the  ambassador  demanding  ^  About  to  avenge,  i.e.,  in  order 
=  to  the  ambassador  who  demanded,  to  avenge. 

or  when  the  ambassador  deviandcd,  ^  Compare  409.  6. 


196 


PARTICIPLES. 


she  was  forgetful  of  her  country.  3.  The  Latins  answered 
the  ambassadors^  haughtily,  when  they  demanded  restitution. 
4.  The  Gauls  entered  the  open  houses.  5.  To  the  Romans, 
as  they  came  out  of  the  pass,  the  light  was  sadder  than 
death^  itself.  6.  The  old  men  went  forth  to  meet^  Manlius^ 
as  he  was  returning  to  Rome.  7.*  They  bound  the  prisoner 
and  brought  him  back  to  the  city.  8.  The  letter  which  had 
been  written  by  the  boy  was  delivered.  9.  The  Romans 
never  despaired,  though  they  were  often  defeated.^  10.  Cae- 
sar received  the  senate  sitting,^  when  they  came^  to  him. 


411. 


VOCABULARY. 


com-moveo,  2,  -movi,  -niotuin, 

shake,  disturb ,  excite,  alarra. 
de-fero,    -ferre,    -tuli,    -latum, 

(bring  down),  deliver. 
de-spero,  1,  be  hopeless,  despair. 
e-verto,    3,    -ti,    -sum,    overturn, 

overthrow,  destroy. 
ex-cutio,     3,     -cussi,     -cussum 

[quatio],  shake   out,  strike   off, 

drive  away,  cast  out. 
Falisci,  -orum,  m.,  the  Faliscans, 

a  people  of  Etruria. 
hinc,  adv.  [hie],  from  this  place, 

hence. 
ir-rideo,   2,   -risi,   -risum    [in], 

laugh  at,  ridicule,  jest,  mock. 
Latinus,    -a,     -um     [Latium], 

Latin ;  noun,  a  Latin. 


necessitas,  -atis,   f.   [necesse], 

necessity,  constraint. 
ob-viam,  adv.,  in  the  way;   with 

verb  of  motion,  meet;  w.  dat. 
pateo,  2,  -ui,  ,   lie   open,    be 

open;  part,  patens,  open, 
porta,) -SieyF.,gate, door.  Cf.  janua. 
re-dfico,   3,   -xi,   -duetum,   lead 

back,  bring  back. 
senior,   -oris,  m.  &  r.  (viomp.   of 

senex,  old),  elder,  old  person. 
statim,  adv.  (sto),  [standing  there), 

on  the  spot,  immediately,  at  once. 
superbe,       adv.       [superbus], 

proudly,  haughtily. 
trans-figo,     3,     -fixi,     -fixum, 

pierce  through,  pierce,  stab. 
vindico,  1,  claim,  avenge,  punish. 


1  Dative. 

2  See  211,  212. 

8  To  meet,  obviam. 
4  Compare  I.  7. 


5  Not  the  last  word  :  the  Bomans 
often  defeated,  etc. 

^  In  agreement  with  Ccesar. 
7  Had  come.    See  373. 


PARTICIPLES  :    ABLATIVE  ABSOLUTE.  197  ^ 


CHAPTER   LiXIV. 
PAETICIPLES:    ABLATIVE  ABSOLUTE. 

412.    Examine  the  following :  — 

rthe  sun  rising,  \ 

'      °  -<  loJien  the  sun  rises,       >■  the  shadows  flee  away. 

teuebrae.  V       7      •  •        ^  i  \ 

V  at  the  rising  0/  the  sun,  ) 

(  the  signal  having  been  given,  \ 
Dato  signo,  virgines  )  ^^^^^  ^^^  ^.         ^^    .^^^^     {    the  maidens 

raptaesunt,  {  at  the  given  signal,  )    were  seized, 

he  reigning^ 

>  a  ivar  arose, 
was  reigning, 
^  the  war  having  heenjinished, 

turned  to  Rome. 


(he  reigning,  \ 

E6  regnante,  bellum  >  .    , .       .  f 

°  -{m  his  reign,  > 

exortum  est,  /     7  7    7  •     •       \ 

V  while  he  was  reigning, ) 

rthe  war  having  heenjinished,  '\ 

'  <  when  the  war  was  finished,  >■    ^       ^'  ^  ^^' 

to,  Romam  rediit,   J  -,      .      ^   -  %    i  ^-l  \  turned  to  Ronii 

\  having  jinished  the  war,       ) 

(  you  (being)  leader,     ') 
Te  duce,  hostes  vin-  )  .^  .      .      (  we  shall  conquer  the 

<  ij  you  are  our  Leader,  >  ^ 
cemus,                         i     -^-L          J-        1     J      \              enemy. 

\  with  you  J  or  a  Leader,  )  ^ 

(  M.  and  P.  (being)  consuls. 
Messalla    et   Pisone  1     7       7,^        7  r»  / 

<  when  M.  and  F.  were  consuls. 

'  Kin  the  consulship  of  M.  and  P, 

rthe  sky  (being)  clear. 
Sereno  caelo,  ■}  when  the  sky  is  clear. 

( in  a  clear  sky. 

1.  The  foregoing  examples  illustrate  the  very  common  construc- 
tion called  the  Ablative  Absolute. 

2.  In  the  first  four  examples  there  is  a  noun  (or  pronoun)  in  the 
ablative,  and  a  participle  agreeing  with  it.  In  the  last  three  there 
is  no  participle  expressed,  but  instead,  another  noun  or  an  adjective. 

3.  Carefully  compare  the  Latin  with  the  English  translation, 
and  observe  that  each  ablative  absolute  may  be  rendered  by  a 
clause  beginning  with  when,  zvhile,  or  if  (in  other  instances  because, 
although,  etc.),  the  Latin  noun  in  the  ablative  becoming  the  subject 
of  the  clause  in  English,  and  that  this  noun  refers  to  a  different 
person  or  thing  from  the  subject  of  the  leading  verb. 


198  PARTICIPLES  :    ABLATIVE  ABSOLUTE. 

4.  We  may  also  sometimes  translate  the  participle  in  the  abla- 
tive absolute  by  a  verb  coordinate  with  a  following  verb.  Thus 
the  fourth  might  be  translated,  The  consul  finished  the  icar  and 
returned. 

5.  If  I  wish  to  express  in  the  Latin,  While  he  was  reigning,  he 
carried  on  war,  he  being  the  subject  of  both  the  principal  and  sub- 
ordinate clauses,  I  say.  Is  regnans  bellum  gessit ;  but  if  I  wish 
to  express.  While  he  was  reigning,  war  arose,  he  being  subject  of 
the  subordinate  clause,  and  icar  of  the  principal,  I  use  the  ablative 
absolute,  thus,  E6  regnante,  bellum  exortum  est. 

6.  In  the  fourth  example  notice  the  change  of  idiom.  We 
might  say.  The  consul,  having  finished  the  war,  returned  to  Rome;  but 
the  Latin  has  no  perfect  active  participle  corresponding  to  having 
finished;  therefore,  in  Latin  the  perfect  passive  participle  must  be 
used  in  the  ablative  with  the  noun  bellum.  The  same  idea  may, 
of  course,  be  expressed  by  a  cum  clause.     See  372. 

7.  From  the  nature  of  deponent  verbs  (passive  form  with  active 
meaning),  it  will  be  seen  that  the  English  participle  with  having 
may  be  directly  expressed  in  Latin,  if  there  is  a  deponent  verb  of 
the  right  meaning;  thus,  Ccesar  having  encouraged  his  men,  Caes; 
milites  hortatus. 

8.  Most  instances  of  the  so-called  ablative  absolute  may 
resolved  as  the  ablative  of  time,  means,  cause,  etc. 


of 

I 


413.  EXERCISES. 

[Translate  each  ablative  absolute  in  as  many  ways  as  possible.] 

I.  1.  Stricto  gladio,  transflxit  puellam.  2.  Expulsis 
regibiis,  duo  consules  creati  sunt.  3.  Quo  facto,^  mutata 
est  proeli  fortuna.  4.  Occupata  Sicilia,  quid  postea  acturus 
es?  5.  Hannibal,  viso  fratris  occisl  capite,  dixit:  "Agnosco 
fortuuam  Carthaginis."  6.  HTs  paratis  rebus,  Caesar  milites 
naves  conscendere  jubet.  7.  Hoc  facto,  tutus  eris.  8.  Al- 
pibus  superatis,  Hannibal  in  Italiam  venit.  9.  Caesar, 
mortuo  Sulla,  Rhodum  secedere  statuit.  10.  Deletis  Teu- 
tonibus,  C.  Marius  in  Cimbros  se  convertit. 


1  When  this  had  been  done.    What  is  it  literally  ? 


I 


PARTICIPLES  :   ABLATIVE  ABSOLUTE.  199 

[Before  trying  to  translate  the  following  sentences,  consider  well 
in  each  case  what  the  probable  Latin  form  of  expression,  or  idiom, 
would  be  for  the  subordinate  clause,  adverbial  phrase,  etc. ;  thus, 
When  he  had  stabbed  the  girl  —  the  girl  (having  been)  stabbed  ;  When 
Numa  was  king  =  Numa  (being)  king ;  By  hurling  their  javelins 
—  by  the  javelins  hurled.'] 

II.  1.  When  he  had  stabbed  the  girl,  he  put  by  his  sword. 
2.  On  the  expulsion  of  King  Tarquin,  Brutus  and  Collatinus 
were  made  consuls.  3.  When  Numa  was  king,  the  temple 
of  Janus  was  built.  4.  Caesar,  after  he  had  overcome  the 
Gauls,  waged  war  with  Pompey.  5.  On  the  death  of  Cato, 
there  was  no  longer^  a  republic.  6.  Having  learned  these 
facts  (things),  he  hastened  against  the  enemy.  7.  The 
soldiers,  by  hurling  their  javelins,  broke  the  enemy's  line. 
8.  Having  held  a  lev}^,  the  consul  sets  out  immediately  for 
{ad)  the  army.  9.  O  my  country,  thou  hast  overcome  m}- 
anger  by  employing  a  mother's  entreaties.  10.  If  we  do^ 
this,  we  shall  all  be  safe. 

414.  VOCABULARY, 

ad-moveo,   2,   -movi,   -motuin,  de-pono,    3,   -posui,    -positum, 

(move  up,  towards),  apply,  employ.  put  down,  put  by,  lay  down. 

cognosco,   3,    -gnovi,    -gnitum  ex-pello,  3,  -puli,  -pulsum,  drive 

[com,  {g)nosco],  learn,  recog-  out  or  away,  expel. 

nize,  hioiv.  Janus,  -i,  m.,  Janus,  the  two-faced 

Collatinus,     -i,     m.,     Collatinus,  god. 

surname  of  L.  Tarquinius.  per-fringo,  3,  -fregi,  -fractum 

con-icio,  3,   -jeci,   -jectum    [ja-  [frango,  break'],  break  through, 

cio]  [throw  together),  throw,  hurl.  break. 

con-tendo,    3,   -di,   -turn    [draw  Rhodus,  -i,  f.,  Rhodes,  an  island 

tight),  exert  one's  self,  strive,  has-  in  the  ^gean. 

ten ;  contend.  se-cedo,    3,  -cessi,  -cessum,  go 

con-verto,     3,     -ti,    -sum,     turn  apart,  withdraw,  retire. 

round,  turn,  change;  se  conver-  statuo,  3,  -ui,  -utum,  put,  place; 

tere,  turn  one's  self,  turn.  think,  believe,  determine. 

delectus,  -iis,  m.  [deligo,  choose  strlngo,  3,  -nxi,  strictum  {draw 

out],  selection,  levy.  tight),  graze;  draw,  unsheathe. 

^  No  longer  =  nulla  jam.  ^  If  we  do  this  =  this  done. 


I 


1 


200  IMPERSONAL   VERBS. 

CHAPTER     LXV.    1. 
IMPERSONAL  VP^RBS. 

415.  Examine  the  following :  — 

1.  Pluit,  it  rains, 

2.  Tonat,  it  thunders. 

3.  Me  pudet  stultitiae  meae,  /  am  ashamed  (it  shames  me)  of 

my  folly. 

4.  Bum  paenitet  sceleris,  he  repents  (it  repents  him)  of  his  crime. 

5.  Pugnabatur,  fighting  was  going  on  (it  was  being  fought). 

6.  Caesari^  parendum^  est,  Ccesar  must  he  obeyed  (it  must  h 

obeyed  to  Coisar). 

7.  Tibi  licet  exire,  you  may  go  out  (it  is  permitted  to  you  to  go  out) 

8.  Hoc  n5s  facere  oportet,  we  ought  to  do  this  (it  behooves  us  to 

do  this). 

9.  Caesari  placuit  ut  legates  mitteret,  Ccesar  determined  (it 

pleased  Ccesar)  to  send  ambassadors. 

(1)  Observe  in  each  of  the  foregoing  examples  that  the  leading 
verb  has  no  personal  subject  either  expressed  or  implied.  In  7, 
the  subject  of  licet  is  the  infinitive  exire ;  in  8,  the  phrase  hoc 
n5s  facere  is  the  subject  of  oportet;  in  9,  the  clause  ut  legatos 
mitteret  is  the  subject  of  placuit.  In  each  of  the  first  six  the 
subject  is  contained  in  the  verb  itself. 

(2)  Some  verbs,  like  pluit,  tonat,  pudet,  paenitet,  licet,  the 
use  of  which  is  mostly  confined  to  the  third  person  singular,  are 
called  Impersonal  Verbs ;  many  others,  as  in  the  examples  piig- 
nabatur,  oportet,  placuit,  are  sometimes  used  impersonally. 

(3)  Examples  7  and  8  show  one  way  of  rendering  tjiay  and  niust 
into  Latin. 

(4)  In  3  and  4  notice  the  use  of  the  accusative  and  genitive 
after  the  verbs. 

416.  Rule  of  Syntax.  —  The  impersonal  verbs 
niiseretf  _paem<e^,  piff^t,  pudet,  taedet  take  the  accusa- 

1  See  417.  2.  2  gee  425.  (4). 


IMPERSONAL   VERBS.  201 

tive  of  the  person  and  the  genitive  of  the  object  or 
cause  of  the  feeling. 

Some  examples  of  verbs  used  impersonally  have  already  been 
given.     See  362.  I.  9  ;  370.  I.  5 ;  410.  I.  3. 

417.  Examine  the  following :  — 

Active.  Passive. 

1 .  Fratri  persuadet,  he  persuades      Fratri  persuadetur,  his  brother 

his  brother.  is  persuaded. 

2.  Legibus  parebant,  they  obeyed      Legibus   parebatur,   the  laws 

the  laws.  were  obeyed. 

3.  Credit  mihi,  he  believes  me.  Mihi  creditur,  /  am  believed. 

4.  Amicis    nocent,    they    injure      Amicis  nocetur,  their  friends 

their  friends.  are  injured. 

Observe  that  the  verbs  are  intransitive.  Compare  the  active 
and  passive  in  the  examples  one  by  one.  Observe  that  in  each 
case  the  passive  is  expressed  by  putting  the  verb  in  the  third 
person  singular,  leaving  the  indirect  object  of  the  active  unchanged. 

418.  Rule  of  Syntax. — intransitive  verbs  are 
used  impersonally  in  the  passive,  the  person  or  thing 
affected  (the  subject  in  English)  being  expressed  by 
the  dative. 

419.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Omnes  decet  recte  agere.  2.  Diti  et  acriter  pugna- 
tum  est.     3.  Sequitur  ut  falsum  sit.    4.  Eorum  nos  miseret.^ 

5.  Taedet  me  vitae.  6.  Statuendiim^  vobTs  ante  noctem  est. 
7.  Licet  mihi  ex  urbe  egredi.  8.  Nos  oportuit^  hoc  facere. 
9.  Traditum  est  Scipionem  doctum  fuisse.  10.  Eadem  nocte 
accidit  ut  esset  luna  plena.  11.  Obsistitur  illis.  12.  Cui^ 
parci  potuit?     13.  Persuadetur  consul!. 

^  Compare  415.  3  and  4.  ^  It  behooved  us  to  do  =  we  ought 

2  The  duty  of  deciding  is  to  you  —       to  have  done, 
you  must  decide.    Compare  425.  7.  *  See  343. 


202 


IMPERSONAL   VERBS. 


[Observe  that  the  following  sentences  are  modelled  closely  on  the 
foregoing,  and  on  the  illustrative  examples.  Cast  each  one  into 
the  Latin  form  before  thinking  of  the  Latin  words ;  thus  the  fifth 
sentence  will  be  changed  to  It  disgusts  me  of  the  folly,  etc.] 

II.  1.  It  becomes  us  all  to  live  well.  2.  The  battle  willl 
be  fought  bravely.  3.  It  followed  that^  the  enemy  were? 
defeated.  4.^  He  was  ashamed  of  his  cowardice.  5.  I  am 
disgusted  with  the  folly  of  the  men.  6.  What  must  we  do? 
7.  What  ought  we  to  have  done?^  8."*  May  I  take  the  jj 
book?  9.  It  was  reported  to  Caesar  that  the  enemy  were^] 
approaching.  10.  It  resulted^  from  these  circumstances^ 
that^  all  were  silent.  11.  The  winds  are  opposed  with 
difficulty.  12.  Can  the  soldier  be  spared?  13.  Are  not 
the  laws  of  the  republic  obeyed  ? 


1 

3    ll 


420. 


VOCABULARY. 


decet,  2,   decuit,  impers.,   it  is 

seemly^  becoming,  ftting. 
e-gredior,  3, -gressus  [gradior], 

go  out,  go  forth,  march  out.     Cf . 

exeo. 
fortiter,   adv.    [fortis],   bravely, 

courageously. 
licet,  2,  -ult,  or  -itum  est,  impers., 

it  is  permitted,  it  is  lawful,  (one) 

may. 
miseret,   2,   -itum    est,   impers. 

[miser],  it  makes  miserable,  it 

excites  pity,  (one)  pities. 
ob-sisto,  3,  -stiti,  -stitum,  oppose, 

withstand,  resist,  w.  dat. 
oportet,   2,   -uit,    impers.,    it  is 


necessary,  it  behooves,  (one)  must 
or  ought. 

parco,  3,  peperci,  or  parsi, , 

sparCy  w.  dat. 

piget,  2,  -uit,  or  -itum  est, 
impers.,  it  disgusts,  (one)  is  dis- 
gusted. 

pudet,  2,  -uit,  or  -itum  est,  im- 
pers,, it  shames,  (one)  is  ashamed. 

pugno,  1  [pugna],  Jight. 

stultitia,  -ae,  f.  [stuItus,y()o/zsA], 
folly.    (345.  11.) 

taedet,  2,  -uit,  or  taesum  est, 
impers,,  it  disgusts,  wearies,  (one) 
is  disgusted. 

vix,  adv.,  hardly,  with  difficulty. 


1  A  result  clause,  ut,  etc. 

2  Compare  415.  3. 

3  Compare  I.  8. 


4  Compare  415.  7. 

5  Fiebat. 

6  Res. 


FOR   TRANSLATION.  203 


2. 

421.  FOR    TRANSLATION. 

The  Death  of  the  Pet  Sparrow. 

Lugete,  o  Veneres  Cupidinesque, 

Et  quantumst^  liominiim^  vennstiorum. 

Passer  mortuus  est  meae  puellae, 

Passer,  deliciae  meae  puellae, 

Quern  plus  ilia  oculis^  suis  amabat:  ^ 

Nam  mellitus  erat  suamque^  norat^ 

Ipsa^  tarn  bene  quam  puella  matrem 

Nee  sese  a  gremio  illius'  movebat, 

Sed  circumsiliens  mode  hue  modo  illuc 

Ad  solam  dominam  usque  pipiabat. 

Qui^  nunc  it  per  iter  tenebricosum 

Illuc  unde  negant  redire  quemquam.^ 

At  vobis  male  sit,^^  malae  tenebrae 

Orci,  quae  omnia  bella^^  devoratis  : 

Tam  bellum  mihi^^  passerem  abstulistis. 

O  factum  male  !  ^^  io  miselle  passer  ! 

Tua  nunc  opera  ^"^  meae  puellae  ^^ 

Flendo  turgiduli  rubent^^  ocelli.  —  Catullus. 

1  For  quantum    est.     Trans-  ^  Refers  to  passer. 

late,  all  ye  lovely  ones,  whoever  ye  ^  Subject  ace.  of  redire.     See 

are.     What  is  it  literally  ?  401  and  279.  6. 

2  Depends  on  quantum.     See  ^^  ///  betide  you! 
340.  11  From  bellus. 

^  Ablative  after  the  compara-  i^  Translate  my. 

tive  plus.     See  212.  i^  Factum   male,  woful  deid. 

*  Supply  dominam.  What  is  it  literally  1 

^  For  noverat,  but   with  the           i*  On  your  account. 

meaning  of  the  imperfect.  i^  Genitive  after  ocelli. 

^  With  puella.  i^  Turgiduli    rubent,   are  all 

'  That  is,  puellae*  swollen  and  red. 


204  PERIPHRASTIC   CONJUGATIONS. 

CHAPTER    LXVI.    1. 

PERIPHRASTIC  CONJUGATIONS. 

Future  Active  Participle.  —  Gerundive. 

\_Review  the  participles  of  the  regular  and  irregular  verbs."] 


I 


422.  The  future  active  participle  with  the  verb  sum  forms  the 
First,  or  Active  Periphrastic  Conjugation  :  amaturus  sum, 

eram,  etc.,  I  am^  was,  etc.,  about  to  {going  to,  intending  to)  love. 

423.  The  gerundive  with  the  verb  sum  forms  the  Second,  o^B 
Passive  Periphrastic  Conjugation  :  amandus  sum,  eram,  etc., 

/  am,  wasj  etc.,  to  be  loved  ;  I  deserve,  ought,  etc.,  to  be  loved. 

424.  PARADIGMS. 

active.  passive. 

Indicative. 

Pres.     amaturus  sum  amandus  sum 

Imper.  amaturus  eram  amandus  eram 

Put.      amaturus  ero  amandus  ero 

Perf.    amaturus  fui  amandus  fui 

Plup.    amaturus  fueram  amandus  fueram 

P.P.       amaturus  fuero  amandus  fuero 
etc.  etc. 

425.  Examine  the  folloimng :  — 

1.  Non  dubito  qum  moniturus  sit,  /  do  not  doubt  that  he  ivill 

advise. 

2.  Non  dubito  quin  futurum  sit  ut  id  fiat,  /  do  not  doubt  that 

{it  will  happen  that  it  be  done)  it  will  be  done. 

3.  SciSbam  quid  acturus  esses,  /  knew  ivhat  you  were  going  to  do. 

4.  Pontem  faciendum  curat,  he  {takes  care  a  bridge  to  be  built) 

has  a  bridge  built. 

5.  Delenda  est  Carthago,  Carthage  must  be  destroyed. 

6.  Caesari  omnia  erant  agenda,  everything  had  to  be  done  by 

Ccesar. 

7.  Mihi  scribendum  est,  {the  duty  of  writing  is  to  me)  I  must 

write. 


PERIPHRASTIC   CONJUGATIONS.  205 

8.  Omnibus  moriendum  est,  (the  necessity  of  dying  is  to  all) 

all  must  die. 

9.  Vobis  judicio  utendum  est,  (the  duty  of  using  judgment  is  to 

you)  you  ought  to  use  judgment. 

(1)  The  first  three  examples  show  how  a  future  tense  may  be 
supplied  for  the  subjunctive  mood. 

(2)  Observe  in  the  fourth  example  the  use  of  the  gerundive 
agreeing  with  a  noun  which  is  the  object  of  euro,  the  whole  ex- 
pression denoting  to  have  a  thing  done. 

(3)  The  last  five  examples  show  some  uses  of  the  passive  peri- 
phrastic conjugation.  Notice  that  the  idea  of  necessity,  or  duty, 
is  prominent  in  these  forms. 

(4)  In  7,  8,  and  9  the  verbs  are  used  impersonally,  that  is,  with- 
out any  personal  subject,  the  gerundive  being  in  the  nominative 
singular  neuter.  This  impersonal  use  belongs  to  transitive  verbs 
without  an  object  expressed,  and  to  intransitive  verbs.  For  the  case 
of  judicio,  see  304. 

(5)  In  the  last  four  examples,  CaesarT,  mihi,  omnibus,  and 
vobis,  denote  in  each  case  the  person  to  whom  there  is  a  duty  or 
necessity  of  doing  something.  This  dative  is  most  conveniently 
rendered  with  by,  and  is  called  the  Dative  of  Agent. 

426.  Rule  of  Syntax.  —  The  dative  is  used  with 
the  grerundive  to  denote  the  person  by  wliom  the  act 
must  be  done.^ 

2. 

427.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Quis  dubitat  quin  futuri  sitis  docti?  2.  Quis  dubi- 
tat  quin  ludos  visurl  simus?  3.  Non  erat  dubium  quin 
ludos  visurus  esset.  4.  Noli  dubitare  quTn  eras  venturus  sim. 
5.  Cognovi  quid  acturus  sit.  6.  Audiam  quid  acturus  sis. 
7.  Cognoveram  quid  acturi  essent.  8.  Dux  castra  moturus 
est.      9.    Scrlbenda  est  mihi  epistula.      10.   Scribenda  erat 

1  How  is  the  agent  with  a  verb  in  the  passive  otherwise  and  com- 
monly expressed? 


206  PERIPHRASTIC    CONJUGATIONS. 

tibi  epistula.       11.    Oppidum  militibus  oppugnandum  erit. 
12.  Hic  liber  mihi  legendus  est. 

II.  1.  There  is  no  doubt  that  you  are  going  to  be  a  hero. 
2.  I  doubt  not  that  you  will  see  the  games.  3.  Do  not 
doubt  ^  that  he  will  be  present.  4.  Do  you  know  what  he  is 
going  to  do?  5.^  We  ought  to  cultivate  virtue.  6.^  I  must 
give  the  signal.  7.^  We  ought  to  read  the  poets.  8.  The 
commander  must  be  obeyed.^  9.  The  boy  is  not  to  be 
believed.     10.  The  town  had  to  be  fortified. 


3. 
428.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Quaesivit  ex  oraculo  Croesus  utrum  ipse  superaturus 
esset.  2.  Non  erat  dubium  quin  Falisci  sese  RomanTs  dedi- 
turi  essent.  3.  Nisi  vinum  defecisset,  plura  et  graviora 
dictun  fuimus.  4.  Magnam  in  spem  veniebat  fore'*  ut 
pertinacia  desisteret  hostis.  5.  Cum  Sclpio,  graviter  vulne- 
ratus,  in  hostium  manus  jam  jam  venturus  esset,  filius  eum 
perlculo  liberavit.  6.  Hoc  censeo  et  Carthaginem  esse 
delendam.  7.  Aemilius  liberos  Graecis  litteris  erudiendos^ 
curaverat.  8.  Caesari  dandum  erat  tuba  signum.  9.  Mihi 
utendum  est  judicio  meo.^  10.  Ita  nobis  vivendum  est,  ut 
ad  mortem  parati  simus. 

II.  1.  I  will  ask  of  the  general  whether  he  is  going  to 
advance.  2.  Who  doubts  that  the  Romans  will  surrender 
themselves  to  the  Faliscans?  3.'  If  words  had  not  failed,  I 
was  going  to  write  a  longer  letter.  4.  I  think  the  enemy 
will  be  defeated.      5.    When  Caesar  was  on   the   point  of 

1  Noli   dubitare.      How  else  *  Fore  =  fiiturum  esse,  to  he 

may  this  be  expressed  ?  about  to   he,   may   be   omitted    in 

2  Express    in    two   ways  —  by  translation. 

using  oportet,  and  then  by  the  ^  Compare  425.  4,  and  (2). 

gerundive.  ^  See  425.  9. 

3  Lit.  it  must  he  obeyed   to  the  "^  Compare  I.  3. 
commander.     Cf .  415.  6. 


I 


PERIPHRASTIC   CONJUGATIONS. 


207 


starting^  for   Rome,    he   received   a  letter   from   Pompey. 

6.  My  opinion  is^  that  the   town   ought  to   be  besieged. 

7.  These  things  must  not  be  despised  by^  us.  8.  A  wise 
man  will  have  his  boys  trained'^  in  Latin  literature.^  9.  The 
citizens^  must  obey  the  laws.  10.  The  soldiers  must  use 
their  own  judgment. 


429. 


VOCABULARY. 


Aemilius,  -i,  m.,  jEmilius,  a  Ro- 
man consul. 

censeo,  2,  -ui,  -um,  estimate; 
think,  deem,  he  of  opinion, 

Croesus,  -i,  m.,  Croesus,  king  of 
Lydia. 

de-do,  3,  -didi,  -ditum,  ( put  away 
from  one's  self)  surrender,  de- 
liver up. 

de-ficio,  3,  -feci,  -fectum  [fa- 
cio],  (make  away  from)  revolt; 
fail,  he  wanting. 

de-sisto,  3,  -stiti,  -stitum,  (stand 
off  or  apart)  leave  off,  cease,  de- 
sist. 

doctus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [P.  of 
doceo],  learned. 

gravis,  -e,  adj.,  heavy,  serious. 


graviter,  adv.,  heavily,  seriously. 

ita,  adv.,  thus,  so. 

jamjam,  adv.,  already ;  jamjam 

venturus,  on  the  point  of  coming. 
judicium,  -i,  n.   [judico],  judg- 
ment, opinion. 
op-pugno,  1  [ob],  attack,  assault, 

hesiege. 
oraculum,  -i,  n.  [oro],  oracle. 
paratas,    -a,    -um,    adj.    [P.    of 

paro],  ready,  prepared. 
pertinacia, -ae, f.  [pertinax,/)e7- 

sistent~\,    perseverance,   obstinacy. 

(345.  11.) 
signum,  -i,  n.,  mark,  sign,  signal. 
utor,  3,  usus,  use,  employ,  w.  abl. 
utrum,  adv.,  whether.     Cf.  num, 

382. 


judico,  censeo,  existimo,  arbitror,  puto,  and  opinor,  all  mean 
think;  but  the  first  four  imply  more  deliberation  and  reflec- 
tion ;  primarily  think  as  a  judge,  a  magistrate,  an  appraiser,  an 
arbiter;  hence,  in  general,  of  official,  authoritative  opinion. 
Puto  and  opinor  imply  rather  private,  personal  judgment  or 
opinion. 


1  On  the  point  of  starting  =  c 
ready  about  to  start. 

2  This  I  think.     Cf .  I.  6. 

3  See  425.  (5). 


4  Cf.  I.  7,  and  425.  (2). 

5  Compare  232.  I.  4. 

^  A  civibus,  to  distinguish  the 
agent  from  the  indirect  object. 


208  gerund:  gerundive:  supine. 

CHAPTER    LXVII. 
GERUND.  —  GERUNDIVE.  —  SUPINE. 

430.  Learn  the  gerunds  and  supines  of  the  regular  and  irregu- 
lar verbs. 

Gerund. 

431.  Examine  the  folloiviiig :  — 

G.     Caesar  loquendi  finem  facit,   Ccesar  makes  an  end  of 

speaking, 
Cupidus  est  tS  audiendi,  he  is  desirous  of  hearing  you, 
D.     Aqua  utilis  est  bibendo,  water  is  useful  for  drinking. 
Ac.  Inter  pugnandum  triginta  naves  captae  sunt,  during  the 

fght  (ainid  the  fighting)  thirty  ships  were  taken, 
Ab.  Mens  discendo  alitur,  the  mind  is  strengthened  by  learning. 

1.  The  above  examples  illustrate  the  use  of  the  gerund  in  its 
several  cases.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  gerund  is  used  like  the 
English  verbal  noun  in  ing.  The  nominative  is  supplied  in  Latin 
by  the  infinitive ;  e.g.,  videre  est  crgdere,  seeing  is  believing. 

Gerund  and  Gerundive. 

432.  Examine  the  following :  — 

G.     Consilia  |  urbem  delendi,  7  plans  for  (of)  destroying 

i  urbis  delendae,  )  the  city. 

D      Oneram  dat  i  ^S^os  colendo  (rare)  )  he  devotes  himself  to 
I  agris  colendis,  )      tilling  the  fields. 

Ac.  Venerunt  ad  \  P^^®°^  petendum  (rare)  7  they  came  to  sue 
( pacem  petendam,  >       for  peace. 

Ab.  Occupatus      (  litteras  scribendo  (rare)  )  /  was  engaged  in 
sum  in  (  litteris  scribendis,  >    writing  letters. 

1.  What  is  to  be  particularly  studied  in  the  above  examples  is 
the  difference  between  the  gerund  and  the  gerundive  construction, 
as  shown  within  the  braces.  Observe  (1)  that  the  gerund  is  put 
in  the  required  case,  and  has  its  object  in  the  accusative;  (2)  that  the 
noun  is  put  in  the  required  case,  and  the  gerundive  agrees  with  it. 


gerund;  gerundive:  supine.  209 

2.  Except  in  the  genitive,  where  the  two  constructions  are 
about  equally  common,  the  gerundive  construction  is  almost  always 
preferred. 

3.  Notice  that  the  accusative  of  the  gerund  or  gerundive  with 
ad  denotes  a  purpose.  This  construction  is  much  used.  In  what 
other  ways  may  a  purpose  be  expressed  ? 

Supine. 

433.  Examine  the  following :  — 

1.  Legati  Romam  veniunt  pacem  petitum,  ambassadors  come 

to  Rome  to  sue  for  peace. 

2.  Id  perfacile  est  factu,  that  is  very  easy  to  do^  or  to  be  done. 

Observe  in  the  first  example  that  the  supine  petitum  has  the 
same  meaning  as  ut  petant,  qui  petant,  or  ad  petendam ;  that  is, 
it  expresses  purpose.     This  use  is  common  after  verbs  of  motion. 

434.  Rule  of  Syntax. — The  supine  in  um  is  used 
after  verbs  of  motion  to  express  purpose. 

In  the  second  example  the  supine  in  u  answers  the  question 
in  ivhat  respect  f  Perfacile  factu,  easy  in  respect  to  the  doing.  This 
use  is  common  after  adjectives. 

The  supine  in  u  is  really  an  ablative  of  specification.     See  260. 

435.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Mult!  convenere  studio^  videndae  novae  iirbis. 
2.  Ars  pueros  educandi  difficilis  est.  3.  Ea^  aquae  causa^ 
hauriendae  descenderat.  4.  Brutus  ad  explorandum  cum 
equitibus  antecessit.  5.  Milites  ad  domum  custodiendam  a 
rege  missi  sunt.  6.  NerainT  dubium  est  quTn  Fabius  rem 
Romanam  cunctando  restituerit.  7.  Is  opportunus  visus 
est  locus  communiendo  praesidio.  8.  Omnis  spes  evadendi 
adempta  est.  9.  Legates  ad  Caesarem  mittunt  auxilium 
rogatum.     10.  Quod  optimum  est  factu,  faciam. 

1  From  a  desire ;  abl.  of  cause.  ^  The  ablative  causa,  for  the 

2  She.     See  270.  2.  sake  of  follows  its  genitive. 


210 


gerund:  gerundive:  supine. 


II.  1.  You  will  have  time  to  lead  (of  leading)  out  the 
army  from  that  place.  2.  He  undertook  the  war  for  the 
sake^  of  destroying  the  republic.  3.  Bodies  are  nourished 
by  eating  and  drinking.  4.  While  drinking^  we  conversed 
about  many  things.  5.  Many  leaders  had  assembled  to 
see^  Scipio.  6.  Night  put^  an  end  to  the  fighting.  7.  This 
seems  (to  be)  a  suitable  place  for  building  a  house.  8.  The 
enemy  had  entertained^  the  hope  of  getting  possession  of 
the  camp.^  9.  A  multitude  of  men  came  together  to  wit- 
ness^ the  games.     10.  It  is  difficult  to  say  what  he  will  do."^ 


436. 


VOCABULARY. 


ad-lmo,     3,     -emi,     -emptum 

[emo],  take  away,  remove. 
alo,  3,  -ui,  -turn,  nourish,  strengthen, 

support. 
ante-cedo,  3,  -cessi,  -cessum,  go 

before. 
auxilium,  -i,  n.    [augeo],   help, 

aid,  support;  pi.  auxiliaries. 
col-loquor,  3,  -locutus   [com], 

speak  together,  converse. 
com-munio,  4,  (fortify  strongly) 

secure,  intrench. 
con-venio,    4,    -veni,    -ventum 

[com],  come  together,  assemble. 
cunctor,  1,  linger,  hesitate. 


edo,  edere  or  esse,  edi,  esum  or 

essum,  eat. 
ex-ploro,   1,  search  out,  examine, 

explore  ;  reconnoitre. 
Fabius,  -i,  m.,  Fabius,  a  Roman 

general. 
haurio,     4,     hausi,     haustum, 

di'aw  (ivater^,  drain,  drink  up. 
opportunus, -a,  -um,  adj.,  fit,  con- 
venient, suitable;  opportune. 
re-stituo,  3,  -ui,  -utum  [statu o], 

[replace)  give  back,  return,  restore. 
sus-cipio,     3,     -cepi,     -ceptum 

[sub,  capio],  undertake. 


1  Causa.    See  p.  209,  note  3. 

2  Inter  bibendum. 

8  Express  in  three  ways. 
*  Put  an  end  to  =  make  an  end  of. 
^  Entertain  the  hope  =  come  into 
the  hope. 


6  What  case  with  potior? 

■^  Why  must  the  subjunctive 
be  used  ?  What  tense  of  the  sub- 
junctive to  express  future  time  1 
What  form  expresses  the  im- 
mediate future  ? 


READING    LESSONS. 

oo><>:oo 

LETTERS:   Cicero  to  his  Wife  Terentia. 

437.  B.C.  49. 

Si  vales,  bene  est,  valeo.^  Da  operam'^  ut  convalescas. 
Quod  opus^  erit,  uf*  res  tempusque  postulat,  provideas^  atque 
administres ;  et  ad  me  de  omnibus  rebus  quam^  saepissime 
litteras  mittas.     Vale. 

438.  B.C.  49. 

S.  V.  B.  E.  E."^  Y.  Yaletudinem  tuam  velim^  cures^  dUi- 
gentissime.^*^  Nam  mihi  et^^  scriptum  et  nuntiatum  est  te^^  in 
febrim  subito  incidisse.  Quod  ^^  celeriter  me  fecisti  de  Caesa- 
ris  litteris  certiorem,^'*  fecisti  mihi  gratum.  Item  posthac,  si 
quid^^  opus  erit,^^  si  quid  accident  novi,^^  facies^^  ut  sciam. 
Cura  ut  valeas.     Yale. 

1  The    Romans    often    began  ^  Equivalent  to  ut  cures. 
their  letters  with  these  five  words,          ^"^  Notice  the  emphatic  position 
or  rather  witli  the  abbreviations       of  the  adverb,  after  the  verb. 

S.  V.  B.  E.  V.  11  Et  .  .  .  et,  both  .  .  .  and. 

2  Give  labor  =  try.  12  gubj.  of  incidisse.  See  401. 
2  An  indeclinable  noun,  need ;  ^^  In  that. 

opus  est,  is  necessary.  i*  Fecisti  . . .  certiorem,  made 

*  What  indicates  that  ut  does  more  certain  =  informed. 

not  mean  in  order  that?  1^  Anything ;  quid  is  regularly 

^  The    hortatory    subjunctive.  used  instead  of  aliquid  after  si. 

See  390.  nisi,  ne,  and  num. 
^  Quam  strengthens  the  super-  ^^  See  note  3,  above. 

iative ;  quam  saepissim^,  as  often  i"  0/  new ;  partitive  genitive. 

as  possible.  1^  A   future  equivalent   to  the 

"^  For  ego.  imperative.     Facies    ut   sciam, 

^  /  could  wish  ;  volo^  /  wish,  inform  me.    What  is  it  literally  ? 


212 


READING   LESSONS. 


439. 


B.C.  46. 


Si  vales,  bene  est^  Constitueramus,  ut^  ad  te  antea 
sciipseram,  obviam  Ciceronem^  Caesaii  mittere ;  sed  mtita- 
vimus  consilium,  quia  de  illius^  adventu  nihil  audiebamus. 
De  ceteris  rebus,  etsi  nihil  erat  novi,^  tamen  quid  velimus^ 
et  quid  hoc  tempore  putemus^'  opus^  esse  ex  Sicca^  poteris 
cognoscere.  Tulliam  adhuc  mecum  teneo.  Valetudinem 
tuam  ciira^  diligenter.     Vale. 


440. 

^S.  V.  B.  E.  V. 


B.C.  46, 


Nos  neque  de  Caesaris  adventu  neque 
de  lltteris  qnas  Philotlmus  habere  dicitur,  quidquam^^  adhuc 
certi^^  habemus.  SI  quid  erit  certi,  faciam  te  statim  certio- 
rem.^    Valetudinem  tuam  fac^^  ut  cilres.     Vale. 


1  Compare  this  form  of  begin- 
ning a  letter  with  those  of  the  two 
preceding. 

2  Compare  the  use  of  ut  in 
437,  Hne  2. 

8  That  is,  his  son  Cicero. 

*  That  is,  Caesar's. 

^  Genitive  neuter  of  novus  de- 
pending on  nihil.  Compare  the 
same  word  in  438,  and  the  note. 

6  Translate  the  words  quid  ve- 
liinus,  etc.,  just  as  they  stand. 

^  Compare  opus  erit  in  437 
and  438,  and  the  note. 

8  A  friend  of  Cicero. 

^  Compare  with  this  the  begin- 
ning and  the  ending  of  438. 

1^  Observe  how  nearly  this  letter 


can  be  translated  in  the  order  of 
the  Latin  words. 

11  Anything  at  all.  To  express 
anything  at  all,  after  a  negative 
word,  as  here  after  neque,  the 
Romans  used  quidquam,  not 
allquld.    See  279.  6. 

12  Genitive  neuter  of  certus, 
depending  on  quidquam.  Com- 
pare novi  in  438  after  quid,  and 
in  439  after  niliil. 

13  Compare  fecisti  certiorem 
in  438,  and  the  note. 

i^'See  p.  150,  note.  Fac  ut 
cures,  he  sure  to  take  care.  What 
is  the  literal  meaning  ?  Compare 
with  this  the  endings  of  the  two 
preceding  letters. 


READING   LESSONS.  213 


FABLES. 

441  •  De  ViTiis  HoMiNUM. 

Jiippiter  nobis ^  duas  peras  imposuit :  alteram,^  quae  nos- 
tiis  vitiis  repleta  est,  post  tergum  nobis  dedit ;  alteram^ 
autem,  qua^  aliorum  vitia  continentur,  ante  pectus  nostrum'* 
suspendit.  Quare  non  videmus  quae^  ipsi  peccamus ;  si 
autem  alii  peccant,  statim  eos  vituperamus. 

442,  MuLiER  ET  Gallina. 

Muli-er  quaedam  habebat  gallinam,  quae  ei^  cotidie  ovum 
pariebat  aureum.  Hinc  suspicari  coepit  illam''  auri  massam 
intus  celare,  et  gallinam  occidit.  Sed  nihil  in  ea  repperit, 
nisi  quod^  in  aliis  gallinis  reperiri  solet.^  Itaque  dum 
majoribus  divitiis  inhiat,^^  etiam  minores^^  perdidit. 

443,  VULPES   ET   UvA. 

Vulpes  uvam  in  vite  conspicata^^  ad  illam  subsiliit  omnium 
virium  suarum  contentione,^^  si  eam  forte  attingere  posset. 

1  With  imposuit,;  has  placed  ^^  Gapes  for  =  is  greedy  for. 
en  us.  Notice  here  a  peculiarity  of  the 

2  Alter  .  .  .  alter,  the  one  .  .  .  Latin :  the  present  is  used  after 
the  other.  dum,  though  the  perfect  perdi- 

3  Qua  =  in  qua  pera.  dit  follows.     The  English  idiom 
*  Compare  ante  pectus  nos-       requires   us   to   translate   such   a 

trum  with  post  tergum  nobis.  present    hy    the    imperfect,    was 

^  What  we   sin  =  ivhat  sins  we  greedij  for. 

commit.    On  ipsi,  see  270.  4.  ii  Supply  the  Latin  noun  in  the 

6  For  her.  proper  form. 

"^  Illam  =  illam  gallinam,  ^2  Perfect  participle  of  con- 
subject  of  celare.  spicor,    agreeing    with    vulpes. 

^  Nisi  quod  =  praeter  id  Translate  by  the  present  parti- 
quod,  ciple. 

^  Is  wont  =  is  usually.  i^  With  the  exertion. 


214  READING  LESSONS. 

Tandem  defatigata  inani  labore  discedens,  "At  nunc  etiam," 
inquit,  "acerbae^  sunt,  nee  eas^  in  via  repertas^  tollerem."^ 


444*  EusTicus  ET  Canis  Fidelis. 

Rusticus  in  agros  exiit  ad  opus  suum.  Filiolum,  qui  in 
cunis  jacebat,  reliquit  cani^fideli  atque  valido  custodiendum 
Adrepsit  anguis  immanis,  qui  puerulum  exstincturus  erat, 
Sed  custos  fidelis  corripit  eum  dentibus  acutis,  et,  dum  eum 
necare  studet,^  cunas  simul  evertit  super  exstinctum  anguem. 
Paulo  post  ex  arvo  rediit  agricola ;  cum  cunas  eversas  cruen- 
tumque  canis  rictum  videret,^  Ira  accenditur.^  Temere  igitur 
custodera  filioll  interfecit  ligone,  quem  manibus  tenebat. 
Sed  ubi  cunas  restituit,^  super  anguem  occlsum  repperit 
puerum  vivum  et  incolumem.  Paenitentia  facinoris'^  sera^^ 
fuit. 

445,  PuER  Mend  AX. 

Puer  in  prato  oves  pascebat/^  atque  per  jocum  clamitabat, 
ut  sibi  auxilium  ferretur,  quasi  lupus  gregem  esset  adortus. 
Agricolae  undique  succurrebant,  neque^'^  lupum  inveniebant. 
Ita  ter  quaterque  se  elusos  a  puero  viderunt. '  Deinde^"^  cum 
ipse^  lupus  aggrederetur,  et  puer  re  vera^^  imploraret  au- 

1  The  plural,  as  if  iivae  had  ^  Translate  as  if  it  were  resti- 
been  used.  tuerat ;  after  ubi,  lit,  and  post- 

2  Eas  repertas,  them  found  =  quam,  meaning  when,  the  i)erfect 
if  I  had  found  them,  indicative  is  commonly  used,  but 

^  Would  I  pick  them  up.  it   is   best   rendered   by  the  plu- 

*  The  so  called  dative  of  the  perfect, 
agent        with       custodiendum.  ^^  Translate, /or  the  deed. 

Translate,  left  for  his  .  .  .  dog  to  ^^  Too  late, 

quard.  ^^  The  imperfect,  denoting  cus- 

^  Literally,  to  he  guarded,  tomary  action ;  render,  used  to  tend. 

6  See  p.  213,  note  10.  13  But  .  .  .  not. 

7  For  the  subjunctive,  see  373.  ^^  See  p.  106,  note  1. 

8  Present    for   perfect,   called  ^^  Jiealhj.     See  270.  6. 
historical  present,  ^^  Ke  vera,  in  earnest. 


1 


READING   LESSONS.  215 

xilium,  nemo  gregi  subvenit,^  et  oves  lupi  praeda^  sunt  factae. 
Mendaci  homini^  non  credimus,  etiam  cum  vera  dieit. 


/ 


446,  Senex  et  Mors. 


Senex  quidam  ITgna  in  silva  ceciderat,*  et,  fasce  in  ume- 
ros  sublato,^  domum  redire  coepit.  Cum  fatigatus  esset^  et 
onere  et  itinere,  deposuit  ITgna,  et,  senectutis'  et  inopiae" 
miser ias  secum  reputans,  clara  voce  invocavit  mortem,  ut  se 
omnibus  mails  ^  liberaret.  Mox  adest^  mors  et  interrogat 
quid  vellet.  Tum  senex  perterritus  :  "  Pro  !  hunc  lignorum 
fascem,  quaeso,  umeris^^  meis  imponas."^^ 

447.  VuLPES  ET  Leo. 

Vulpes  nunquam  leonem  viderat.  Cum  huic  forte  occur- 
risset,  ita  exterrita  est,  ut  paene  moreretur^^  formidine.^^ 
Euudem  couspicata  est  iterum.  Turn  extimuit  ilia  quidem, 
sed  nequaquam  ut  an  tea.  Cum  tertio^^  leoni  obviam  facta 
esset,  adeo  non  pertcrrita  fait,-"  ut  auderet^^  accedere  propius 
et  colloquT  cam  eo. 


1  Cf.    succurro.       See    34o.  ^^  Quaeso  imponas  =  qnaeso 

How  does  the  meaning  help  conje  ut  iinpouas. 

from  the  primitive  meaning  ?  ^'^  Is  this   clause  a  purpose   or 

2  Predicate  nominative.  result  clause'?     See  illustrative  ex- 

3  Why  dative  1     See  343.  amples,  352  and  368. 

*  Erom  caedo,  not  cado.  Are  the  clauses  beginning  with 

^  From  tollo,  not  suifero.  cum   temporal  or  causal?      Read 

^  Eor  the  subjunctive,  see  373.  again    the   illustrative   examples, 

■^  Notice  the  order :   the  geni-  372  and  374. 

tives  coming  first  are  made  em-  i^  Of  fright. 

phatic.  14   The  third  time. 

^  Abl.  of  separation.    See  130.  ^^    To    such    a    degree   was    not 

^  See  p.  214,  note  S.  frightened  —  was  so  far  from  being 

1*^  Uineris  .  .  .  iiiiponas,     cf.  frightened. 

nobis  .  ,  .  imposuit  in  441. 


216  READING  LESSONS. 


CESAR'S   TWO   INVASIONS   OF  BRITAIN. 

448,    [In  the  latter  part  of   the   summer  of  B.C.  55,  C?esar 
brought  his  ships  together  into  the  country  of  the  Morini,  who 
occupied  the  seacoast  from  the  modern  Boulogne  northward,  an^ 
set  sail  for  Britain.] 


Caesar  ipse  cum  omnibus  copiis  in  Morinos  proficiseitur, 
quod^  inde  erat  brevissimiis  iu  Britanniam  trajectus.  Hue 
naves ^  undique  ex  finitimis  regionibus  et  quam^  superiore 
aestate^  effecerat  classem  jubet  convenire. 

Nactus^  idoneam  ad  navigandum  tempestatem,  tertia  fere^ 
vigilia  solvit,  equitesque  in  ulteriorem  portum  progredi  et 
naves  conscendere  et  se  sequT  jussit.  Ipse  hora''  circiter  die! 
quarta  cum  primis  navibus  Britanniam  attigit,  atque  ibi  in 
omnibus  collibus  expositas  hostium  copias  armatas  conspexit. 
Hunc'^ad  egrediendum  nequaquam  idoneum  locum  arbitratus, 
dum  reliquae  naves  eo  convenirent,  ad  horam  nonam  in 
ancorls^  exspectavit.  Tum  ventum  et  aestum  uno  tempore 
nactus  secundum,^"  dato  sTgno  et  sublatis  ancoris,   circiter 

1  Because.  *  Ablative  of  ntime  when.     See 

2  Subject   ace,  together  with      136. 

classem,  of  convenire.  ^  From  nanciscor.  Cf .  nancti, 

^  Goes  with  classem.  Trans-  p.  220,  line  1. 
late  aloud  the  whole  sentence,  first  ^  See  p.  154,  note  1.  In  trans- 
following  strictly  the  order  of  the  lating  to  jussit,  observe  the  sug- 
Latin  words,  and  rendering  quam,  gestion  in  note  3. 
what.  Probably  the  meaning  will  ^  Translate  as  if  the  order  were 
then  be  clear,  and  your  translation  circiter  quarta  hora  diei,  but 
can  be  recast  into  good  English.  observe  that  circiter  is  here  an 

This  method  of  discovering  the  adverb,  and   hora   has   the  con- 
meaning  of  a  Latin  sentence,  as  struction  of  aestate,  line  4,  and 
distinguished  from  that  of  trying  vigilia,  line  6. 
to  determine  first  the  subject  and  ^  Goes  with  locum. 
predicate,  and  then  the  modifiers            ^  In  ancoris,  at  anchor. 
of  each,  wdll  often  be  found  very           i'^  Goes  with  ventum  and  aes- 
helpful.  tum. 


1 


READING  LESSONS.  217 


milia  passuura  septem  ab  eo  loco  progressus,  aperto  ac 
piano  litore^  naves  constituit.  At  barbaii,  consilio  Roma- 
norum  cognito,  nostros  navibus  egredi^  proliibebant. 

[It  seemed  for  a  time  as  if  Caesar  would  not  be  able  to  effect  a 
landing  at  all.  The  Britons,  barbari,  as  Caesar  calls  them,  some 
standing  on  the  edge  of  the  shore,  or  advancing  into  the  water, 
others  driving  in  their  horses  with  their  two-wheeled  chariots  a 
little  way,  to  get  nearer  to  the  ships,  fought  the  Romans  manfully. 
But  they  had  to  deal  with  an  enemy  as  brave  and  determined  as 
themselves,  and  the  Romans  were  fighting  under  the  eye  of  Caesar. 
At  last  one  daring  soldier  showed  them  how  to  conquer.] 

Is^  qui  deeimae  legionis  aquilam  ferebat  contestatus  deos 
ut  ea  res^  legion!  feliciter  evemret,  ''  DesilTte,"  inquit,^ 
"  milites,  nisi  vultis  aquilam  hostibus  prodere :  ego  certe 
meum^  rei  publicae  atque  imperatori  ofRcium  praestitero." 
Hoc  cum^  voce  magna  dixisset,  se  ex  navi  projecit  atque 
in  hostes  aquilam  ferre  coepit.  Turn  nostri,  cohortatl^  inter 
se,  universi  ex  navi  desiluerunt.^  Pugnatum  est  ab  utris- 
que^^  acriter.  Nostri  tamen  in  hostes  impetum  fecerunt 
atque  eos  in  fugam  dederunt. 

[As  a  result  of  this  fight,  and  of  some  subsequent  defeats,  the 
Britons  submitted  to  Caesar,  who  soon  after  returned  to  Gaul. 

1  We  should  expect  in  litore.  ^  Subject  of  inquit.     Observe 

2  From  disembarking.  Cf.  prog-  the  suggestion  of  p.  216,  note  3. 
ressus,  egrediendum,  progredi,  *  Do  not  translate  thing. 
above.    It  is  by  vigilant  observa-            ^  Always  placed  after  one  or 
tion  in  reading,  and  comparison  more  of  the  words  quoted. 

of  different  forms  from  the  same  ^  Meum  . . .  officium,  my  to  the 

root,  rather  than  from  incessant  public  and  to  the  general  duty.   Mark 

resort  to  vocabularies  and  diction-  the  order,  and  see  how  it  gives 

aries,    that   the  task    of    getting  emphasis  to  meum. 

a  working   knowledge   of    Latin  '^  When,  not  with.    See  373. 

words     is    to    be     accomplished.  ^  Cohiortati  Inter  se,  encowra^- 

"  Recollect  that  brains  and  com-  ing  each  other. 

mon    sense,   not   thumbs,    should  ^  Cf.  desilite,  above. 

get  most  exercise."  i*^  From  uterque. 


218  READING  LESSONS. 


The  following  summer,  b.c.  54,  Caesar  prepared  for  a  second 
invasion  of  Britain.  With  about  20,000  foot-soldiers  and  2.000 
horsemen,  he  set  sail  from  Portus  Itius,  which  is  probably  the 
modern  Wissant,  and  landed  in  the  neighborhood  of  Deal.  There 
are  many  reasons  for  supposing  that  these  were  the  places  of  th 
embarkation  and  landing  of  the  preceding  year.] 


1 


Caesar  ad  portum  Itium,  quo  ex  portu  commodissimum^ 
in  Britanniam  trajectum  esse  cognoverat,  circiter^  miliuna^, 
passuum  triginta  a  continent!,  cum  legionibus  pervenit.  Ibflj 
cognoscit  sexaginta  naves ,^  quae  in  Meldis  factae  erant, 
tempestate  rejectas  ^  cursum  tenere  non  potuisse  atque  eodem 
unde  erant  profectae  revertisse ;  reliquas  paratas  ad  navi- 
gandum  atque  omnibus  rebus  instructas  invenit.  Eodem 
equitatus  totius^  Galliae  convenit  numero^  milium  quattuor, 
principesque  ex  omnibus  civitatibus ;  ex  quibus  perpaucos, 
quorum  in  se''  fidem  perspexerat,^  relinquere  in  Gallia,  reli- 
quos  obsidum  loco^  secum  ducere  decreverat ; ^°  quod,  cum 
ipse  abesset,  motiim  Galliae  verebatur. 

Itaque  dies  circiter  vTginti  quinque  in  eo  loco  commoratus, 
quod  corns  ventus  navigationem  impediebat,  qui  magnam 
partem  omiiis  temporis  in  his  locis  flare  consuevit,^^  tandem 
idoneam  nactus  tempestatem^^  milites  equitesque  conscen- 
dere^^  in  naves  jiibet. 

1  Coinmodissimuin  .  .  .  tra-  ^  For  irregularity  of  declension, 
jectum.     Compare  the  order  in       see  200. 

line  2,  p.  216,  and  7,  p.  217.     In  ^  In   number  =   to    the   number. 

trying  this  first  sentence,  change  260. 

mentally  the  order  quo  ex  to  ex  "  In  se,  towards  himself. 

quo;  then  observe  the  suggestion  ^  Cf.  crnspexit,  p.  216,  line  9. 

of  note  3,  p.  216.  ^  Obsidum  loco,  in  the  place 

2  Cf .  circiter  milia  passuum,  of  hostages  =  as  hostages. 
p.  216,  line  13.  ^^  From  decerno. 

2  Subject  ace.  of  potuisse  and  ^^  From  consueseo. 

revertisse.      Try    this    sentence  ^'^  Idoneam  nactus  tempesta- 

by    the    method    already   recora-  tem.     Cf.  p.  216,  line  5. 
mended.  ^^  Conscendere  in  naves.   Cf. 

^  From  reicio.  naves  conscendere,  p.  216,  1.  7. 


ItEADING   LESSONS.  219 

Labieno^  in  continente  cum  tribus  legionibus  et  equitum 
milibus  duobus  relicto,  ut  portus  tueretur  et  rem  frumenta- 
riam  provideret,  quaeque^  in  Gallia  gererentur  cognosceret, 
^consiliumque  pro^  tempore  et  pro  re  caperet,  ipse  cum  quTn- 
que  legionibus^  et  pari  numero  equitum  quem^  in  continent! 
relinquebat  solis  occasu  naves ^  solvit;  et  leni  Africo  pro- 
vectus,  orta  luce'  sub  sinistra^  Britanniam  relictam  con- 
spexit. 

Accessum^  est  ad  Britanniam  omnibus  navibus  meridiano 
fere  ^^  tempore,  neque  in  eo  loco  hostis  est  visus  ;  sed,  ut 
postea  Caesar  ex  captivTs  cognovit,  cum^^  magnae  manus  eo 
convenissent,  multitudine  navium  perterritae,  a  litore  disces- 
serant  ac  se  in  superiora  loca  abdiderant.^^ 

Caesar,  exposito  exercitu  et  loco  castris  idoneo  capto, 
ubi  ex  captTvis  cognovit  quo  in  loco^^  hostium  copiae  conse- 
dissent,^"^  de^^  tertia  vigilia  ad  hostes  contendit.  Noctu  pro- 
gressus  milia  passuum  circiter  duodecim  hostium  copias 
conspicatus^^  est.  Illi  equitatu  atque  essedis  ad  flumen 
progress!  ex  loco  superiore  nostros  prohibere  et  proelium 
committere  coeperunt.      Eepuls!   ab  equitatu  se^''  in  silvas 

^  Labieno  .  .  .  relicto.     See  ^  Supply  manu;  under  the  left 

412.  hand  =  on  the  left. 

2  Quaeque  =  et  quae.     The  ^  Accessum  est  ad,  it  wac  come 
quo    connects     provideret    and  to  =  they  reached.     See  415  (2). 
cognosceret:  and  might  Jind  out  "^^  See  p.  164,  note  1. 

what  loa^  going  on  in  Gaul.  ^1  Concessive.     See  375. 

3  Pro  tempore  et  pro  re,  as  ^2  Erom  abdo. 

the  ti.   3  and  circumstances  required.  ^^  q^^q  j^  loco,  in  what  place. 

*  Qi  inque  legionibus.     See  Compare  for  order  quo  ex  portu, 

top  of  page  218.  p.  218,  line  1. 

^  PaiA  . . .  quem,  ivith  a  number  i*  From  consido. 

eqycl  {to  that)  wh,\h.  15  During.      Cf.  p.  216,  lines  5 

6  Naves   solvit :    cf.    p.    216,  and  6. 

line  6.  16  Compare   for   meaning  con- 

"^  Orta  l^ce,  light  having  arisen  spexlt,  line  7. 

=  at  daybreak ;  orta,  from  orior.  i"  Se  abdiderunt :   cf.  line  13. 


220  HEADING  LESSONS. 

abdiderunt,  locum  nancti^  egregie  et  natura  et  opere  mfinitiim. 
Ipsi  ex  silvis  rari  ^  propugnabant  nostrosque  intra  munitiones 
ingredi^  protiibebant.  At  milites  legionis  septimae  testiidine 
facta  et  aggere  ad  munitiones  adjecto/  locum  ceperunt  eos- 
que  ex  silvis  expulerunt,  panels  vulneribus  acceptis.  Sed 
eos  fugientes  longius^  Caesar  prosequi  vetuit,  et^  quod  loci 
naturam  ignorabat,  et  quod  magna  parte  die!  coiisurapta 
mumtiouT  castrorum  tempus  relinqui  volebat. 

Postridie  ejus  diei  mane  tripartito  milites  equitesque  in 
expeditionem  misit,  ut  eos  qui  fugerant^  persequerentur. 

[While  Csesar  was  in  pursuit  of  the  enemy,  messengers  came  to 
tell  him  that  a  violent  wind  had  dashed  his  ships  upon  the  shore 
and  broken  up  many  of  them,  so  that  he  was  obliged  to  return. 
Ten  days  were  spent  in  hauling  the  ships  up  on  land  and  strongly 
intrenching  them ;  then,  leaving  men  to  guard  and  repair  them, 
he  resumed  his  advance. 

Caesar  crossed  the  Thames  where  the  river  was  fordable,  at 
what  point  is  uncertain,  meeting  all  the  time  with  a  determined 
resistance  from  the  Britons,  but  at  last  forcing  them  to  submission. 
The  brave  Cassivellaunus,  chief  of  the  Britons,  did  \\h  best  to 
defend  his  country,  and  showed  himself  a  worthy  antagonist  even 
of  Ciesar;  nor  would  he  yield  to  the  Roman  till  his  principal  de- 
pendents had  dispersed  with  their  troops  and  deserted  him.  The 
autumnal  equinox  was  now  at  hand,  and  Caesar  thought  it  unsafe 
to  remain  longer  in  Britain.] 

Obsidibus  acceptis  exercitum  reducit  ad  mare,  naves ^ 
invenit  refectas.  HTs  deductis,  quod  et  captivorum  magnum 
numerum  habebat,  et  nonnuUae  tempestate  deperierant^ 
naves,  duobus  commeatibus  exercitum  reportare  instituit,  ac, 


1  Cf .  p.  216,  line  5,  and  note.  ^  t^^o  far. 

2  Here  and  there.  ^  Both. 

3  Ingredi  prohibebant :    cf.  "^  Distinguish    between    fugio 
ggredi  prohibebant,  p.  217,  line  and  fugo. 

3.  and  note.  *  We  should  expect  navesque. 

4  From  adiciS.  ^  From  depereoc 


READING  LESSONS.  221 

siimma  tranquillitate  consecuta,  secunda  inita^  cum  solvisset^ 
vit^ilia,  prima  luce  terram  attigit  omnesque  incolumes  naves 
perduxit. 


THE   CUSTOMS   AND  HABITS   OF  THE  BRITONS. 

449.  Britanniae  pars  interior  ab  lis  incolitur,  quos  natos^ 
in  insula  ipsa  memoria  proditum*  dicunt ;  maritima  pars  ab  iis 
qui  praedae  ac  belli  inferendi^  causa^  ex  BelgTs  transierant. 
Hominum  est  infinita  multitudo  creberrimaque  aedificia,  fere 
Gallicis  consimilia  ;  pecorum  magnus  numerus.  Utuntur  aut 
acre/  aut  nummo  aereo,  aut  taleis  ferreis  ad  certum  pondus 
examinatis  pro  nummo.  Nascitur  ibi  plumbum  album  in 
mediterraneis  regionibus,  in  maritimis  ferrum,  sed  ejus  exi- 
gua  est  copia.  Materia  cujusque  generis  ut  in  Gallia  est 
praeter  fagum  atque  abietem.  Leporem  et  gallinam  et 
anserem  gustare  fas^  non  putant ;  haec  tamen  alunt  animi 
voluptatisque  causa.^ 

Ex  his  omnibus  longe  sunt  humanissimi  qui^°  Cantium 
incolunt,  quae  regio  est  maritima  omnis,  neque  multum  a 
Gallica  differunt  consuetudine.  Interiores  plerique  ^^  frumenta 
non   serunt,   sed   lacte  et  carne^^  vivunt,   pellibusque   sunt 

1  From  ineo;  with  vigilia.  ^  Praedae  .  .  .  causa.     See  p. 

2  Cf.  p.  216,  line  6,  and  p.  219,  209,  note  1. 
Hne  6.  7  Erom  aes. 

^  Quos  natos,  whom   {to  have  ^  Supply  esse. 

been)   born  in  the  island  itself^   by  ^  For  the  sake  of  their  mind  and 

memory  (to  have  been)  handed  downy  pleasure  =  for  pastime.    Cf.  for  the 

they  say.      That  is,  who,  they  say,  order  praedae . . .  causa,  note  6. 

according  to  tradition    (memoria  '^^  Understand  ii,  those,  as   the 

proditum),  were  born  in  the  island  antecedent  of  qui.     See  p.  130, 

itself.  note  3. 

*  Supply  esse,    as    also    with  ii  Interiores      plerique,     the 

natos.  people  of  the  interior  for  the  most  part, 

5  How  otherwise  might  this  be?  ^"^  From  caro. 


222  READING  LESSONS. 

vestiti.     Omnes  vero  se  Britanni  vitro  mficiunt,  quod  caeru- 

leum  efficit  colorem,  atque  hoc^  horridiores  sunt  in  pugna 

adspectu;^    capilloque^   sunt   promisso   atque    omni  parte^ 
corporis  rasa  praeter  caput  et  labrum  superius. 


I 


1  On  this  account.  *  Parte  .  . .  rasa :  another  d< 

2  In  appearance.    See  260.  scriptive  ablative.     Theij  are 
2  Capillo  .  .  .  promisso:     de-  every  part  of  the  body  shaven  =  they 

scriptive  ablative  (341).    They  are  shave  the  whole  body.    Rasa,  from 

with  long  hair  =  they  let  their  hair  rado. 
grow  long. 


VOOABULAEIES. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY. 


In  this  vocabulary  words  inclosed  in  brackets  are,  in  most  cases,  those  which  are 
given  in  Latin  lexicons  and  special  vocabularies  as  the  primitives  of  those  against 
which  they  are  set.  But,  except  in  compounds,  it  would  be  more  correct  to  regard 
the  bracketed  words  as  connected  with  the  others  in  formation  from  a  common 
root  or  stem.  It  is  on  this  ground  that  such  instances  will  be  found  as  metus 
referred  to  metud,  and  metud  to  metus.  Neither  is,  strictly  speaking,  derived  from 
the  other,  but  both  are  formed  from  the  stem  metu. 

Words  printed  in  Gothic  Italic  type  are  at  once  derivatives  and  definitions.  Many 
other  more  or  less  remotely  derived  words,  not  definitions,  are  added  in  small 

CAPITALS. 

It  will  be  seen  that  comparisons  of  words  in  reference  to  meaning  are  much  more 
frequent  than  is  usual  in  special  vocabularies.  This  has  been  done  from  the  convic- 
tion that  the  jpupil  should  make  such  comparisons  frequently  from  the  outset. 


a  or  ab 

a  or  ab,  prep.  w.  abl.,  away  from,  hij. 
ab-do,  3,  -didi,  -ditum,  remove,  con- 
ceal.    Cf.  celo. 
ab-duco,  3,   -duxi,   -ductum,   lead 

away,  take  off. 
ab-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  go  from,  go 

off,  go  away.     (327.) 
ab-lcio,  3,  -jeci,  -jectum  [jacio], 

throw  off,  throw  down. 
abies,  -etis,  y.,  fir-tree.     (11.  4.) 
ab-sum,  -esse,  af ui,  he  away,  absent, 

distant ;  with  a  or  ab  and  abl. 
ac,  conj.,  see  atqiie. 
ac-cedo,  3,  -cessi,  -cessum  [ad],  go 

or  come  near,  approach.    Accede. 

Cf.  appropinqud. 
ac-cendo,  3,  -di,  -censuni  [ad,  and 

supposed  cando],  kindle,  inflame. 
accido,  3,  -cidi, [ad,  cad5],/a// 

upon,  fall  out,  happen.    Accident. 

Cf.  incido  and  evenio. 
acclpio,    3,    -cepi,    -ceptum    [ad, 

capio],  {take  to),  receive,  accept; 

suffer. 


ad-imo 

accuso,  1  [ad,  causa],  accuse. 
acer,  acris,  acre,  adj.,  sharp,  keen; 

active.  (150.)  Acrid.  Cf.  acutus. 
acerbus, -a,  -um,  adj.  [acer],  hitter, 

sour,  harsh. 
acies,  -ei,  f.  [acer],  edge;  order  of 

battle. 
acriter,  adv.  [acer],  sharply, eagerly. 
acutns,  -a,  -um,  adj .  [acuo,  sharpen^, 

sharp.     Cf.  acer. 
ad,  prep.  w.  ace,  to,  towards,  near. 
ad-eo,  adv.,  to  this,  thus  far  ;  so,  so 

very. 
ad-eo,    -ire,  -ii,   -itum,  go  to,   ap- 
proach, visit.     (327.) 
ad-fero,   adferre,    attuli,   allatum 

(adl),  hear  to,  hring.     (321.) 
ad-hiic,  adv.,  hitherto,  up  to  this  time. 
ad-flo,  1,  blow  upon. 
ad-icio,  3,  -jeci,  -jectum  [jacio], 

(throw  to  or  against^,  add,  join  to. 
ad-imo,  3,  -emi,  -emptum  [emo], 

{fake  to  one's  self  from  another), 

take  away,  remove. 


ad-ipiscor 


226 


alienus 


ad-lplscor,  3,  adeptus  [apiscor], 
get,  obtain,    Cf.  potior. 

ad-jungo,  3,  -junxi,  -junctum,  add^ 
join.     Adjunct. 

ad-juvo,  1,  .-juvi,  -jutum,  aid,  help. 

ad-ministro,  1,  vianage,  do,  per- 
form, administer. 

ad-miror,  1,  wonder  at,  admire. 

ad-modum,  adv.,  very. 

ad-moveo,  2,  -movi,  -motum  (move 
up  or  towards),  apply,  employ. 

ad-orior,  4,  -ortus  (rise  up  against), 
attack.     Cf.  aggredior. 

ad-repo,  3,  -repsi,  -reptum,  creep 
towards,  steal  slowly  up. 

ad-splclo  (asp),  3,  -spexi,  -spec- 
turn  [ad,  specio],  look  at;  look. 

adspectus,  -us,  m.  [adspicid],  sight, 
appearance,  aspect. 

ad-sum,  -esse,  -fui  (affui),  be  pres- 
ent, stand  by,  side  with,  w.  dat. 

adnlescens,  -entis,  m.  and  r.  [ado- 
lesco,  grow'],  youth,  young  person. 
Adolescence.    Cf.  juvenis. 

ad-venio,  4,  -veni,  -ventum,  come 
to,  arrive.     Cf.  pervenio. 

adventus,  -us,  m.  [advenid],  ap- 
proach, arrival.     Advent. 

ad-versus,  prep.  w.  ace,  against, 
towards. 

ad-versus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [P.  of  ad- 
vertd],  opposite,  opposed,  adverse; 
res  adversae,  adversity. 

aedificium,  -i,  n.  [aedifico],  build- 
ing.   Edifice. 

aedifico,  1  [aedis,  facio],  build. 

aedis  (es),  -is,  f.,  building,  temple; 
plur.,  house. 

aeger,  aegra,  aegrum,  adj.,  sick, 
weak,  feeble.      (71.) 

Aeinilius,  -i,  m.,  ^milius,  a  JRoman 
consul.     (79.) 

aequalls, -e,  adj.  [aequus],  equal; 
noun,  equal  in  age,  companion. 


aequus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  levd,  equal; 

calm. 
aer,  aeris,  m.,  air. 
aereus,  -a,  -um  [aes],  of  copper,  of 

bronze. 
aes,  aeris,  n.,  copper,  bronze  ;  money, 
aestas,  -atis,  f.,  summer. 
aestus,  -us,  m.,  tide. 
aetas,  -atis,  f.,   age,   time  of  life. 

(1050 
af-fligo,   3,  -XI,   -ctum    [ad],   cast 

down,  prostrate,  ruin. 
Africa,  -ae,  f.,  Africa. 
Africanus,  -i,   m.  [Africa],  Afri- 

canus,  surname  of  Scipio. 
Africus,  -1,  M.,  south-ivest  (wind). 
ager,  agri,  m.,  field,  territory.     Cf. 

campus.    (65.) 
agger,  -eris,  m.  [ad,  ger5],  (what  is 

carried   to,   i.e.)    materials  for   a 

mound;  mound,  rampart. 
aggredior,  3,  -gressus  [ad,  gradior], 

go  to ;  attack.     Aggressive.    Cf. 

adorior. 
agito,    1    [frequentative  of  ago], 

shake,  disturb,  vex,  chase.     Agi- 
tate. 
agnosco,    3,    -novi,    -nitum    [ad, 

(g)nosco,   know],   recognize.      Cf . 

cognosco. 
ago,  3,  egi,  actum,  drive,  lead;  act, 

do. 
agricola,    -ae,    m.    [ager,     colo], 

farmer. 
agri  cultura,  -ae,  r.  [ager,  colo], 

agriculture.     Cf .  agricola. 
ala,  -ae,  f.,  wing. 
albus,   -a,  -um,   adj.,   white.      Cf. 

candidus. 
Alexander,    -dri,    m.,   Alexander, 

king  of  3 faced  on. 
alienus,    -a,    -um,    adj.     [alius], 

belonging     to    another;     another's. 

Alien. 


alimentum 


227 


alimentum,  -i,  n.  [alo],  nourish- 
ment, food,  provisions. 

aliquando,  adv.  [alius],  at  some 
time,  ever  ;  formerly,  once.  Cf.  olim. 

aliquis,  -qua,  -quid  (-quod),  indef. 
pron.,  some  one,  some.    (279.) 

alius,  -a,  -ud,  adj.,  another,  other; 
alius  .  .  .  alius,  one  .  .  .  another. 
(201.) 

al-loquor  [adl],  3,  -locutus  [ad], 
speak  to,  address. 

alo,  3,  -ui,  -itum  and  -turn,  nourish, 
support,  strengthen;  keep, 

Alpes,  -ium,  r.,  the  Alps. 

alter,  -era,  -eruni,  adj.,  the  other  (of 
two)',  alter  . . .  alter,  the  one  . .  .the 
other;  asnum.adj., sccowrf.   (200.) 

altus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  high,  deep. 

ambo,  -ae,  -6,  num.  adj.,  both. 

ambulo,  1,  walk,  take  a  walk'. 

America,  -ae,  f.,  America. 

amicitia,  -ae,  f.  [amicus],  friend- 
ship. 

amicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [axno],  friend- 
ly ;  noun,  friend. 

a-mitto,  3,  -misi,  -missum,  send 
away,  let  go,  lose.     Cf.'perdo. 

amnis,  -is,  m.,  river.     (154,  172.) 

amo,  1,  love,  like,  be  fond  of.    (319.) 

amplus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  large,  splen- 
did, renoivned.     Ample. 

an,  conj.,  or,  used  in  the  second 
member  of  a  double  question. 

ancilla,  -ae,  f.,  maid-servant, 

ancora,  -ae,  f.,  anchor. 

Ancus,  -1,  Ancus,  fourth  king  of 
Rome. 

Androclus,  -i,  m.,  Androclus. 

anguis,  -is,  m.,  snake,  serpent.   (154.) 

angustiae,  -arum,  f.  [angustus, 
narrow'],  narrow  pass.  Cf.  Eng. 
"  narrows." 

animal,  -alls,  n.  [anima,  breath], 
living  being,  animal.     (149.) 


animus,  -i,   m.,  mind,  soul,  spirit, 

(273.) 
annus,  -i,  m.,  year.     Annual. 
anser,  -eris,  m.,  goose. 
ante,  prep.  w.  ace,  before. 
antea,  adv.  [ante],  before. 
ante-cedo,   3,   -cessi,  -cessum,  go 

before.     Cf.  anteeo. 
ante-eo,  -ire,  -ii,   ,  go   before, 

surpass.     Cf.  antecedo. 
antiquus,    -a,    -um,    adj.   [ante], 

old,    ancient.      Antiquity.      Cf. 

vetus. 
anulus,  -1,  M.,  ring,  finger-ring, 
aper,  apri,  m.,  wild  boar. 
aperio,  4,  -ui,  -tum,  open. 
apertus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [P.  of  ape- 
rid],  uncovered,  open. 
ap-pello,  1  [^9id], address,  call,  name. 

Appeal. 
ap-peto,  3,  -ivi,  or  -ii,  -itum  [ad], 

seek  after,  strive  for. 
ap-propinquo,  1  [ad],  come  near, 

approach.     Cf.  accedo. 
apto,  l,ft,  apply,  adjust.     Adapt, 
apud,  prep.  w.  ace,  with,  by,  near, 

among. 
Apulia,  -ae,  r.,  Apulia,  a  division 

of  Italy. 
aqua,  -ae,  f.,  water.    Aquatic. 
aquila,  -ae,  f.,  eagle. 
ara,  -ae,  f.,  altar. 
aratrum,  -i,  n.  [aro],  plough. 
arbitror,  1,  think,  suppose,  believe, 

(429.) 
arbor,  -oris,  f.,  tree. 
arceo,  2,  -ui,  -tum,  keep  off, 
arcus,  -lis,  m.,  bow.     Arc. 
Ariovistus,  -i,  m.,  Ariovistus,  king 

of  a  German  tribe. 
arma,    -drum,    n.    [arm5],    arms, 

weapons,  tools. 
armo,  1  [arma],  arm,  equip, 
aro,  1,  plough. 


Arpinum 


228 


bonum 


Arpinum,  -i,  n.,  Arpinum,  a  town 

in  Italy. 

ars,  artis,  f.,  art. 

arvum,  -i,  n.  [aro],  ploughed  land, 
field. 

arx,  arcis,  f.,  citadel.     (1G3.) 

Ascalaphus,  -i,  m.,  Asca/aphus. 

Asia,  -ae,  'f.,  As/a. 

asper,  -era,  -erum,  adj.,  rough,  harsh, 
severe.     Asperity. 

asylum,  -i,  n.,  place  of  refuge,  asy- 
lum. 

at,  conj.,  but.    (393.) 

liter,  -tra,  -trum,  adj.,  black,  sable. 

Athenae,  -arum,  f.,  Athens. 

Atheniensis,  -e,  adj.,  [Athenae], 
of  Athens,  Athenian. 

at-que  (before  vowels  and  conso- 
nants, ac  before  consonants  only) 
[ad,  in  addition'],  and  also,  and 
especiallij,  and.     Cf .  et  and  -que. 

atrox,  -ocis,  adj.  [ater],  savage, 
Jierce,  harsh,  cruel.     Atrocious. 

Atticus,  -1,  M.,  Atticus,  a  friend  of 
Cicero. 

attlngo,  3,  -tigi,  -tactum  [ad, 
tang5],  touch,  approach,  arrive  at., 
reach. 

auctor,  -oris,  m.  [augeo.  increase'], 
maker,  author. 

auctoritas,  -atis,  f.  [auctor],  coun- 
sel, advice,  authority. 

audacter,  adv.  [audax],  boldhj. 

audax,  -acis,  adj.  [audeo],  daring, 
bold.    (164).     Audacious. 

audeo,  2,  ausus  [audax],  dare,  be 
bold.    (p.  177,  note  2.) 

audio,  4,  hear,  listen.  (223.) 
Audience. 

au-fero,  auferre,  abstuli,  ablatum 
[ab(s)],  bear  off,  carry  away. 
(321.)     Ablative. 

augeo,  2,  auxT,  auctum,  increase, 
enlarge. 


aureus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.  [aurum],  of 

gold,  golden, 
auris,  -is,  f.,  ear. 
aurum,  -i,  n.,  gold. 
aut,  conj.,  or ;   aut  .  .  .  aut,  either 

.  ,  .  or.     Cf.  vel. 
autem,  conj.  (never  the  first  word), 

but,  however,  moreover.     (393.) 
autumnus,  -i,  m.,  autumn. 
auxilium,  -i,  n.  [augeo],  help,  aid, 

support;  plur.,  auxiliaries. 
avarus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  greedy,  rapa- 
cious.    Avaricious. 
a-verto,   3,    -ti,   -sum,    turn    away 

from,  avert. 
avis,  -is,  f.,  bird.     (154.) 
avunculus,   -i,  m.   [diminutive  of 

avus],  (maternal)  uncle. 
avus,  -i,  M.,  grandfather. 


barbarus,   -a,   -um,   adj.,  foreign, 

barbarous,  barbarian. 
beatus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [beo,  bless], 

blessed,  happy.     Beatitude. 
Belgae,    -arum,   m.,  the   Belgae,  a 

Gallic  tribe. 
bello,    1   [bellum],  war,   carry   on 

war.     Cf.  bellum  gero. 
bellum,  -1,  N.  [bello],  war.     (38.) 
bellus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  pretty,  charm- 
ing, lovely. 
bene,  adv.  [bonus],  well. 
beneficium,   -i   n.    [bene,  facio], 

benefit,  favor. 
benigne,  adv.  [benignus],  kindly. 
benignus,    -a,    -um,    adj.    [bene, 
*   genus],  (of  good  birth),  kind,  good. 

Benignant. 
bestia,  -ae,  f.,  beast. 
bibo,  3,  bibi,  potum,   drink.      Im- 

BIKE. 

bonum,  -i,  n.   [bonus],  good  thing, 
blessing;  plur.,  goods,  possessions. 


bonus 


I 

n»onus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  comp.  melior, 
superl.  optimus;  good.  (71,  208.) 

bos,  bovis,  M.  and  f.,  ox,  cow. 
(262.) 

Bostonia,  -ae,  f.,  Boston. 

bracchium,  -i,  n.,  arm. 

brevis,  -e,  adj.,  short,  brief. 

Britauni,  -orum,  m.,  the  Britons. 

Britannia,  -ae,  f.,  Britain. 

Brutus,  -i,  M.,  Brutus,  a  Boman 
surname. 


C.,  abbreviation  for  Gdjus, 
cacbinno,    1,    laugh    aloud.       Cf. 

rideo. 
cado,  3,  cecidi,  casum,  fall. 
caecus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  blind. 
caedo,  3,  cecidi,  caesum,  cut,  cut 

to  pieces ;  kill. 
caelum,  -i,  n.,  sky,  heaven. 
caeruleus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [for  caelu- 

leus,  from  caelum],  dark-blue. 
Caesar,  (J.),  -aris,  m.,  Julius  Cae- 
sar, (I  famous  Roman. 
Caius,  -T,  M.     See  Gajus. 
calathus,  -i,  m.,  basket. 
calcar,  -aris,  n.  [calx,  heeV],  spur. 

(149.) 
callens,  -entis,  adj.  [P.  of  calleo, 

be  hard],  hard,  tough. 
calliditas,  -atis,  f.  [callidus,  cun- 
ning'], shrewdness,  cunning. 
calor,  -oris,  m.   [caleo,  be  warm], 

heat,  warmth.     Caloric. 
Campania,  -ae,  f.,   Campania,  a 

division  of  Italy. 
campus,  -i,  m.,  field.     Camp.     Cf. 

ager. 
candidus,  -a,  -um,    adj.  [candeo, 

shine],  bright,  fair,  white.    Candid. 

Cf.  albus. 
canis,  -is,  m.  and  f.,  dog.     (153.) 

Canine. 


229 


caveo 


Cannae^  -arum,  f.,  Cannae,  a  vih 

lage  in  Apulia. 

Cannensis,  -e,  adj.  [Cannae],  of 
Cannae. 

Cantium,  -i,  n.,  Kent  (in  Britain^. 

canto,  1  [cano],  sing.     Chant. 

cantus,  -Us,  m.  [cano],  singing,  song. 
(278.)     Chant. 

capillus,  -i,  M.,  hair  (of  the  head). 
Capillary. 

capio,  3,  cepi,  captum,  take,  seize 
(235) ;  consilium  capio,  adopt  a 
plan.    Capture. 

captivus,  -i,  m.  [capio],  captive, 
prisoner. 

caput,  -itis,  s.jhead.  (105.)  Capital. 

Carbo,  -onis,  m.,  Carbo,  a  Roman. 

career,  -eris,  m.,  prison.  Incar- 
cerate. 

careo,  2,  -ui,  -itum,  be  without,  want. 

carmen,  -inis,  n.,  song, poem.  (278.) 

caro,  carnis,  'f.,  flesh. 

carpo,  3,  -si,  -ivi\n,  pluck. 

carrus,  -i,  m.,  wagon,  cart.    Car. 

Carthaginiensis,  -e,  adj.  [Car- 
thago], of  Carthage,  Carthaginian. 

Carthago,  -inis.  f..  Cartilage,  a 
town  in  Africa. 

Carthago  Nova,  a  town  in  Spain. 

carus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  dear,  precious. 

castra,  -orum,  n.,  camp. 

casus,  -lis,  M.  [cado],  a  falling;  mis- 
chance, misfortune,  chance. 

catellus,  -i,  m.  [diminutive  of  catu- 
lus],  little  dog,  puppy. 

Catilina, -ae,  M.,Cati/ine,  a  famous 
Roman  conspirator. 

Cato,  -onis,  m.,  Cato,  a  celebrated 
Roman  censor. 

Cauda,  -ae,  f.,  tail. 

eaiisa,  -ae,  f.,  cause,  reason;  causa 
(after  a  genitive), ybr  the  sake. 

caveo,  2,  cavi,  cautum,  beware, 
guard  against. 


cedo 


230 


cedo,  3,  cessi,  cessum,  go,  depart, 
withdraw  ;  grant, 

celer,  -eris,  -ere,  adj.,  swift.  (179.) 
Celerity. 

celeriter,  adv.  [celer],  swiftly, 

celo,  1,  conceal.     Cf.  abdo. 

censeo,  2,  -ui,  -um,  reckon;  think, 
deem,  he  of  opinion.  Censure. 
(429.) 

centum,  num.    adj.,   indecl.,  hun- 
dred.    Cent. 
'  Ceres,  -eris,  f.,  Ceres,  goddess  of 
agriculture.     Cereal. 

certe,  adv.  [certus],  certainly,  sure- 
ly, of  course. 

certo,  1,  contend,  strive,  vie  with, 

certus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  fixed,  deter- 
mined, certain,  sure;  certiorem 
facio,  make  (pne^  more  certain, 
inform. 

[ceterus],  -a,  -um,  adj.  (usually  in 
plur.),  tlie  other,  the  rest. 

cibus,  -1,  M.,food.    Cf.  pabulum. 

Cicero,  -onis,  m.,  Cicero,  a  famous 
Roman  orator. 

Cimbri,  -orum,  m.,  the  Cimbri.  a 
German  trihe. 

cingo,  3,  cinxi,  ciiictuni,  hind,  en- 
circle, surround. 

circiter,  adv.  [circus,  circle'], 
round  ahout ;  ahout. 

circum-duco,  3,  -duxi,  -ductum, 
lead  around. 

circum-silio,  4,  -ii,  [salio], 

jump  or  hop  around. 

circum-venio,  4,  -veni,  -ventum, 
surround  ;  circumvent. 

civis,  -is,  M.  and  f.,  citizen.    (154.) 

civitas,  -atis,  f.  [civis],  (hody  of 
citizens),  state;  citizenship.     City. 

clades,  -is,  f.,  destruction,  defeat, 
disaster, 

clamito,  1  [frequentative  of  cla- 
mo],  cry  out,  call  out.   Cf .  exclamu. 


clamor,  -oris,  m.  [clamd],  shout^ 
cry.     Clamor. 

clarus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  clear,  re- 
nowned,  famous  ;  loud. 

classis,  -is,  f.,  class  of  citizens ; 
feet.    (154.) 

cliens,  -entis,  m.,  client.     (163.) 

coepi,  coepisse  (defective  verb, 
tenses  from  pres.  stem  wanting), 
hcgan. 

coerceo,  2,  -ui,  -itum  [co(m), 
arceo,  inclose"],  confne,  check,  re- 
strain. 

cognosco,  3,  -novi,  -nitum  [com, 
(g)nosc6],  learn,  recognize,  know. 
Cf.  agnosco. 

cogo,  3,  -egi,  -actum  [com,  ago], 
drive  together,  compel, 

co-hortor,  1  [co(m),  intensive], 
exhort,  urge,  encourage. 

Collatinus,  -i,  m..  Col  latin  us,  sur- 
name of  Lucius  Tarquinius. 

collega  (colli),  -ae,  m.  [lego],  (one 
who  is  chosen  with  another),  col- 
league. 

coUigo  (conl),  3,  -legi,  -lectum 
[com,  lego],  collect. 

coUis,  -is,  M.,  hill.  (154.)  Cf .  mons. 

colloquium,  -i,  n.  [colloquor],  con- 
versation, colloquy. 

col-loquor,  3,  -locutus  [com], 
speak  together,  converse. 

colo,  3,  colui,  cultum,  cultivate, 
till.     Cf.  incola,  agricola. 

colonia,  -ae,  f.  [colonus,  hushand- 
man,  cold],  colony. 

color,  -oris,  m.,  color. 

columba,  -ae,  f.,  dove. 

com  (col,  con,  cor,  co),  primitive 
form  of  cum,  a  prefix  denoting 
completeness  or  union;  some- 
times intensive. 

comes,  -itis,  m,  and  f.  [comitor 
(com,  eo)],  comrade,  companion. 


comitor 


231 


contemplor 


comitor,  1  [comes],  accompany,  at- 
tend. 

commeatus,  -us,  m.  [commeo,  go 
t  and  fro~\,  passage  J  trip,  expedi- 
tion. 

com-mitto,  3,  -misi,  -missum,  (join 
together),  commit;  proelium  com- 
mittere,  join  battle,  engage,  begin 
fighting. 

coin-modus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  (that  has 
proper  measure),  convenient,  suit- 
able. 

com-moror,  1,  stag,  linger,  delay, 
remain. 

com-moveo,  2,  -movi,  -motum, 
(put  in  violent  motion),  shake,  dis- 
turb, agitate.     Commotion. 

com-muiiio,  4,  (fortify  strongly), 
secure,  intrench. 

com-perio,  4,  -peri,  -pertum,  ascer- 
tain, learn,  find  out. 

com-pleo,  2,  -plevi,  -pletum,  fill 
out,  fill  up.     Cf.  impleo. 

com-primo,  3,  -pressi,  -pressum 
[premo],  press  together;  check, 
suppress. 

con-cutio,  3,  -cussi,  -cussum  [com, 
quatio],  shake  violently. 

con-fero,  conferre,  contuli,  colla- 
tum  (conl),  [com],  bring  together, 
collect;^  se  conferre,  betake  one's 
self.     Confer. 

con-ficio,  3,  -feci,  -fectum  [com, 
facio],  make,  accomplish,  carry 
out. 

con-fiteor,  2,-fessus  [com,  fateor], 
CO/7 /less. 

con-fligo,  3,  -XI,  -ctum  [com] ,  con- 
tend, fight.     Conflict. 

con-icio,  3,  -jeci,  -jectum  [com, 
jacid],  (throw  together),  throw, 
hurl, 

con-junx,  -jugis,  m.  and  f.  [com, 
jungo,yoin], spouse,  wife;  husband. 


Conor,  1,  attempt,  try. 

con-scendoi,  3,  -di,  -scensum,  [com, 
scando,  climb'\,  ascend,  embark; 
go  on  board. 

con-sequor,  3,  -cutu:  [com],  fol- 
low close  upon  ;  follow. 

con-sido,  3,  -sedi,  -sessum  [com]. 
(sit  together),  encamp. 

consilium,  -i,  n.  [consulo,  consul], 
advice,  counsel,  prudence;  plan, 
design. 

con-similis,  -e,  adj.,  very  similar, 
quite  like. 

con-spicio,  3,  -spexi,  -spectum 
[com,  specio,  look~\,  look  at  atten- 
tively;  observe,  see,  behold. 

con-spicor,  1,  [conspicio],  see  at  a 
glance,  descry,  catch  sight  of 

constans,  -antis,  adj.,  [P.  of  con 
sio],  firm,  steady. 

con-stat,  1,-stitit,  impers.,  it  is  evi- 
dent, clear. 

con-stituo,  3,  -ui,  -utum  [com, 
statu5],  (place  or  put  together), 
station,  place  ;  determine. 

con-suesco,  3,  -suevi,  -suetum 
[com],  become  accustomed;  in 
perf.,  be  accustomed. 

consuetudo,  -inis,  r.  [consuetus], 
habit,  custom. 

consul,  -ulis,  M.  [consulo,  conswZ^], 
consul.     (134.) 

consularis,  -e,  adj.  [consul],  jt)er- 
tainingto  a  consul,  consular;  noun, 
ex-consul. 

consulatus,  -us,  m.  [consul],  office 
of  consul,  consulship. 

con-sumo,  3,  -sumpsi,  -sumptum 
[com],  take  up  completely,  con- 
sume. 

con-temno,  3,  -psi,  -ptum  [com], 
despise.     Contemn. 

contemplor,  1,  look  at,  observe. 
Contemplate. 


Con-tend5 


232 


cupio 


fcon-tendo,  3,  -di,  -turn  [com], 
(^draw  tight),  exert  one's  self,  strive  ; 
hasten.     Contend. 

contentio,  -onis,  f.  [contendo], 
struggle,  exertion,  effort;  conten- 
tion. 

contentus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [P.  of 
contineo],  contented ;  w.  abl. 

con-testor,  1  [com,  testis,  witness'], 
call  to  ivitness,  invoke. 

con-tiiiens,  -entis,  f.  [P.  of  con- 
tineo, sc.  terra],  continent. 

con-tineo,  2,  -ui,  -tentum  [com, 
teneo],  hold  together,  hold,  con- 
tain. 

contra,  prep.  w.  ace,  against. 

con-valesco,  3,  -valui ,  [com, 

valeo],  get  well,  grow  strong.  Con- 
valescent.    Cf.  valeo. 

con-venio,  4, -veni, -ventum  [com], 
come  together,  assemble, 

con-verto,  3,  -ti,  -sum  [com],  turn 
around,  turn,  change.     Convert. 

copia, -ae, f.  [com,  o^s], abundance, 
wealth;  plur.,  troops,  forces. 

cor,  cordis,  n.,  heart. 

coram,  prep.  w.  abl.,  in  presence  of. 

Corinthus,  -i,  r.,  Corinth.    (11,4.) 

Coriolanus,  -i,  m.,  Coriolanus,  sur- 
name of  C.  Marcius,  a  Roman 
consul. 

Cornelia,  -ae,  f.  Cornelia,  mother 
of  the  Gracchi. 

Cornelius,  -i,  m.,  Cornelius,  a  Ro- 
mon  family  name. 

cornu,  -Us,  n.,  horn. 

corpus,  -oris,  n.,  body.  (140.) 
Corpse. 

corrigo,  3,  -rexT,  -rectum  [com, 
reg5],  make  straight,  reform,  cor- 
rect. 

corripio,  3,  -ui,  -reptum  [com, 
rapio],  seize,  take  hold  of. 

-cor-rumpo,     3,    -rupi,    -ruptum, 


4 

1 

iieve-l 
elect. 

4 

ueUy, 


[com],  break   in  pieces,  destroys 

corrupt,  bribe.  I 

cortex,  -icis,  m.  and  f.,  bark,  shell,] 

rind. 
corus,  -1,  M.,  north-west  {wind), 
cotidie,  adv.  [quot,  dies],  dail§^ 
eras,  adv.,  to-morrow. 
Crassus,  -i,  m.,  Crassus,  a  rich  Ro-^ 

man,  contemporary  of  Caesar. 
creator,  -oris,  m.  [creoj,  creatol^ 
creber,  -bra,  -brum,  ii(\].,frequ 

numerous. 
credo,  3,  -didi,  -ditum,  trust,  beliemf- 

w.  dat.     Credit. 
creo,  1,  make,  create;  choose,  elect. 
Croesus,   -i,   m.,  Croesus,  king  of^ 

Lydia. 
crudelis,-e,adj .,  cruel, hard-hear 
crudeliter,  adv.  [crudelis],crwe/) 
cruentus,    -a,   -um,  adj.    [cruor], 

stained  with  blood,  bloody. 
cruor,  -oris,  M.,  blood,  gore.  Cf.  san- 
guis. 
crus,  cruris,  n.,  leg. 
culpa,  -ae,  f.  [culpo],  blame,  fault. 

Culpable.     Cf.  vitium. 
culpo,  1  [culpa],  blame,  fndfcik 

with. 
culter,  -tri,  m.,  knife.     CoulterT^ 
cam,  conj.,  when;  since,  as;  though 

although.     (372  ff.) 
cum,  prep.  w.  abl.,  with. 
Cumae,  -arum,  f.,  Cumae,  a  fl 

in  Campania. 
cunae,  -arum,  f.,  cradle. 
cunctatio,  -onis,  f.  [cunctor],  de- 
laying, delay. 
cunctor,  1,  linger,  hesitate. 
cupiditas,  -atis,  f.  [cupidus,  cupio], 

desire,  eagerness.     Cupidity. 
Cupido,  -inis,  m.  [cupidus],  Cupid, 

god  of  love. 
cupio,  3,  -ivi,  or  -ii,  -itum,  desire, 

be  eager  for,     Cf,  desidero. 


1| 

ER.^l 

ougi^ 

i 


I 


cur 


233 


desidero 


cur,  adv.  [qua,  re],  ivhj,  wherefore. 

cura,  -ae,  p.  [euro],  care,  anxiety. 

euro,  1  [cura],  care  for,  take  care. 

curro,  3,  cucurri,  cursum,  run. 

currus,  -us,  m.  \ji\iVYb'\,  chariot,  car. 

cursus,  -us,  M.  [curro],  a  running, 
course. 

curvus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  curved,  bent; 
bending. 

custodio,  4  [custos],  guard,  pro- 
tect, defend. 

custos,  -odis,  M.  and  f.  [cust5dio], 
guardian,  keeper.     Custodian. 

cymba,  -ae,  r.  boat.    Cf.  navicula. 

Cyrus,  -I,  M.,  Cyrus,  king  of  Persia. 


Daedalus,  -i,  m.,  Daedalus,  builder 
of  the  Labjrinth. 

damno,  1,  condemn. 

Dareus,  -i,  m.,  Darius,  king  of 
Persia. 

Datis,  -is,  m.,  Dafi's,  a  Persian 
general. 

de,  prep.  w.  abl.,  from,  about,  con- 
cerning, of;  (of  time),  in,  during, 
about. 

dea,  -ae,  r.,  goddess,    (p.  8,  note  1). 

debeo,  2,  -ui,  -itura,  owe,  ought. 
Debit,  Debt. 

decern,  num.  adj.,  indecl.,  ten. 

December,  -bris,  m.  [decem],  De- 
cember.    Often  as  adj. 

decein-plex,  -icis,  adj.  [plico],  ten- 
fold. 

de-cerno,  3,  -crevi,  -ere turn  (sepa- 
rate from),  decide,  determine ; 
decree. 

de-cerpo,  3,  -si,  -tum  [carpo],p/McA; 
off. 

decet,  2,  decuit,  impers.,  it  is  be- 
coming,  fitting ,  proper. 

decimus,  -a,  -um,  num.  adj.  [de- 
cem], tenth. 


de-do,  3,  -didi,  -ditum  [put  from 
one's  self),  surrender,  deliver  up. 

de-duco,  3,  -duxi,  -ductum,  lead 
away,  draw  down,  launch.      De« 

DUCT. 

de-fatigo,  1,  tire  out,  exhaust. 

de-fendo,  3,  -di,  -fensum  [defen- 
sor], (strike  off  from),  defend, 
protect. 

defensor,  -oris,  m.  [defendo], 
defender,  protector. 

de-fero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latum  (bring 
from),  deliver  ;  report. 

de-fessus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  tired  out, 
weary. 

de-ficlo,  3,  -feci,  -fectum  [facio], 
(make  away  from),  revolt ;  fail,  be 
wanting. 

de-formis,  -e,  adj.  [forma],  mis- 
shapen, ugly  ;  base,  disgraceful. 

de-inde,  adv.  (from  thence),  then, 
afterwards. 

delecto,  1,  delight. 

delectus,  -lis,  m.  [deligo],  selec^ 
t/on  ;  levy. 

deleo,  2,  -evi,  -etum,  destroy.     De. 

LETE. 

deliciae,  -arum,  f.,  delight,  darling. 

de-mlgro,  1,  migrate  from ;  emi^ 
grate,  remove. 

Demosthenes,  -is,  m.,  Demosthe- 
nes, a  famous  Athenian  orator. 

denique,  adv.,  finally,  at  last. 

dens,  dentis,  m.,  tooth.     Dentist. 

de-pereo,  4,   -ii,   ,  go  to  ruin^ 

perish,  be  lost. 

de-pono,  3,  -posui,  -positum,  put 
down,  put  by,  lay  down.  Depo- 
nent. 

de-scendo,  3,  -di,  -scensum  [scan- 
do,  climb^,  come  down,  descend. 

de-sero,  3,  -ui,-tum,  desert,  abandon. 

desidero,  1,  desire,  long  for,  miss 
(319).     Cf.opto,  volo,  and  cupio 


de-silio 


234 


donum 


de-silio,  4,  -silui  [salio,  leap"], 
leap  down.  Cf.  subsilio  and  tran- 
silio. 

de-sisto,  3,  -stiti,  -stitum  Istand  off 
or  apari\f  leave  off^  cease  ;  desist. 

de-spero,  1  [spes],  be  hopeless j 
despair. 

de-sum,  -esse,  -fui, ,  be  want- 
ing,  lack;  w.  dat.     Cf.  deficio. 

de-traho,  3,  -traxi,  -tractum,  draw 
offy  take  away, 

deus,  -T,  M.,  god.    (262.) 

devoro,  1,  swallow  up,  devour. 

Diana,  -ae,  f.,  Diana,  goddess  of 
the  chase. 

dico,  3,  dixi,  dictum,  say,  tell. 

dictator,  -oris,  m.  [dicto,  dico], 
chief  magistrate^  dictator. 

dictatura,  -ae,  f.  [dictator],  office 
of  dictator,  dictatorship. 

dictito  [frequentative  of  dico], 
keep  saying. 

dies,  -ci,  M.  and  f.,  day.    (253.) 

dif-fero,  differre,  distuli,  dilatum 
[dis],  scatter^  separate,  put  off; 
differ.    (321.) 

difficilis,  -e,  adj.  [dis,  facilis, /ar 
from  easy~\,  hard,  difficult.    (207.) 

digitus,  -1,  M.,  finger.     Digit. 

dignitas,  -atis,  f.  [dignus],  worth, 
dignity  ;  office. 

dignus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  worthy. 

diligens,  -entis,  adj.  [P.  of  diligo], 
diligent,  careful. 

diligenter,  adv.  [diligens],  dili- 
gently. 

diligentia,  -ae,  f.  [diligens],  dili- 
gence, carefulness. 

di-ligo,  3,  -lexi,  -lectum  [lego], 
esteem,  love.    (319.) 

dimico,  1,  fight,  contend.  Cf. 
pugno. 

di-midius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [medius], 
half 


di-mitto,  3,  -misi,  -missum,  send 

away,  let  go. 
di-moveo,  2,  -movi,  -motum  (jnove 

asunder),  separate,  drive  away. 
di-ruo,    3,     dirui,     dirutum,     tear 

asunder,  destroy.      Cf.  rescind©. 
dis,  di  (a  prefix  denoting  separa- 
tion), asunder,  apart,  in  different 

directions.     Cf.    differo,   discedo, 

dissimilis,  dimitto,  diruo. 
Dis,  Ditis,  M.,   Dis,    another  name 

of  Pluto. 
dis-cedo,  3,-cessi,  -cessum,  depart, 

withdraw,  go  off. 
discipulus,  -i,  m.  [disco],  learner, 

scholar,  pupil.     Disciple. 

disco,  3,  didici, ,  learn. 

dis-similis,  -e,  adj.,  (^far  from  like), 

unlike,  dissimilar.   (207.) 
diu,  adv.,  for  a  long  time,  long. 
dives,    -itis,    adj.    (comp.    ditior, 

superl.  divitissimus),  rich.     (167. 

3.) 
divitiae,  -arum,  f.  [dives],  riches, 

wealth. 
do,  dare,  dedi,  datum,  give  ;  put. 
doceo,  2,  -ui,  -tum,  teach,  show. 
doctus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [P.  of  doceo], 

learned.     Doctor. 
dolor,  -oris,  m.,  pain,  grief     Dol- 
orous. 
dolus,  -1,  M.,  trick,  deceit. 
douiicilium,  -i,  n.  [domus],  home, 

abode. 
domina,  -ae,  f.  [dominus],  mistress. 
dominor,  1  [dominus],  be  a  lord 

and  master,  rule.     Domineer. 
dominus,   -i,    m.   [domina],   lord, 

master.    (QQ.^ 
domus,  -us,  F.,  house,  home ;  domi, 

at  home.     (262,  336.) 
dono,    1    [ddnum],    give,    present. 

Donate. 
donum,  -i,  n.  [do],  gift,  present. 


dormio 


235 


erro 


dormio,  4,  sleep.    Dormitory. 

Drusus,  -i,  M.,  Drusus,  a  Roman. 

dubito,  1  [dubius],  hesitate,  doubt. 
Indubitable. 

dubium,  -i,  n.  [dubius],  doubt. 

dubius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [duo],  doubt- 
ful.     Dubious. 

ducenti,  -ae,  -a,  num.  adj.  [duo, 
centum],  two  hundred. 

daco,  3,  -duxi,  -ductum  [dux],  lead. 

Duillus  (C),  -1,  M.,  Caius  Duilius, 
a  Roman  general. 

dulcis,  -e,  adj.,  sweet,  pleasant. 
Dulcet.     Cf.  suavis. 

duni,  adv.,  while,  as  long  as;  until. 

duo,  duae,  duo,  num.  adj.,  two. 
(311.  4.) 

duo-decim,  num.  adj.,  indecl.  [de- 
cem],  twelve. 

duo-de-triginta,  num.  adj.,  in- 
decl., twenty-eight. 

durus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  hard.  En- 
dure.   Cf.  difficilis. 

dux,  ducis,  M.  and  r.  [duco],  leader, 
general.    Duke.    Cf.  imperator. 


ecce,  interj.,  lo!  see!  see  there! 
e-dico,  3,  -dixi,  -dictum,  speah  out, 

declare,  proclaim.      Edict. 
edo,  edere  or  esse,  edi,  esum  or  es- 

sum,  eat. 
educo,  1,  bring  up,  train,  educate. 
e-duco,  3,  -duxi,  -ductum,  lead  out, 

bring  anvay.  * 

ef-fero,     efferre,    extuli,    elatum 

[ex],  bear  out,  bring  forth.     (321.) 

Elate. 
efficio,  3,  -feci,  -fectum  [ex,  faci5], 

bring    to   pass,    effect,   complete; 

make,  construct. 
egens,  -entis,  adj.  [P.  of  egeo],  in 

want,  needy,  destitute. 
ego,  pers.  pron.,  /.    (264.) 


e-gredior,  3,  egressus  [gradior, 
step'],  go  out,  go  forth;  disembark, 
land.     Cf.  exeo. 

egregie,  adv.  [egregius],  remark- 
ably, excellently. 

e-gregius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [grex],  re- 
markable, excellent.    Egregious. 

elegans,-antis,  adj.,  choice,  e/egant. 

elephantus,  -i,  m.,  elephant. 

e-ludo,  3,  -SI,  -sum,  deceive,  mock ; 
elude. 

e-mergo,  3,  -si,  -sum,  arise,  come 
forth;  emerge. 

emo,  3,  emi,  emptum,  buy, purchase. 

enim,  conj.  (never  the  first  word), 
for.     Cf .  nam. 

Ennius,  -i,  m.,  Enn/us,  father  of 
Roman  poetry. 

e-nuntio,  1,  say  out,  divulge,  declare, 
report.     Enunciate. 

e,  see  ex. 

eo,  adv.  [is],  to  that  place,  thither, 
there. 

eo,  ire,  ii,  itum,  go.     (327.) 

eodem,  adv.  [idem],  to  the  same 
place. 

Epirus,  -1,  F.,  Epirus,  a  division  of 
Greece. 

epistula,  -ae,  r.,  letter,  epistle. 

eques,  -itis,  m.  [equus],  horseman, 
knight.  t 

equ ester,  -tris,  -tre,  adj.,  [eque§], 
(^pertaining  to  a  horseman),  eques- 
trian. 

equitatus,  -us,  m.  [equito,  eques], 
(body  ofequites),  cavalry. 

equito,  1  [eques],  (be  a  horseman), 
ride. 

equus,  -1,  M.,  horse. 

ergo,  adv.,  therefore,  accordingly. 
Cf .  igitur  and  itaque. 

e-ripio,  3,  -ui,  -reptum  [rapio], 
snatch  out,  seize  and  bear  off. 

erro,  1,  wander;  err,  mistake. 


e-rudio 


236 


facio 


e-rudio,  4,  [rudis,  rough'],  train, 
teach,  instruct. 

essedum,  -i,  n.,  two-wheeled  war- 
chariot. 

et,  conj.,  and;  et  .  .  .  et,  both  .  .  . 
and.     Cf .  atque,  ac,  and  -que. 

etiam,  adv.  and  conj.  [et,  jam, 
and  now],  also,  even. 

et-si,  conj.,  though,  although. 

Europa,  -ae,  f.,  Europe. 

e-vado,  3,  -vasi,  -vasum,  go  forth, 
escape.     Evade. 

e-venio,  4,  -veni,  -ventum,  come 
forth,  turn  out,  happen.  Event.  Cf . 
accido  and  incido. 

e-verto,  3,  -ti,  -sum,  overturn,  over- 
throw,  destroy. 

e-volo,  1,  fly  away. 

ex  or  e,  prep.  w.  abl.,  out  of,  from. 

exainino,  1  [examen,  test],  weigh 
out,  weigh. 

excelsus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.  [P.  of  ex- 
cello],  elevated,  lofty,  high. 

ex-cipio,  3,  -cepi,  -ceptum  [capiu], 
take  out,  except;  receive,  wel- 
come. 

ex-clamo,  1,  cry  out,  exclaim.  Cf. 
clamito. 

ex-cuso,  1  [causa],  excuse. 

ex-cutio,  3,  -cussi,  -cussum  [qua- 
tio],  shake  out,  strike  off,  drive 
away,  cast  out. 

ex-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  go  out,  come 
out.     Exit.     Cf.  egredior. 

ex-erceo,  2  [arceo],  keep  busy, 
employ;  train.     Exercise. 

exercitus,  -us,  m.  [exerced],  (the 
thing  trained^,  army. 

exiguus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  scanty,  small, 
slight. 

expeditio,  -onis,  f.  [expedid],  ex- 
cursion, expedition. 

ex-pello,  3,  -pull,  -pulsum,  drive 
out  or  away,  expel. 


ex-perior,  4,  -pertus,  make  trial  of ; 

test.     Expert.  1 

ex-plico,  1,  -avi,    -atum,  and  -ui,l 

-itum,  unfold,  explain.  \ 

explorator,  -oris,  m.  [expl6ro],a| 

searcher  out,  explorer;  spy,  scout, 
ex-ploro,    1,   search   out,   examine, 

explore  ;  reconnoitre . 
*ex-poiio,   3,  -posui,  -positum,  put 

or  set  out,  expose ;  draw  up,  mar- 

shal. 
ex-piigiio,  1,  take  by  storm,  assault. 

Cf.  oppugno. 
ex-sis  to,    3,  -stiti,   -stitum    (stand 

forth),  exist,  appear. 
ex-specto,  1,  await,  wait  for,  ejr- 

pect.  ^ 
ex-spiro,  1,  breath  out,  breath  one's 

last,  expire. 
ex-stinguo,  3,  -nxi,  -nctum  (quench 

completely),  extinguish ;  kill,  de- 
stroy. 
ex-terreo,   2,   -ui,   -itum,  frighten, 

affright.  ^ 
ex-timesco,  3, -timui, [timeo], 

fear  greatly. 
extra,   prep.  w.  ace,  without,  out- 
side of.     Cf.  intra. 
ex-turbo,  1,  thrust  out,  drive  away. 


ous 


faber,   -bri,  m.,   worker,   carpenter. 

Fabric. 
Pabius,  -T,  m..   Fab/us,  a  famous 

*Roman  general. 
Fabricius,    -i,    m.,    Fabricius, 

famous  Boman  general. 
fabula,  -ae,  f.  [for,  speak],  story, 

tale,  fable. 
facilis,  -e,  adj.  [facio],  (that  can  be 

done),  easy  to  do,  easy.    Facility. 
facinus,  -oris,  n.  [facio],  (the  thing 

done),  deed ;  crime.     Cf.  scelus. 
facio,  3,  feci,  factum,  do,  make. 


I 


fagus 


237 


frater 


fagus,  -1,  F.,  heech-tree.    (11.  4.) 
Falisci,  -drum,  m.,  the  Fall  scans, 

a  people  of  Etruria. 
falso,  adv.  [f alsus],  fa/se//. 
falsus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [fallo,  deceive'], 

deceptive,  false, 
^ma,  -ae,  r.  [for,  speak],  rumor; 

fame,  renown, 
fames,  -is,  r.,  hunger,  famine, 
fas,  N.,  indecl.  [for,  speak],  divine 

law;    often  translated    as   adj., 

right,  lawful, 
fascis,  -is,  m.,  bundle. 
fatigo,  1,  tire  out,  weary.   Fatigue. 
fatum,  -1,  N.  [for,  speak],  (that  which 

is  spoken^,  fate,  destiny. 
faveo,  2,  favi,  fautum,  be  favorable 

to,  favor,  befriend ;  w.  dat. 
febris,  -is,  f.  [ferveo,  be  hot'),  fever. 
Februarius,  -i,  m.,  February.  Often 

as  adj. 
feliciter,  adv.  [felix],  luckily,  for- 
tunately. 
felix,  -icis,  adj.,  lucky ,  fortunate. 
fera,  -ae,  f.  [ferus],  wild  animal, 

wild  beast. 
fere,  adv.,  nearly.,  for  the  most  part, 

almost,  about.     Cf .  paene. 
fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latum,  bear,  bring ; 

ferunt,    they    say.      (321.)      Cf. 

porto  and  veh5. 
ferox,   -ocis,   adj.    [ferus],   fierce, 

impetuous. 
ferreus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [ferrum],  of 

iron,  iron. 
ferrum,  -i,  n.,  iron. 
ferus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  wild,   savage, 

cruel. 
fidelis,  -e,  adj.  [fides],  trusty,  faith- 
ful.   Cf.  fidus. 
fideliter,  adv.  \^diQ\\s],  faithfully. 
fides,  -6i,  F.  [fido,  trust],  trust,  faith. 
fidus,  -a,  -um,  adj.    [fido,  trust], 

trusty  ffaithfuU 


filia,  -ae,  f.,  daughter,  (p.  8,  note  1). 
Cf.  nata. 

fillolus,-!,  M.  [diminutive  of  filius], 
little  son. 

filius,  -i,  M.,  son.     (79.)     Filial. 

finlo,4  [finis],  enc?,/7/7/s^.  Finite. 

finis,  -is,  M.,  end,  boundary.    (154.) 

finitimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [finis], 
bordering  on,  neighboring. 

fio,  fieri,  factus  (supplies  pass,  to 
facio),  be  made,  become.     (327.) 

firmo,  1  [firmus],  make  strong. 

firmus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [firmo],  stead- 
fast, strong.     Firm. 

flagro,  1,  burn. 

flecto,  3,  -XI,  -xum,  bend,  turn. 

fleo,  2,  flevi,  fletum,  weep,  cry. 

flo,  1,  blow. 

flos,  floris,  M.,  flower.     Floral. 

flumen,  -inis,  n.  [fluo] ,  (that  which 
flows),  river,  stream.     (172.) 

fluo,  3,  fluxi,  ^u^Mva,  flow. 

fluvius,  -i,  M.  [fluo],  (the  flowing 
thing),  river,  stream.      (172.) 

folium,  -i,  N.,  leaf.     Foliage. 

fons,  fontis,  m.,  spring,  fount,  foun- 
tain. 

fore,  for  futurum  esse. 

formido,  -inis,  T.,fear,  terror. 

forte,  adv.  ^f or s,  chance], perchance, 
perhaps,  possibly. 

fortis,  -e,  adj.,  strong,  brave,  cour- 
ageous. 

fortiter,  adv.  [fortis],  bravely, 
courageously. 

fortitiido, -inis,  f.  [fortis],  siren^///, 
bravery,  endurance,  fortitude. 

fortuna,  -ae,  f.  [fors,  chance],  for- 
tune. 

forum, -1,  N.,  market-place;  forum. 

frango,  3,  fregi,  fractum,  dash  in 
pieces,  break.     Fraction. 

frater,  -tris,  m.,  brother.     Frater* 

NAL. 


fretus 


238 


Hasdrubal 


fretus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  relying  on, 
trusting  to  ;  w.  abl. 

frigidus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [frigeo, 
freeze] J  cold,  frigid. 

frondosus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [frons], 
covered  with  leaves,  leafy. 

frons,  f rondis,  f.,  leaf,  foliage  ;  gar- 
land of  leaves. 

frons,  -tis,  f.,  hroWy  forehead. 
Front. 

frfictus,  -us,  M.  [fruor],/rMiY.  Cf. 
frumentum. 

frumentarius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [fru- 
mentum], pertaining  to  grain; 
res  frumentaria,  grain-supply. 

frumentum,  -i,  n.  [fruor],  corn, 
grain.     CA.  fructus. 

fruor,  3,  fructus,  enjoy;  w.  abl. 
(304.) 

frustra,  adv.,  in  vain. 

(friix) ,  f rugis,  f.  (of tener  plur. ; 
gen.  frugum),  [frMor],  fruit  of  the 
earth,  fruits.    Cf.  fructus. 

fuga,  -ae,  F.  \i\xgu),  flee'],  flight. 

fugio,  3,  fugi, [fugo,  fuga], 

run  away.     Fugitive. 

fugo,  1  [fugio,  fuga],/)uf  to  flight, 
chase,  drive. 

fungor,  3,  functus,  perform,  dis- 
charge ;  w.  abl.  (304.)   Function. 


Gajus,    gen.     Gai    (also    written 

Caius),  M.,  Caius,  a  Roman  first 

name. 
Galba,  -ae,  m.  ,  Galba. 
Gallia,  -ae,  f.,  Gaul. 
Galllcus,  -a,  -um,   adj.    [Gallus], 

belonging  to  the  Gauls,  Gallic. 
gallina,    -ae,    f.    [gallus,    cock], 

hen.  L 

Gallus,  -1,  M.,  a  Gaul. 
gaudeo,  2,  gavisus  [gaudium],  he 

glad,  rejoice,     (p.  177,  note  2.)      i 


gaudium,    -T,    n.    [gaudeo J,  joy^ 

delight. 
gener,  -eri,  m.,  son-in-law, 
gens,  gentis,  f.,  clan,  family.    Gen- 
teel. 
genu,  -us,  N.,  knee.     (245.) 
genus,  -eris,  n.,  birth,  race;  kind, 

nature.     Gender. 
Germanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  German  • 

noun,  a  German. 
gero,  3,  gessi,  gestum,  bear,  carry  ; 

wage,  manage,  do. 
gladiator,     -oris,     m.     [gladius], 

{swordsman) ,  gladiator. 
gladius,  -1,  M.,  sword. 
gloria,  -ae,  f.,  glory,  fame,  renown. 
gracilis,  -e,  adj.,  slender.     (207.) 
gradus,-us,M.,s<e/}.  (245.)  Grade. 
Graece,  adv.  [Graecus],  in  Greek. 
Graecia,  -ae,  f,,  Greece. 
Graecus,  -a,   -um,   adj.,  Grecian, 

Greek;  noun,  a  Greek. 
gramen,  -inis,  n.,  grass. 
granum,  -i,  n.,  grain,  seed. 
gratulor,  1  [gratus],  congratulate; 

w.  dat. 
gratus,   -a,   -um,   adj.,   acceptable, 

pleasing.     Grateful. 
gravis,    -e,     adj.,    heavy,    serious. 

Grave. 
graviter,   adv.    [gravis],  heavily, 

seriously. 
gremium,  -i,  n.,  lap,  bosom. 
grex,  gregis,  m.,  flock,  herd, 
gusto,  1,  taste,  eat. 

habeo,  2,  have,  hold. 

habito,  1  [frequentative  of  habeo], | 

inhabit;  dwell,  live.    (194.) 
Hannibal,  -alis,   m.,  Hannibal,  a\ 

famous  Carthaginian  general. 
Hasdrubal,  -alis,  m.,  Hasdrubal,  I 

a  Carthaginian  general,  brother  oj  1 

HannibaL 


I 
I 

I 


hasta 


239 


imperium 


hasta,  -ae,  f.,  spear. 

haurio,  4,  hausi,   haustum,   draw 

(water),  drain.     Exhaust. 
Hector,  -oris,  m.,  Hector,  chief  of 

the  Trojan  warriors. 
Henua,  -ae,  r.,  Henna,  a  city  of 

Sicily. 
heri,  adv.,  yesterday. 
hie,   haec,  hoc,   dem.   pron.,   this, 

this  of  mine;  abl.,   hoc,  on   this 

account ;   as  pers.  pron.,  he,  she, 

it.    (275.) 
hieins(hiemps),  hiemis,  f.,  winter  ; 

storm. 
hlnc,  adv.  [hic],  from   this  place, 

hence. 
Hispania,  -ae,  f.,  Spain, 
Hispanus,  -i,  m.,  a  Spaniard. 
historia,  -ae,  f.,  history. 
hodie,  adv.  [h5c,  die],  to-day. 
Homerus,  -i,  m,,  Honker,  the  earli- 
est and  greatest  Greek  poet. 
homo^   -inis,    m.    and    f.    (human 

being),  man.     (138.) 
honestas,  -atis,  f.  [honestus],  honor, 

integrity ,  honesty, 
honorifice,  adv.,  honorably. 
honor,  -oris,  m.,  honor. 
honoro,  1  \\ionor~\,  honor,  respect. 
hora,  -ae,  f.,  hour. 
Horatius,  -i,  m.,  Horatius,  HoracQ. 
horridus,   -a,   -um,  adj.   [horreo, 

shudder  at"],  frightful,  rough,  wild. 

HORBID. 

hortor,  1,  urge,  exhort,  encourage. 
hortus,  -i,  M.,  garden.    (38.) 
hospes,  -itis,  m.  and  f.,  host,  guest, 

guest-friend.     Hospital. 
hostis,  -is,  M.  and  f.,  enemy.    (149, 

172.)     Hostile. 
hue,  adv.  [for  old  form  hoc],  to 

this  place,  hither. 
hnmanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.    [homo], 

human  ;  cultivated,  refined. 


huinilis,  -e,  adj.  [humus,  ground'}^ 
(pertaining  to  humus),  low,  lowly, 
humble,  poor,     (207.) 


ibl,  adv.  [is],  in  that  place,  there. 

Icarus,  -i,  Icarus,  son  of  Dcedalus. 

idem,  eadem,  idem,  determ.  pron. 
[is],  same.      (270.) 

Idoneus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,j^if,  suitable, 
proper. 

idus,  -uum,  F.  plur.,  the  Ides  (of 
the  month).  The  thirteenth,  except 
in  March,  May,  July,  and  Octo- 
ber; in  those  months  the  fif- 
teenth.    (244.  1.) 

Igitur,  conj.  (seldom  the  first 
word),  therefore,  then.  Cf.  ergo 
and  itaque. 

ignavia,  -ae,  f.  [ignavus],  laziness, 
idleness,  cowardice. 

ignavus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [in,  not, 
gnavus,  busy'],  lazy,  idle,  cowardly. 

ignis,  -is,  u.^fire.     (149.) 

ignoro,  1  [ignarus,  ignorant],  not 
know,  be  ignorant  of 

ille,  -a,  -ud,  demon,  pron.,  that 
(yonder);  as  pers.  pron.,  he,  she, 
it.     (275.) 

illue,  adv.  [ille],  to  that  place, 
thither,  there. 

imago,  -inis,  f.,  image,  likeness, 
picture.     (134.) 

imitor,  1,  imitate. 

immanis,  -e,  adj.,  huge,  immense, 
monstrous.    Cf .  magnus. 

impedio,  4  [in,  pes],  (entangle  the 
feet),  impede,  hinder,  prevent. 

Im-pello,  3,  -pull,  -pulsum  [in], 
urge  on,  impel,  prompt. 

imperator,  -oris,  m.  [impero], 
commander,  general.     Emperor. 

imperium,  -i,  n.  [impero],  com- 
mand, authority,  power.     Empire, 


impero 


240 


m-sum 


impero,  1  [imperium],  ordeVy  com- 
mand; w.  dat. 

inipetro,  1,  accomplish;  gain,  pro- 
cure, obtain.    Cf.  adipiscor. 

impetus,  -us,  m.  [impetu,  rush  wjoon], 
attack,  onset.     Impetuous. 

im-pleo,  2,  -evi,  -etum  [in],  Jill  up, 
Jill  Jail,  Jill.     Cf .  compleo. 

im-ploro,  1  [in],  cry  out  to,  beseech, 
implore. 

im-pono,  3,  -posui,  -positum  [in], 
put  or  place  upon. 

improbus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [in,  not, 
probus,  good],  bad,  wicked,  Cf. 
malus. 

im-pro-viso,  adv.  [video],  unex- 
jiectedhj. 

im-pudens,  -cntis,  adj.  [in],  shame- 
less, impudent. 

in,  prep.  w.  ace.  into,  to,  against, 
for;  w.  abl.,  in,  on.    (333,  1,  2.) 

in,  prefix,  in  composition  with 
nouns,  adjectives,  and  parti- 
ciples, often  having  negative 
sense.     Cf.  Eng.  un-,  in-,  not. 

inanis,  -e,  adj.,  empty,  useless. 

in-cautus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  incautious, 
heedless. 

in-certus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  uncertain. 

in-cido,  3,  -cidi,  -casum  [cado]. 
Jail  into;  happen,  befall.  Cf.  ac- 
cido  and  evenio. 

in-cipio,  3,  -cepi,  -ceptum  [capio], 
QaJce  in  hand),  begin.    Cf.  ordior. 

in-cognitus,  -a^  -um,  ad]., unknown. 

incola,  -ae,  m.  and  r.  [incolo],  in- 
habitant. 

in-colo,  3,  -ui, [incola],  dwell 

in,  inhabit,  live,  dwell.  Cf .  habito 
and  VIVO. 

incolumis,  -e,  adj.,  unharmed,  safe. 

inde,  adv.  [is],  thence. 

indicium,  -i,  n.,  discovery,  dis- 
closure. 


in-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  go  in,  enter; 

begin.     (327.) 
inferi,  -drum,  m.  (inferus,  below], 

inhabitants  of  the  lower  world,  the 

dead.     Infernal. 
in-fero,     inferre,    intuli,    illatum 

(inl)  (^bear  in  or  against),  cause; 

bellum  inferre,  make  war  upon; 

w.  dat.     (321.) 
infestus,    -a,    -um,    adj.,    hostile, 

troublesome,  dangerous.     Infest. 
in-ficio,  3,  -feci,  -fectum  [facio], 

stain,  color, 
in-finitus,   -a,   -um,   adj.    [finis], 

boundless,  unlimited,  infinite,  vast. 
in-flecto,  3,  -xi,  -xum,  bend  ;  change, 

alter.     Inflect. 
in-gredior,  3,   -gressus    [gradior, 

step],  enter. 
in-hio,  1,  gape  at,  long  for. 
in-imicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [amicus], 

unfriendly,  hostile  ;  noun,  enemy. 

(172.)     Inimical. 
initium,   -i,   n.    [ineo],    beginning. 

Initial. 
injuria,  -ae,  f.  [in,  jus],  injustice, 

injury,  wrong. 
injuste,  adv.  [injustus],  unjustly. 
inopia,  -ae,  f.   [inops,  without  re- 
sources], want,  poverty. 
inquam,  defective  verb,  say;  in- 
quit  (placed  after  one  or  more 

quoted  words),  said  he. 
in-stituo,   3,  -ui,    -utum    [statuo, 

place],  fix,  determine,  undertake. 

Institute. 
instructus,  -a,  -um  [P.  of  instruo], 

furnished,  equipped. 
in-struo,     3,     -struxi,     -structum 

[stru5,  build],  build  up,  form,  in- 
struct, teach. 
insula,  -ae,  f.,  island.    Peninsula. 
in-sum,    -esse,   -fui,    ,  be    in, 

among;  w.  dat.  and  in  w.  abl. 


intel-lego 


241 


judicium 


intel-lego,  3, -Icxi, -lectum  [inter], 
see  into;  understand.    Intellect. 

inter,  prep.  w.  acc.,6e^w;een,  among, 
amid. 

inter-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  perish. 

inter-dum,  adv.,  sometimes. 

inter-ficio,  3,  -feci,  -fectum  [fa- 
cio],  kill,  put  to  death.  Cf.  neco 
and  occido. 

interior,  -us,  adj.  [no  positive], 
inner,  inter/ or. 

inter-pello,  1,  interrupt;  entreat, 
importune. 

inter-rogo,  1,  ash,  inquire,  question. 
(382.)     Interhogatiox. 

■  inter-sum,  -esse,  -fuT, ,  he  pres- 
ent at  or  among ;  w.  dat.  Cf.  ad- 
sum. 

intra,  prep.  w.  ace.,  within.  Cf. 
extra. 

in-tueor,  2,  look  towards,  at,  or  upon. 
Intuition. 

intus,  adv.  [in],  within,  inside. 

in-venio,  4,  -veni,  -ventum,  come 
upon,  Jind,  meet  with,  discover. 
Invent.     Cf .  reperio. 

in-vicem,  adv.,  by  turns,  in  turn, 
alternately. 

in-victus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  unconquer- 
able, invincible. 

invito,  1,  invite. 

invitus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  unwilling,  re- 
luctant. 

in-voco,  1,  call  upon,  invoke. 

io,  inter j.,  ahl  oh! 

ipse,  -a,  -um,  intens.  pron.,  self, 
very.     (270.) 

ira,  -ae,  f.,  anger,  ivrath;  ire. 

ir-rideo,  2,  -risi,  -risum  [in],  laugh 
at,  ridicule  ;  jest,  mock. 

is,  ea,  id,  determ.  pron.,  that-,  as 
pers.  pron.,  he,  she,  it.     (270.) 

iste,  -a,  -ud,  demon,  pron.,  that  (of 
yours).     (276.) 


ita,  adv.,  so,  thus.     Cf.  sic. 
Italia,  -ae,  f.,  /ta/y. 
Italus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Italian. 
ita-que,  conj.,  and  so,  therefore.    Cf. 

ergd  and  igitur. 
item,    adv.     [ita],    likewise,    also. 

Item. 
iter,   itineris,   n.   [eo],  way,   road, 

march.    (262.)     Itinerant. 
iterum,  adv.,  a  second  time,  again. 

Iteration. 
Ithaca,  -ae,  r.,  Ithaca,  an  island  in 

the  Ionian  Sea. 
Itius,  M.,  Itius,  a  port  in  Gaul. 

jaceo,    2,    -ui,    [jacio],    {be 

throivn),  lie. 
jacio,  3,  jeci,  jactum  [jaceo],  throw, 

cast,  hurl,  fling. 
jam,  adv.,  already,  now,  at  last.    Cf. 

nunc. 
jamjam,    adv.,    already;    jamjam 

ventiirus,  on  the  point  of  coming. 
janua,  -ae,  r.  [Janus],  door.     Cf. 

porta. 
Janus,  -1,  M.    [janua],  Janus,  the 

two  faced  god. 
jejnnium,   -i,    n.    [jejimus],  fast, 

hunger. 
jejunus,  -a,  -um  [jejunium],  fast- 
ing, hungry,  without  food. 
jocus,  -1,  M.  (plur.  joci  and  joca), 

joke,  jest ;  per  jocum,  in  jest,  for 

a  joke. 
Johanniculus,  -i,  m.,  little  John, 

Johnny,  Jack. 
jubeo,  2,  jiissi,  jussum,  bid,  order, 

comma.nd.     Cf.  impero. 
jucundus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  pleasant, 

agreeable. 
judex,    -icis,   m.    [jiidico],  judge. 

(105.) 
judicium,  -i,   n.    [judico],   judg- 
ment, opinion. 


judico 


242 


loquor 


judico,  1  [judex],  yf/f/gre.    (429.) 

Julius,  -i,  M.,  Julius,  a  Roman 
family  name. 

Juppiter,  Jovis,  m.,  Jupiter,  the  su- 
preme deity  of  the  Romans.  (262.) 

juro,  1  [jus],  swear,  take  an  oath. 

jus,  juris,  N.,  right,  justice.  (140.) 
Cf .  fas. 

jussus,  -us,  M.  [jubeo],  command, 
order. 

juste,  adv.  [Justus],  rightly,  just/y. 

juvenis,  -is,  m.  and  f.,  youth,  young 
person.     Cf.  adulescens. 

juventus,  -utis,  f.  [juvenis],  the 
season  of  youth,  youth. 

Labienus,  -I,  m.,  Labienus,  a  lieu- 
tenant of  Ccesai-'s. 

labor,  M.,  -oris,  labor. 

laboro,  1  [labor],  work,  toil. 

labrum,  -i,  n.,  lip. 

lac,  lactis,  n.,  milk.    Lacteal. 

Lacedaemonii,  -orum,  m.,  the 
Lacedaemonians. 

lacrima,  -ae,  f.,  tear.    Lacrymose. 

lacus,  -us,  M.,  /ake,  pond. 

Laevinus,  -i,  m.,  Laevinus,  a  Ro- 
man consul. 

lapis,  -idis,  m.,  stone.     Lapidary. 

Latine,  adv.  [Latinus],  in  Latin. 

Latinus,  -a,  -um,  adj!  [Latium], 
Latin  ;  noun,  a  Latin. 

latro,  1,  hark,  hark  at. 

latro,  -onis,  m.,  rohher. 

latns,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  hroad,  wide. 
Latitude. 

latus,  -eris,  n.,  side.     Lateral. 

laudo,  1  [laus],  praise,  laud. 

laus,  laudis,  f.  [laudo],  praise, 
glory ,  fame. 

logatus,  -1,  M.  [lego,  depute'],  am- 
hassador,  lieutenant.     Legate. 

legio, -onis,  F.  [lego],  (a  gathering), 
legion. 


lego,  3,  leg!,  lectum,  gather;  se- 
lect; read. 

lenis,  -e,  adj.,  soft,  smooth,  gentle. 

leo,  -onis,  m,,  lion.     (134.) 

lepus,  -oris,  m.,  hare. 

levis,  -e,  adj.  [levo],  light.     (150.) 

levo,  1  [levis],  lift  up,  raise,  lighten. 

lex,  legis,  r.,  law.     Legal. 

libenter,  adv.  [libet,  it  pleases], 
willingly,  gladly;  libenter  video, 
I  am  glad  to  see. 

liber,  -bri,  m.,  hook. 

liber,  -era,  -erum,  adj., yree.     Lib- 

*ERAL.     (71.) 

Liber,  -eri,  m.,  Bacchus,  god  of 
wine. 

libere,  adv.  [iTber],  freely,  fear- 
lessly. 

liberi,  -orum,  m.  [liber],  children. 
(600 

libero,  1  [liber],  set  free,  free,  lib- 
erate ;  w.  abl. 

liber tas,  -atis,  f.  [liber],  freedom, 
liberty. 

licet,  2,  licuit  or  licitum  est,  im- 
pers.,  it  is  permitted,  (one)  may. 

ligneus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [lignum],  of 
wood,  wooden. 

lignum,  -i,  n.,  wood;  plur.,  sticks 
of  wood. 

ligo,  -onis,  M.,  mattock,  hoe. 

lilium,  -i,  N.,  ////. 

lingua,  -ae,  f.,  tongue,  language. 

littera,  -ae,  f.,  letter  {of  the  alpha- 
bet); plur.,  letter,  epistle;  litera- 
ture. 

litus,  -oris,  n.,  shore,  heach,  hank. 

locus,  -i,  M.  (plur.,  loci  and  loca), 
place,  position,  spot.     Local. 

longe,  adv.  [longus], /ar  o^;  wide- 
ly, greatly,  much,  hy  much. 

longus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  long.  Lon- 
gitude. 

loquor,  3,  locutus,  speak,  talk. 


luctus 


248 


melior 


Inctus,  -us,  M.  [lugeo],  mourning, 

lamentation. 
lucus,  -i,  M.  [luceo,  shine],  (open 

place  in  a  wood),  wood,  grove. 
lado,  3,  lusi,  lusum  [ludus],  play. 

Inter  LUDE. 
Indus,  -1,  M.  [ludo],  game,  play. 

lugeo,  2,  luxi, ,  mourn,  lament. 

lumen,  -inis,  n.  [luceo,  lux],  light. 

Luminous. 
luna,  -ae,  f.   [luceo,  lux],   moon, 

Luna. 
lupus,  -1,  M.,  wolf. 
luscinia,  -ae,  r.,  nightingale. 
lux,  lucis,  r.   [luceo,  sAine],  light, 

daylight, 

M.,  abbreviation  of  Marcus,  a  Ro- 

tmanjirst  name. 
macte,  adj.  [voc.  of  mactus],  be 
honored,    be    blessed;    hail  I    well 

done!     (p.  178,  note  8.) 
maculo,  1,  stain. 
magis,  adv.  [mag(nus)],  more. 
magister,    -tri,    m.     [mag(nus)], 

master,  teacher.     Cf .  praeceptor. 
niagistratus,  -us,  m.    [magister], 

Qhe  office  of  a  magister) ,  magis- 
tracy, magistrate. 
magnificus,  -a,  -um,  adj.    [mag- 

nuSjfacio],  splendid,  magnificent. 
magnitudo,    -inis,    f.    [magnus], 

greatness,  size,  magnitude. 
magnus,  -a,-um,  adj.  (comp.  major, 

superl.  maximus),  great,  large. 
major,    -us,    comp.    of    magnus. 

Major. 
male,    adv.    [malus],    badly,    ill. 

(219.) 
malo,  malle,  malui,  [magis, 

volo],    be    more    willing,    prefer, 

would  rather.     (316.) 
malum,  -i,  n.,  bad  thing,  evil. 
malum,  -i,  n.,  apple. 


malus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  (comp.  pejor, 
sup.  pessimus),  bad,  evil ;  baleful. 
(208.)    Cf.  improbus. 

mane,  adv.,  in  the  morning, 

maneo,  2,  mansi,  mansum,  stay, 
remain,  await. 

manes,  -ium,  m.,  departed  spirits, 


Manlius,  -i,  m.,  Man/ius,  a  Roman, 

manus,  -us,  f.,  hand;  force,  band, 
(244,  1.)     Manual. 

Marcellus,  -i,  m.,  Marcel  I  us,  a 
Roman  general. 

mare,  -is,  n.,  sea.    (149.)    Marine. 

maritimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [mare], 
belonging  to  the  sea,  bordering  on 
the  sea,  maritime, 

Marius  (C),  -h  m.,  Gdjus  Marius, 
a  famous  Roman  general. 

Martins,  -i,  m.  [Mars],  March. 
Often  as  adj. 

massa,  -ae,  f.,  mass. 

mater,  -tris,  f.,  mother.  Mater- 
nal. 

materia,  -ae,  f.  [mater],  (mother- 
stuff),  materials,  timber. 

matrona,  -ae,  f.  [mater],  matron, 
wife,  lady. 

maturo,  1  [maturus,  ripe],  hasten, 

maxime,  adv.  [maximus],  most, 
especially,  greatly.    (219.) 

maximus,  -a,  -um,  superl.  of  ma- 
gnus.    (208.) 

medicus,  -!,  m.  [medeor,  cure], 
physician.     Medicine. 

mediterraneus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [me- 
dius,  terra],  midland,  inland. 
Mediterranean. 

medius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  middle; 
often  to  be  translated  midst. 

Meldi,  -orum,  m.,  the  Meldi,  a  people 
of  Gaul. 

melior,  -us,  comp.  of  bonus. 
(208.) 


mellitus 


244 


morior 


mellitus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.  [mel,  honey'\, 

honey-sweet,  darling. 
memor,  -oris,  adj.,  mindful,  (150.) 

Memorable. 
memoria,  -ae,  f.  [memor],  memory. 
mendacium,-!,  n.  [mendax],  lying, 

falsehood, 
mendax,   -acis,   adj.,    [mentior], 

lying,  deceitful. 
mens,   mentis,   f.,   mind,  purpose. 

(273.)     Mental. 
mensa,  -ae,  f.,  table. 
mensis,  -is,  m.,  month. 
mentior,  4  [mendax],  lie,  deceive. 
Mercurius,  -i,  m..  Mercury,  messen- 
ger of  the  gods.    (79.) 
mereo,    )  2,  he  worthy  of,  deserve, 
mereor,  )      merit. 
meridianus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [meri- 

dies],  of  or  belonging  to  midday, 

noon;  meridian. 
Metellus,  -I,  m.,  Metellus,  a  Roman 

general. 
metuo,  3,  -ui,  -utum  [metus], ^ear. 

Cf.  timeo. 
metus,  -us,  m.  [metVLo'],  fear,  dread. 

Cf .  timor. 
meus,  -a,  -um,  poss.  pron.  (voc. 

sing.  mas.  mi),  my,  mine. 
mlgro,  1,  migrate. 
miles, -itis,  M.,  so/c?eer.    (105.)   Mil- 
itary. 
mille,  num.  adj.,  indecl.  in  sing.; 

in    plur.    milia,  -ium,    thousand. 

(311,  6.) 
Miltiades,  -is,  m.,  Miltiades,  a  Greek 

general. 
Minerva,  -ae,  f.,  Minerva,  goddess 

of  wisdom. 
minime,   ady.    [minimus],   least; 

no,  by  no  means,  far  from  it. 
minister,  -tri,  m.  [minus],  (aw  in- 
ferior^, servant.    (QQ.)    Minister. 

Cf.  magister. 


minor,  1  [minae,  Mrea^s],  threaten. 

minor,  -us,  comp.  of  parvus. 

minus,  adv.  [minor],  less. 

mirabilis,  -e,  adj.  [miror,  wonder 
at'],  to  be  wondered  at;  wonderful, 
extraordinary. 

misellus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [diminutive 
of  miser],  poor  little. 

miser,  -era,  -erum,  adj.,  wretched, 
unhappy,  miserable. 

miseret,  2,  -itum  est,  impers.  [mi- 
ser], it  makes  miserable,  it  excites 
pity,  (one')  pities;  nOs  miseret,  we 
pity.     (415.) 

miseria,  -ae,  f.  [miser],  wretched- 
ness, misery. 

Mithridates,  -is,  m.,  Mithridates, 
king  of  Pontus. 

mitto,  3,  misi,  missum,  send.  Mis- 
sion. 

inodestia,  -ae,  f.  [modestus],  mod- 
esty. 

modius,  -1,  M.  [modus],  measure; 
peck. 

inodo,  adv.  [modus],  only;  modo 
.  .  .  modo,  now  .  .  .  now. 

molestus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [moles, 
pile],  troublesome.     Molest. 

mollio,  4  [mollis],  soften.  Mol- 
lify. 

moneo,  2,  -ui,  -itum,  remind,  ad- 
vise, warn.     Monitor.    (112.) 

mons,  montis,  m.,  mountain,  hill. 
Cf.  collis. 

monstro,  1  [moneo],  show,  point 
out.     Demonstrate. 

monumentum,  -i,  n.  [moneo], 
{that  which  reminds),  memorial, 
monument. 

mora,  -ae,  f.,  delay. 

Morini,  -orum,  m.,  the  Morini,  a 
people  of  Gaul. 

morior,  3,  mortuus  [mors],  (fut. 
part,  moriturus),  die. 


morosus 


245 


noctu 


morosus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [mos'],  fret- 
ful, cross ;  morose. 

mortalis,  -e,  adj.  [mors],  (liable 
to  death),  mortal. 

mortuus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [P.  of  mo- 
rior],  dead. 

mors,  mortis,  r.  [morior],  death. 

mos,  moris,  m.,  mannery  habit,  cus- 
tom.    (140.)     Moral. 

miotus,  -us,  M.  [moved],  motion, 
movement ;  tumult,  disturbance, 

moveo,  2,  m5vi,  motum,  move. 

mox,  adv.,  soon,  presently. 

mulier,  -eris,  f.,  woman. 

multitudo,  -inis,  f.  [multus],  mul- 
titude. 

multum,  adv.  [multus],  much. 

multus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  comp.  plus, 
superl.  plurimus,  much,  many. 

mundus,  -i,  m.,  world,  universe.  Cf. 
orbis  terrarum. 

manio,  4  [moenia,  fortifications'], 
fortify,  defend. 

mnnitio,  -onis,  f.  [munio],  fortifi- 
^  cation.     Munition. 

mnrus,  -i,  m.,  wall. 

mnto,  1,  change,  alter.    Mutation. 


nam,  con].,  for.     Cf.  enim. 
nanciscor,  3,  nanctus  and  nactus, 

get,  obtain  ;  find,  meet  with. 
narro,  1,  tell,  relate,  report,  narrate. 
nascor,  3,  natus,  he  born;  be  found. 
Nasica,  -ae,  m.,   Nasica,    surname 

of  one  of  the  Scipios. 
nata,     -ae,    r.    [P.     of    nascor], 

daughter.     Cf.  filia. 
natura,  -ae,  f.  [nascor],  nature. 
nauta,  -ae,  m.  [for  navita;  navis], 

sailor. 
navicula,  -ae,   f.  [diminutive   of 

navis],    little    vessel,    boat.      Cf. 

cymba. 


navigation   -onis,  r.    [navigo],  a 

sailing ;  navigation, 
navigo,    1    [navis,  ago],   sail,  set 

sail. 
navis,  -is,  f.,  ship.    (154.)    Naval. 
ne,  conj.,  that  not,  lest ;  w.  hortatory 

subjunctive,  not. 
ne,  interrog.  adv.,  enclitic,    (p.  10, 

N.  2.)     Cf.  nonne  and  num. 
necessarius,   -a,   -um,    adj.     [ne- 

cesse],  necessary. 
necessitas,  -atis,  f.  [necesse],  ne- 
cessity, constraint. 
neco,   1,  kill,  slay.     Cf.  interficio 

and  occidd. 
necto,  3,  nexui  and  nexi,  nexum, 

bind,  weave. 
nego,  1  [ne,  aio,  say],  say  not, deny; 

refuse. 
nemo,  -inis,  m.  and  f.  [nc,  homo], 

no  one.     For  gen.  and   abl.   use 

nullius,  nullo. 
Neptunus,  -i,  m.,  Neptune,  god  of 

the  sea. 
ne-quaquam,  adv.,  hy   no  means, 

not  at  all. 
ne-que  or  nee,  and  not ;  neque  . . . 

neque,  neither  . . .  nor. 
ne-scio,  4,  know  not,  he  ignorant  of 
neuter,   -tra,   -trum,    adj.,   neither 

(of  two).     (200.)     Neutral. 
niger,  -gra,  -grum,  adj.,  black.    Cf. 

ater. 
niliil,  N.,  indecL,  nothing. 
nimium,  adv.,  too,  too  much. 
ni-si,  conj.,  if  not,  unless,  except. 
nix,  nivis,  f.,  snow.     (167,  2.) 
nobilis,  -e,  adj.  [nosco],  well-known, 

famous;  noble. 
no  ceo,   2,   -ui,  -itum,  do  harm   to, 

hurt,  injure;  w.  dat.     Noxious. 

Cf.  obsum. 
noctu,  adv.  [nox],  hy  night,  in  the 

night. 


nolo 


246 


octo 


nolo,  nolle,  nolui, ,  [ne,  volo], 

be   unwilling,   will  not,   not    wish. 

(316.) 
nomen,  -inis,  n.  [n5sc5],  (that  by 

which   a   thing   is  known),   name. 

Nominal.    (134.) 
nomlno,  1  [nomen],  name,  call, 
non,  adv.  [ne,  unum],  not, 
non-ne,   interrog.  adv.,  expecting 

an  affirmative  answer,  not  ?     Cf . 

-ne  and  num. 
non-nullus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  (not  none), 

some. 
nonus,  -a,  -um,  num.  adj.  [novem], 

ninth. 
noster,  -tra,   -trum,    poss.    pron., 

our,  ours.     Nostri,  our  men. 
notus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [P.  of  nosco], 

known, 
novus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  new.      Nov- 
elty. 
nox,   noctis,   f.,  night,      (167.  2.) 

Nocturnal. 
nnbes,  -is,  f.,  cloud.     (149.) 
nulluSy  -a,  -um,  adj.  [ne,  tillus], 

not  any,  no,  none.     (200.)     Nul- 
lity. 
num,  interrog.  adv.,  expecting  a 

negative    answer,  whether,      Cf. 

nonne  and  -ne. 
Xuma,  -ae,  m.,  Numa  (Pompilius), 

second  king  of  Rome. 
numerus,  -i,  m.,  number, 
nummus,  -i,    m.,  piece   of  money, 

coin. 
nux,  adv.,  now,     Cf.  jam. 
nunquam,    adv.     [ne,    unquam], 

never. 
nnntio,    1     [nuntius],    announce, 

report. 
nnntius,  -i,  m.   [niintio],  bearer  of 

news,  messenger, 
nusquam,  adv.  [ne,  usquam],  no- 
where. 


nutrio,   4,  feed,   nourish,   support, 
Cf.  alo. 

o,  interj.,  0,  Oh! 

ob-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  go  to,  reac\ 

meet. 
ob-ligo,  1  [ligo,  bind'\,  bind,  oblige, 

put  under  obligation, 
obliviscor,  4,  oblitus, ybr^ef. 
ob-ruo,   3,   -ui,  -utum,   overwhelm, 

cover,  bury. 
obses,  -sidis,  m.  and  f.  [ob,  sedeo], 

(one   who    sits   or   remains    as   a 

pledge),  hostage, 
ob-sideo,  2,  -sedi,  -sessum  [sedeo], 

(sit    against),   blockade,   besiege. 

Cf.  oppugno. 
ob-slsto,  3,  -stiti,  -stitum,  oppose, 

ivithstand,  obstruct;  w.  dat. 
ob-sum,  -esse,  -f  ui, ,  be  against, 

opposed  t^;   injure;  w.  dat.     Cf. 

noceo. 
ob-tempero,  1,  comply  with,  yield 

to;  w.  dat. 
ob-viam,  adv.,  in  the  way,  towards; 

with  verb  of  motion,  meet;  w.  dat. 
occasus,  -lis,  m.   [occido],  (a  sink- 
ing), setting. 
occido,  3,  -cidi,  -casum  [ob,  cado], 

fall  down,  fall. 
occido,  3,  -cidi,  -cisum  [ob,  caedo, 

cut~\ ,  cut  down,  kill.    Cf .  nec5  and 

interficio. 
occupo,  1  [ob,  capio],  take  posses- 
sion of,  seize;  occupy.    Cf.  potior. 
oc-curro,  3,  -currT,  -cursum  [ob], 

run   to   meet;   meet,  fall  in   with. 

Occur. 
oceanus,  -i,  m.,  ocean. 
ocellus,  -1,  M.  [diminutive  of  ocu- 

lus],  little  eye. 
octavus,  -a,  -um,  num.  adj.  [octo], 

eighth. 
octo,  num.  adj.,  indecl.,  eight. 


oculus 


247 


parens 


oculus,  -1,  M.,  eye.    Ocular. 

of-fero,  offere,  obtuli,  oblatum 
[ob],  (bring  before'),  present,  offer. 
(321.) 

officium,  -1,  N.  [opus, idicio], service, 
duty,  office. 

olim,  adv.  [olle,  old  form  of  ille], 
(at  that  time)',  formerly,  once;  at 
some  time  or  other;  hereafter.  Cf. 
aliquando  and  quondam. 

omnis,  -e,  adj.,  whole,  all,  every.  Cf. 
totus. 

onus,  -eris,  n.,  load,  burden.  On- 
erous. 

opera,  -ae,  f.  [opus],  labor,  care, 
attention ;  operam  dare,  try  ;  ope- 
ra, on  account  of.     Operate. 

oportet,  2,  -uit,  impers.  [opus],  it 
is  necessary,  it  behooves;  (one) 
must  or  ought. 

oppidanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [oppi- 
dum],  of  a  town;  noun,  townsman. 

oppidum,  -T,  n.,  town. 

op-pleo,  2,  -evi,  -etum  [ob],  fll 
up;  cover. 

opportunus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,^^,  con- 
venient, suitable  ;  opportune. 

op-pugno,  1  [ob],  attack,  assault, 
besiege.    Cf .  expugno  and  obsideo. 

[ops],  opis,  r.,  aid,  assistance; 
plur.,  power,  strength,  resources. 

optime,  adv.  [optimus],  most  ex- 
cellently, best.     (219.) 

op  to,  1,  wish,  desire,  long  for.  Cf. 
cupio  and  desidero. 

opus,  -eris,  n.,  work,  labor  (140)  ;  as 
indecl.  noun,  need,  necessity  ;  opus 
est,  it  is  necessary. 

oraculum,  -i,  n.  [oro],  oracle. 

oratio,  -onis,  f.  [oro],  prayer,  plea  ; 
speech,  oration. 

orator,  -oris,  m.  [oro],  orator,  am- 
bassador, 

orbis,  -is,  m.,  circle,  orb;  orbis  ter- 


rarum,  earth,  world.   (154.) 
orbus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  bereaved,  child- 
less. 
Orcus,  -1,  M.,  Ore  us,  the  lower  world  ; 

also  Pluto,  the  god   of  the   lower 

world. 
ordior,  4,    orsus,  begin,  undertake 

Cf.  incipio. 
ordo,  -inis,  m.,  row,   rank;  order, 

arrangement. 
orians,   -entis,   m.    [P.    of    orior], 

rising;  east. 
orior,  4,  ortus  (pres.  ind.  of  conj. 

3,  orgris,  oritur;  imp.  subj.  orirer 

or  orirer;  fut.  part,  oriturus),  rise, 

appear;  begin. 
ornamentuin,  -i,  n.  [orno],  (that 

which  adorns),  ornament,  jewel. 
orno,  1,  adorn,  ornament. 
oro,  1  [os],  pray,  beg.    Cf.  peto  and 

rogo. 
OS,  oris,  N.,  mouth,  face.     Oral. 
OS-ten  do,  3,  -di,  -ensum  [ob(s)], 

(stretch  out  before),  show,  display. 
ostium,  -1,  N.  [os],  entrance,  door, 
ovis,  -is,  F.,  sheep. 
ovum,  -1,  N.,  egg.     Oval. 


pabulum,  -i,  n.  [pasco],  food,  fod- 
der.    Cf.  cibus. 

paene,  adv.,  nearly,  almost.  Cf. 
fere. 

paenitentia,  -ae,  f.  [paeniteo], 
repentance,  penitence.  Peniten- 
tiary. 

palus,  -udis,  f.,  swamp,  marsh. 

par,  paris,  adj.,  equal. 

paratus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [P.  of  paro], 
ready,  prepared. 

parco,  3,  perperci   (parsi),  , 

spare;  w.  dat. 

parens,  -entis,  m.  and  f.,  parent. 
(167.  1.) 


pareo 


248 


per-spicio 


pareo,  2,  -ui, ,  (come  forth,  ap- 
pear), be  obedient  to,  obey  ;  w.  dat. 

pario,  3,  peperi,  paritum  and  par- 
tura,  bring  forth,  lay, 

pariter,  adv.  [par],  equally. 

paro,  1,  make  ready,  prepare,  get. 

pars,  partis,  f.,  part,  piece,  portion, 
share. 

partior,  4  [pars],  divide;  part, 
share. 

Parus,  -1,  F.,  Paros,  an  island  in  the 
jEgean  Sea.    (11.  4.) 

parvus,  -a,-um,  adj.  (comp.  minor, 
superl.  minimus),  small,  little. 

pasco,  3,  pavi,  pastum,  feed,  tend; 
pasture. 

p!isser,  -eris,  m.,  sparrow. 

passus,  -us,  M.  [pateo],  (a  stretch- 
ing out  of  the  feet  in  walking), 
step,  pace. 

pastor,  -oris,  m.  [pasco],  feeder, 
keeper;  shepherd,  (134.)    Pastor. 

pateo,  2,  -ui, ,  lie  open,  be  open. 

r.  patens,  open. 

pater,  -tris,  u.,  father,  (134.)  Pa- 
ternal. 

patienter,  adv.  [patiens],  patient- 
ly, with  patience. 

patior,  3,  passus,  bear,  suffer,  en- 
dure.   Passion. 

patria,  -ae,  f.  [patrius,  pater ;  sc. 
terra],  fatherland,  native  land, 
country.    Expatriate. 

paucus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  (generally 
^\\xT.),few,  little.    Paucity. 

paulo,  adv.  [paulus],  by  a  little, 
little. 

paulus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  little. 

Paullus,  -1,  M.,  surname  of^milius. 

pauper,  -eris,  adj.,  poor.    (167. 3.) 

pax,  pacis,  f.  (no  gen.  plur.), 
peace.     Pacify. 

peccatum,  -i,  n.  [pecco],  mistake, 
faulty  $in. 


pecco,  1,  make  a  mistake,  commit  a 

fault,  sin. 
pectus,  -oris,  n.,  breast. 
pecus,  -oris,  n.,  cattle,  herd. 
pedes,  -itis,  m.  [j^gs'],  foot-soldier. 
pejor,  -us,  comp.  of  malus.    (208.) 
pellis,  -is,  F.,  skin,  hide.    Pelt. 
pensum,  -i,  n.  [P.  of  pendo],  (what 

is  weighed  out,  e.g.  wool,  as  a  task 

for  spinning),  task;  lesson,  exer- 

cise, 
per,  prep.  w.  ace,  through^  by,  by 

means  of,  on  account  of. 
pera,  -ae,  f.,  bag,  wallet. 
per-agro,  1  [ager],  wander  through, 

pass  over,  traverse. 
per-do,   3,  -didi,  -ditum,  destroy; 

lose.    Cf.  amitto. 
per-duco,  3,  -duxi,  -ductum,  lead 

or  bi'ing  through. 
per-eo,  -ire,   -ii,  ,  perish,   be 

ruined.    (327.) 
per-fodio,   3,   -fodi,   -fossum,  dig 

through,  pierce,  stab. 
per-fringo,    3,    -fregi,    -fractum, 

[f  ran  go],  break  through,  break. 
per-fuglo,  3,  -fugi, ,flee  (for 

refuge). 
pergo,  3,  perrexi,  perrectum  [per, 

rego],  go  on,  continue, 
periculum,  -i,    n.    [perior,    try'\, 

trial,  attempt;  risk,  danger,  peril. 
peritus,  -a, -um,  adj.  [P.  of  perior, 

try"],  (having  tried),  skilful. 
per-mitto,  3,  -misi,  -missum,  allow, 

grant,  suffer,  permit,     Cf .  sino. 
per-paucus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  (gener- 
ally plur.),  very  few. 
Persae,  -arum,  m.,  the  Persians. 
per-sequor,  3,  -cuius,  follow  persist' 

ently,  follow  up. 
per-spicio,    3,    -spexi,    -spectum, 

[specio],see  through,  see  into; per* 

ceive,  observe.    Perspective. 


per-sto 


249 


post-ea 


per-sto,  1,  -stiti,  -statum,  stand 
fast,  persevere,  persist. 

per-terreo,  2,  -ui,  -itum,  thoroughly 
frighten. 

pertinacia,  -ae,  f.  [pertinax],  per- 
severance;  obstinacy.  Pertinac- 
ity. 

per-venio,  4,  -veni,  -ventum  (come 
through  to  the  end),  arrive.  Cf. 
advenio. 

pes,  pedis,  M.,/oo^  (105.)    Pedal. 

peto,  3,  -ivi  or  -ii,  -itum,  seek,  de- 
mand, beg.  Petition.  Cf.  5ro 
and  rogo. 

Philotimus,  -i,  m.,  Philotimus. 

piger,  -gra,  -grum,  adj.,  slow,  lazy, 
indolent. 

piget,  2,  -uit  or  -itum  est,  imper- 
sonal, it  disgusts,  (one)  is  dis- 
gusted.   (416.) 

pigritia,  -ae,  f.  [piger],  laziness, 
sloth,  indolence. 

pilum,  -1,  -s.,  javelin. 

pipio,  1,  chirp. 

placeo,  2,  -ui,  -itum  [placidus], 
please;  w.  dat. 

placide,  adv.  [placidus],  softly, 
gently,  quietly.     Placidly. 

placidus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [placeo], 
gentle,  quiet,  calm.    Placid. 

planities,  -ei,  f.  [planus,  even, 
level],  (a  flatness),  level  ground, 
plain, 

planus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [planities], 
even,  flat,  level,  plain. 

Plataeenses,  -ium,  m.,  the  Platae- 
ans,  inhabitants  ofPlatcea. 

plebs,  plebis,  f.,  the  common  people, 
multitude.     Plebeian. 

plenus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [pleo,  ^//], 
full. 

plerusque,  -aque,  -umque,  adj. 
(generally  plur.),  very  many,  most, 
the  greater  part. 


plumbuniy  -i,  n.,  lead ;  plumbum 

album,  tin. 
plus,  pluris,  adj.,  comp.  of  multus. 

(208.) 
Pluto,  -onis,  Pluto,  M.,  god  of  the 

lower  world. 
poculum,  -i,  N.,  cup,  bowl. 
poema,  -atis,  n.,  poem. 
poena,  -ae,  f.  [punio],  quit-money, 

flne,  punishment.     Penal. 
Poeni,  -drum,  m.,  the  Carthaginians. 
Poeniceus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [Poeni], 

Carthaginian.     See  Punicus. 
poeta,  -ae,  m.,  poet. 
polliceor,    2,   promise.     Cf.  pro- 

mitto. 
Polyphemus,  -i,  m.,  Polyphemus, 

a  Cyclops. 
Pompejus,  -ei,  m.,  Pompey,  a  fa- 
mous Roman  general. 
pomum,  -I,  s.,  fruit. 
pondus,  -eris,   n.  [pendo,  weigh'], 

weight. 
pono,  3,  posui,  positum,  put,  place, 

set.    Position. 
pons,  -ntis,  m.,  bridge. 
Popedius,  -i,  m..  Poped i us,  a  Latin. 
populus,  -i,  M.,  people. 
Porcius,  -i,  m.,  a  Boman  family 

name. 
Porsena,    -ae,    m.,    Porsena,     an 

Etruscan  king. 
porta,  -ae,  f.,  gate,  door.    Portal. 

Cf.  janua. 
porto,  1,  carry,  bring.    Cf.  fero  and 

veho. 
porticus,  -us,  F.  [porta], /7orf /CO. 
portus,  -us,  M.,  harbor,  port.  (247.) 
possum,  posse,  potui, [potis, 

able,  sum],  be  able,  can.     (292.) 
post,  prep.  w.   ace,  afier,  behind; 

as  adv.,  for  postea,   afterwards, 

after. 
post-ea,  adv.,  afterwards. 


posterus 


250 


pro-gredior 


posterusy  -a,  -um,  adj.  [post] 
(comp.  posterior,  superl.  postre- 
mus  or  ^ostumus),  following  J  next. 

post-hac,  adv.,  after  this  time,  here- 
after, henceforth. 

postridie,  adv.  [posterd  die],  on 
the  day  after,  the  following  day, 

postulo,  1,  ash,  demand,  Cf.  quae- 
ro  and  rogo. 

potensy  -entis,  adj.,  [P.  of  possum], 
able,  powerful ;  potent, 

potior,  4  [potis,  able'],  become  mas- 
ter of,  get,  get  possession  of;  w. 
gen.  or  abl.     Cf.  adipiscor. 

praebeo,  2  [prae,  hahed],  hold  forth, 
offer,  furnish. 

praeceps,  -ipitis,  adj.  [prae,  ca- 
■put],  head-foremost,  headlong;  rash, 
precipitate. 

praeceptor,  -oris,  m.  [praeceptum], 
teacher,  preceptor.    Cf .  magister. 

praeceptum,  -I,  n.  [praeceptor], 
maxim,  precept. 

praeda,  -ae,  f.,  booty,  spoil,  prey. 
Predatory. 

praedico,  1  [prae,  dico,  -are,  make 
known],  proclaim,  boast. 

prae-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  go  before; 
be  at  the  head.     (327.  2.) 

praemium,  -i,  n.,  reward,  prize. 
Premium. 

praesidium,  -i,  n.  [prae,  sedeo,  sit 
before],  defence,  help;  troops,  gar- 
rison. 

praestans,  -antis,  adj.  [P.  of  prae- 
st5],  pre-eminent,  distinguished. 

prae-sto,  1,  -stiti,  -stitum  (statum), 
stand  before ;  surpass ;  fulfil,  dis- 
charge, perform. 

prae-sum,  -esse,  -fui, ,  be  be- 
fore, at  the  head  of,  command;  w. 
dat. 

praeter,  prep.  w.  ace,  beyond,  be- 
sides, except. 


praeter-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  go  by^ 
pass  by,  omit.  (327.  2.)  Pret- 
erite. 

praetorius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [praetor], 
(pertaining  to  a  prcetor),  prceto- 
rian  ;  noun,  ex-proetor, 

pratum,  -i,  n.,  meadow. 

premo,  3,  press!,  pressum,  press; 
with  ore,  bite,  eat, 

[prex],  precis,  f.  (used  mostly  in 
plur.),  prayer,  entreaty. 

primus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [superl.  with 
comp.  prior,  no  pos.],  frst,  fore- 
most.   Prime. 

princeps,  -ipis,  adj.  [primus,  ca- 
pio],  (taking  the  first  place), 
first,  chief;  noun,  chief  leader. 
(105.)    Prince. 

prius-quam,  conj.,  before  that,  be- 
fore. 

pi*Ivo,  1,  deprive;  w.  abl. 

pro,  inter j.,  0! 

pro,  prep.  w.  abl.,  before,  in  behalf 
of,  for;  considering. 

pro-cedo,  3,  -cessi,  -cessum,  go  for- 
ward, advance,  proceed.  Cf .  pro- 
gredior. 

procul,  2idiY.,  far,  far  from. 

pro-do,  3,  -didi,  -ditum,  give  forth ; 
hand  down ;  give  up,  betray. 

pro-duco,  3,  -duxi,  -ductum,  lead 
forth. 

proelium,  -i,  n.,  battle,  combat.  Cf . 
pugna. 

proficiscor,  3,  -fectus,  set  out. 
march,  go.    Cf .  exeo  and  egredior. 

pro-fiteor,  2,  -fessus  [fateor],  ac- 
knowledge,  confess,  declare.  Pro- 
fess. 

pro-fligo,  1,  overthrow,  destroy,  ruin. 
Profligate. 

profundus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  deep, 
profound. 

pro-gredior,  3,  -gressus  [gradior, 


pro-hibeo 


251 


Quaeso 


step'],  go  forward,  advance.  Pro- 
gress.    Cf.  procedo. 

pro-hibeo,  2  [habeo],  (^hold  in  front 
of),  hold  back,  check,  hinder,  pre- 
vent, prohibit. 

pro-lcio,  3,  -jeci,  -jectum  [jacio], 
throiv  forward,  cast  away,  cast. 
Project. 

pro-mitto,  3,  -misi,  -missum  [let  or 
send  forth],  promise;  let  grow. 
Cf .  polliceor. 

prope,  prep.  w.  ace,  and  adv. 
(comp.  propius,  superl.  proxime), 
near,  near  to  ;  nearly,  almost. 

pro-pono,  3,  -posui,  -positum,  put 
before,  set  forth  ;  make  known,  de- 
clare.   Propose. 

propositum,  -i,  n.  [pr5p5no],  pur- 
pose, design,  resolution.  Proposi- 
tion. 

proprius,-a,  -um,  adj.,  (pne^s)  own. 
Proper. 

pro-pngno,  1  (^fight  in  front'),  rush 
out  to  battle,  make  sorties. 

pro-sequor,  3,  -cutus,  follow,  pur- 
sue.    Prosecute. 

Proserpina,  -ae,  f.,  Proserpina, 
daughter  of  Ceres. 

pro-sterno,  3,  -stravi,  -stratum, 
overthrow,  destroy ;  prostrate. 

pro-sum,  prodesse,  profui, ,  be 

useful  to,  benefit;  w.  dat.     (293.) 

pro-veho,  3,  -vexi,  -vectum,  carry 
forward,  convey;  in  pass.,  ride, 
sail. 

pro-video,  2,  -vidi,  -visum,  (see 
forward),  provide. 

provincia,  -ae,  p.,  province. 

proximiis,  -a,  -um  (superl.  with 
comp.  propior,  no  pes.),  nearest, 
next.    Proximity. 

prudens,  -entis,  adj.  [for  provi- 
dens],  wise,  sagacious,  knowing, 
prudent.     (164.) 


prudenter,  adv.  [prudens] ,  wiWy, 
prudently. 

prudentia,  -ae,  f.  [prudens],  fore- 
sight, sagacity,  wisdom,  prudence. 

publicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [populus], 
(^pertaining  to  the  people),  public. 

Publius,  -1,  M.,  Publius,  a  Roman 
first  name. 

pudet,  2,  puduit  or  puditum  est,  im- 
pers.,  it  shames,  (one)  is  ashamed. 

puella,  -ae,  f.  [diminutive  of  puer], 
girl,  maiden. 

puellaris,  -e,  adj.  [puella],  girlish. 

puer,  -eri,  m.,  boy,  child.   Puerile. 

puerulus,  -i,  m.  [diminutive  of 
puer],  little  boy. 

pugna,  -ae,  f.  [pugno],  battle,  con- 
test. Pugnacious.    Cf.  proelium. 

pugno,  1  [pugna] ,  fight.  Cf .  dimi- 
co. 

pulcher,  -chra,  -chrum,  adj.,  beauti- 
ful, fair,  comely. 

pulchritudo,  -inis,  f.  [pulcher], 
beauty. 

pulvis,  -eris,  m.,  dust.    Pulverize. 

Punicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [Poeni], 
Carthaginian,  Punic;  malum  Pu- 
nicum,  pomegranate.  See  Poeni- 
ceus. 

punio,  4  [poena], /7(/A7/s^. 

puto,  1,  think,  believe,  reckon.  (429.) 

Pyrenaeus,  -a,  -um,  adj..  Pyre- 
naean,  Pyrenees, 

Pyrrbus,  -i,  m.,  Pyrrhus,  king  of 
Epirus. 

quadraginta,  num.   adj.,  indecl. 

[quattuor],  forty. 
quadringenti,  -ae,  -a,  num.  adj. 

[quattuor,  centum], ybwr  hundred. 
quaero,  3,  quaesivi  or  -ii,  quaesi- 

tum,  seek,  ask,  inquire.     (382.) 
quaeso,  3,  -ivi,  or  -ii,  [old 

form  of  quaero],  beg,  pray. 


quam 


252 


regio 


quam,  adv. ;  interrog.,  how,  how 
much  ?  rel.,  as  much,  as,  than ;  quam 
saepissime,  as  often  as  possible. 

quantus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [quam], 
hoiu  great,  how  much;  as  great  as, 
as  much  as. 

qua-re,  adv.  (on  account  of  which 
thing),  wherefore. 

qiiartus,  -a,  -um,  num.  adj.  [quat- 
tuor],  fourth.     Quart. 

qua-si,  adv.,  as  if, 

quater,  num.  adv.  [quattuor], /our 
times. 

quattuor,  num.  adj.,  indecl., /our. 

quattuor-decim,  num.  adj.  [de- 
cern ],yburfeen. 

-que,  conj.  enclitic,  and.  Cf.  et, 
atque,  and  ac. 

quercus,  -us,  f.,  oah.    (11.  4.) 

qui,  quae,  quod,  rel.  and  adj.  pron., 
who,  which,  what,  that.     (279.) 

quia,  conj.,  because,     Cf.  quod. 

quidam,  quaedam,  quid(quod)- 
dam,  indef.  pron.,  certain,  a  cer- 
tain one,  a.     (279.  4.) 

quidem,  adv.  (never  the  first 
word),  indeed,  certainly,  in  truth; 
ne  .  .  .  quidem,  not  even. 

quin,  conj.  [qui,  ne],  but  that,  that. 

quingenti,-ae, -a,  num.  adj.,  indecl. 
[quinque,  centum],  five  hundred. 

quinquaginta,  num.  adj.,  indecl. 
[quinque],  ^y^y. 

quinque,  num.  adj.,  indecl.,  five. 

quintus,  -a,  -um,  num.  adj.  [quin- 
que], fifth. 

quintus  decimus,  num.  adj.,  fif- 
teenth. 

quis,  quae,  quid,  interrog.  pron., 
who?  which?  what?     (279.) 

qaisquam,  quidquam  (no  fern,  or 
plur.),  indef.  pron.,  any,  any  one 
(at  all),     (279.  4.) 

quisque,  quaeque,  quid  (quod)  que, 


indef.  pron.,  each  one,  each,  every. 
(279.  4.) 

quo,  adv.,  where,  whither. 

quod,  conj.,  because,     Cf.  quia. 

quondam,  adv.,  once,  formerly.  Cf. 
aliquando  and  olim. 

quoniam,  adv.  [cum  (quom), 
jam],  since,  because.     Cf.  cum. 

quoque,  conj.  and  adv.  (following 
the  emphatic  word),  also,  too. 

qnot,  interrog.  and  rel.  adj.,  in- 
decl., how  many  ;  as  many  as, 

radius,  -i,  m.,  beam,  ray. 

rado,  3,  rasi,  rasum,  shave.   Razor. 

rana,  -ae,  f.,  frog. 

rapax,  -acis,  adj.  [rapiu] ,  snatching, 
greedy,  ravenous.    Rapacious. 

rapio,  3,  -ui,  -tum  [rapax],  seize, 
snatch,  drag  away.     Rapture. 

rarns,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  far  apart,  dis- 
persed, single.     Rare. 

ratio, -onis,  'k\,plan,  method;  reason. 

re-cipio,  3,  -cepT,  -ceptum  [capio], 
take  back,  get  again,  receive.  Se 
recipere,  withdraw,  retreat. 

recito,  1,  read  aloud,  recite. 

re-creo,  1  [creo,  make^,  refresh, 
recreate. 

recte,  adv.  [rectus],  rightly. 

red-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum  [re(d)],  go 
back,  return.     (327.  2.) 

reditus,  -us,  m.  [redeo],  return. 

re-duco,  3,  -duxi,  -ductum,  lead  back, 
bring  back.     Reduce. 

re-fero,  -f erre,  rettuli,  -latum,  carry 
back,  bring  back,  (321.)  Refer. 
Cf.  reporto. 

re-ficio,  3,  -feci,  -fectum  [facio], 
make  again;  repair,  restore,  re- 
build. 

reglna,  -ae,  f.  [rego],  (the  ruling 
one),  queen. 

regio,  -onis,  r.,  region. 


regno 


263 


rus 


regno,  1  [regnum,  rex],  he  king, 
rule  J  reign. 

regnum,  -i,  n.  [rex],  kingdom. 

rego,  3,  rexi,  rectum  [rex],  rule. 

Regulus,  -1,  M.,  Regu/us,  a  Roman 
consul. 

re-icio,  3,  -jeei,  -jectum  [jacio], 
til  row  back,  drive  back.     Reject. 

re-llnquo,  3,  -liqui,  -lictum  [re- 
liquus],  leave  behind,  leave.  Re- 
linquish. 

reliquus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [relinquo], 
remaining,  the  rest. 

re-initto,  3,  -misi,  -missuni,  send 
back.     Remit. 

remus,  -i,  m.,  oar. 

Remus,  -i,  m.,  Remus,  twin  brother 
of  Romulus. 

re-pello,  3,  reppuli,  repulsum, 
drive  back,  repel,  repulse. 

re-perio,  4,  repperi,  repertum  [pa- 
xib,  procure'],  find,  discover,  ascer- 
tain.    Cf.  invenio. 

re-peto,  3,  -petivi  or  -ii,  -petitum, 
seek  again,  demand  back;  res  re- 
peto,  demand  restitution. 

re-pleo,  2,  -evT,  -etum,  {fill  again), 
fill  up,  fill.    Replete. 

re-porto,  1,  bring  back,  carry  back. 
Cf .  referd. 

re-preliendo,  3,  -di,  -hensum,  hold 
back,  restrain,  reprove.  Repre- 
hensive. 

re-puto,  1,  (count  over),  reckon; 
think  over. 

res,  rei,  f.,  thing,  event,  circumstance, 
affair  (254)  ;  res  publica,  repub- 
lic, state,  commonwealth. 

re-sclndo,  3,  -scidi,  -scissum,  tear 
away,  break  down.     Rescind. 

re-spondeo,  2,  -di,  -sponsum, 
(promise  in  return),  answer,  reply, 
respond. 

re-stituo^  3,  -ui,  -utum    [statuo],  I 


replace;  give  back,  return,  restore. 
Restitution. 

re-sto,  1,  restiti, ,  stop  behind^ 

stand  still,  remain. 
re-tineo,  2,  -tinul,  -tentum  [teneo], 

hold  back,  restrain,  retain. 
re-vertor,   3,   -ti,  -sum  (deponent 
in  pres.  imp.  and  fut.),  turn  back, 
return.     Revert. 
re-voco,  1,  call  back,  recall. 
rex,  regis,  m.  [rego],  (ruler),  king. 

(105.) 
Rhea  Silvia,  -ae,  f.,  Rhea  Silvia, 

mother  of  Romulus  and  Remus. 
Rhenus,  -i,  m.,  the  Rhine. 
Rhodus,  -i,  F.,  Rhodes,  an  island 

in  the  JEgean  Sea. 
rictus,  -us,   M.    [ringor,    open    the 

mouth],  jaws  wide  open;  jaws. 
rideo,   2,   risi,   risum,   laugh.    Cf . 

cachinno.    Deride. 
risus,  -us,  M.  [rideo],  laughter. 
rivus,  -1,  M.,  brook,  stream.     Rival. 
robur,  -oris,  n.,  strength. 
rogo,  1,  ask,  question.     Cf.  inter- 

rogo.     (382.) 
Roma,  -ae,  F.,  Rome. 
Romanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.   [Roma], 

Roman  ;  noun,  a  Roman. 
Romulus,  -i,   M.,   Romulus,    first 

king  of  Rome. 
rosa,  -ae,  r.,  rose. 
rostrum,  -i,  n.  [rodo,  gnaw],  beak 

of  a  vessel.  Rostrum. 
rubeo,  2  [ruber],  be  red. 
ruber,  -bra,  -brum,  adj.   [rubeo], 

red.     Ruby. 
ruma,-ae,  f.  {ym),  fall],  (a  falling 

down),  downfall,  disaster,  ruin. 
rapes, -is,  f.  [ru(m)po,  break],  (the 

broken  thing)  cliff,  rock. 
rnrsus,  adv.  [re-vorsus,  reverto], 

(turned  back),  back,  again, 
rus,  ruris,  n.,  the  country.    (336.) 


rusticus 


264 


sextus 


rnsticus,  -i,  m.  [rus],  countryman, 
peasant.    Rustic. 

sacer,  -era,  -crum,  adj.,  sacred. 
saepe,  adv.,  ojlen,  frequently. 
sagitta,  -ae,  f.,  arrow. 
Saguntum,  -i,   n.,   Saguntum,    a 

town  in  Spain, 
SallustiuSy  -I,  M.,  Sa/Iust,  a  Roman 

historian. 
sains,    -utis,    f.,   safety,    welfare. 

Salutary. 
Samnis,  -itis,  m.,  a  Samnite. 
sanguis,  -inis,  m.,  hlood.     Sangui- 
nary.    Cf.  cruor. 
sapiens, -entis,  adj.  [sapio,  he  wise"], 

wise,  sensible. 
sapienter,  adv.  [sapiens],  wisely. 
satis,  adv.,  enough.     Satisfy. 
Saturnus,  -i,  m.,  Saturn,  god  of 

agriculture. 
saxum,  -1,  N.,  rock.  . 

schola,  -ae,  f.,  school. 
scio.  4,  scivi,  scitum,  know,  know 

how.     Science. 
Scipio,  -onis,  m.,  Scipio,  a  famous 

Roman  general. 
scrlba,  -ae,  m.  [scribo],  (one  who 

writes'),  clerk.     Scribe. 
scribo,  3,  scripsi,  scriptum  [scriba], 

write.'   Scribble. 
scriptor,  -oris,  m.  [scrib5],  writer, 

author. 
scriptum,  -i,  n.  [scribo],  writing, 

written  work.     Script. 
scntum,  -1,  N.,  shield. 
se-cedo,  3,  -cessi,  -cessum,  go  apart, 

withdraw,  retire;  secede. 
secundus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [sequor], 

following,  next;  second ;  favorable. 
sed,  conj.,  hut.    (393.) 
sedeo,  2,  sedi,  sessum,  sit.     Ses- 
sion. 
sedes,  -is,  f.  [sedeo],  seat,  abode. 


semper,  adv.,  always,  ever. 

sempiternus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [sem- 
per], everlasting. 

senator,  -oris,  m.  [senex],  se/7afor. 

senatus,  -us,  m.  [senex],  council  of 
elders,  senate. 

senectiis,  -utis,  f.  [senex],  old  age. 

senex,  senis,  adj.,  old;  noun,  old 
man.     (262.)     Senile. 

senior,  -oris,  adj.  [comp.  of  senex], 
elder,  old  person. 

sensus,  -us,  m.  [sentio],  feeling, 
sense,  perception. 

sententia,  -ae,  f.  [sentio],  opinion, 
purpose.     Sentence. 

sentio,  4,  sensi,  sensum  [sensus], 
feel,  know  (by  the  senses),  see,  per- 
ceive. 

septem,  num.  adj.,  indecl.,  seven. 

September, -bris,  m.  [septem],  5e/7- 
tember.    Often  as  adj. 

septem-decim,  num.  adj.  [decem], 
seventeen. 

septies,  num.  adv.  [septem],  seven 
times. 

Septimus,  -a,  -um,  num.  adj.  [sep- 
tem], seventh. 

sequor,  3,  sectitus,  follow.  Se- 
quence. 

sero,  3,  sevi,  satum,  sow,  plant. 

serta,  -orum,  n.  [sero,  plait'],  gar- 
lands, wreaths  of  flowers. 

serus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  late. 

servio,  4.  [servus],  be  a  slave  to, 
serve;  w.  dat. 

servitus,  -utis,  f.  [servus],  slavery , 
servitude. 

servo,  1,  sax^e,  keep ;  preserve. 

servus,  -i,  m.  [servid],  slave,  ser- 
vant.   (6Q.) 

sex  agin  ta,  num.  adj.,  indecl. 
[sex],  sixty. 

sextus,  -a,  -um,  num.  adj.  [sex], 
sixth. 


SI 


255 


subeo 


si,  conj.,  xfy  whether. 

sic,  adv.,  so,  tkuSy  in  this  manner. 
Cf.  ita. 

Sicca,  -ae,  m.,  Sicca,  a  friend  of 
Cicero. 

Sicilia,  -ae,  f.,  Sicily. 

sidus,  -eris,  n.,  star,  constellation » 
Sidereal.     (301.) 

signum,  -1,  n,  mark,  sign,  signal. 

silva,  -ae,  f.,  wood,  forest.    Silvan. 

similis,  -e,  adj.  [simul],  lihey  re- 
sembling, similar.     (207.) 

simplex,  -icis,  adj.,  simple,  plain, 
artless. 

simul,  adv.  [similis],  at  the  same 
time. 

sin,  conj.  [si-ne],  but  if,  however,  if. 

sine,  prep.  w.  abl.,  without. 

singuli,  -ae,  -a,  num.  adj.,  separate, 
single,  one  by  one.    (311.  8.) 

sinister,  -tra,  -trum,  adj.,  left 
(hand).     Sinister. 

sino,  3,  sivi,  situm,  allow,  permit. 
Cf.  permitto. 

sinus,  -us,  M.,  bosom,  lap,  folds  of  a 
garment. 

sitis,  -is,  F.  (ace.  -im,  abl.  -i),  thij'st. 

socer,  -eri,  m.,  father-in-law. 

socius,  -i,  M.,  ally,  companion.  As- 
sociate. 

Socrates,  -is,  m.,  Socrates,  a  famous 
Greek  philosopher. 

sol,  solis,  M.,  sun  (no  gen.  plur.). 
Solar. 

soleo,  2,  solitus,  be  accustomed,  wont. 
(p.  177,  note  2.) 

Solon,  -onis,  m.,  Solon,  the  great  law- 
giver of  Athens. 

solus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  alone,  single; 
sole.     (200.) 

solvo,  3,  solvi,  solutum,  loose,  loosen  ; 
break;  weigh  anchor,  set  sail. 
Solve. 

somnus,  -i,  m.,  sleep. 


soror,  -oris,  f.,  sister. 

sors,  -tis,  F.,  lot,  condition.    Sort. 

sortior,  4  [sors],  draw  lots,  obtain 
by  lot. 

spargo,  3,  -si,  -sum,  strew,  scatter. 
Sparse. 

Spartacus,  -i,  m.,  Sparfacus,  a 
gladiator. 

spatium,  -i,  n.,  room,  space  ;  period. 

specto,  1  [specio,  looJc],  look  at,  be- 
hold, witness.     Spectacle. 

speculor,  1,  spy  out,  watch. 

specus,  -us,  M.,  cave,  den. 

spero,  1  [spes],  hope,  hope  for. 

spes,  spei,  F.  [spero],  hope,  ex- 
pectation, 

spolio,  1,  rob,  plunder,  spoil,  de- 
spoil. 

statim,  adv.  [sto],  (standing  there), 
on  the  spot,  immediately,  at  once. 

statua,  -ae,  f.  [statuo],  (the  thing 
set  up),  statue. 

statuo,  3,  -ui,  -utum,  put,  place; 
determine,  think,  believe. 

Stella, -ae,  F.,  sfar.  (301.)  Stellar. 

sto,  1,  steti,  statum,  stand. 

strages,  -is,  f.,  slaughter,  carnage. 

stringo,  3,  -nxi,  strictum  (draw 
tight),  graze;  draw,  unsheath. 

studeo,  2,  -ui, [studium],  be 

eager,  strive  earnestly  for;  study; 
.  w.  dat. 

studium,  -i,  n.  [studeo],  zeal, 
eagerness;  study. 

stultitia,  -ae,  f.  [stultus],  folly. 

stultus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  foolish,  silly. 

suavis,  -e,  adj.,  siveet,  delightful. 
Cf.  dulcis.     Suavity. 

suaviter,  adv.  [suavis],  sweetly, 
delightfully. 

sub-duco,  3,  -duxi,  -ductum,  draw 
from  under,  draw  up. 

subeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  go  under  or 
up  to,  enter;  undergo.     (327.) 


subito 


266 


tenebrae 


subito,  adv.  [subeo],  suddenly ^  un- 
expectedly. 

sub-moveo,  2,  -movi,  -motum 
(move  from  beneath),  remove,  drive 
away. 

subsidium,  -i,  n.  [subsided],  aid, 
support,  relief,  assistance. 

sub-silio,  4,  -ui, [salio,  leap'], 

jump  up.   Cf .  desilio  and  transilio. 

sub-venio,  4,  -veni,  -ventum  (come 
to  one's  relief),  help,  aid,  assist. 
Cf.  succurro. 

suc-curro,  3,  -curri, -cursum  [sub], 
(run  up  to),  help,  aid,  succor. 

suf-fero,  sufferre,  sustuli,  sublatum 
[sub],  bear  up  under,  undergo. 
Suffer. 

sui,  reflex,  pron.,  of  himself  (her- 
self itself  themselves).     (264.) 

Salla,-ae,  m.,  Sulfa,  a  famous  Roman 
general  and  statesman. 

sum,  esse,  fui, ,  be,  exist.  (72.) 

suininus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  superl.  of 
superus,  highest. 

sumo,  3,  sumpsi,  sumptum,  take, 
take  up;  assume. 

super,  prep.  w.  ace.  and  abl.,  over, 
above,  on  top  of 

superbe,  adv.  [superbus],  proudly, 
haughtily. 

superbus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [super], 
proud.     Superb. 

superior,  -us,  adj.,  comp.  of  supe- 
rus, higher,  super/or. 

snpero,  1  [super],  pass  over;  sur- 
pass, overcome  ;  conquer.     (186.) 

super-sum,  -esse,  -fui,  ,  re- 
main over ;  survive,  exist. 

supremus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  sup.  of 
superus,  highest;  last. 

suscipio,  3,  -cepi,  -ceptum  [sub, 
capio],  undertake. 

sus-pendo,  3  -di,  -pensum  [sub], 
hang  up,  suspend,  hang. 


suspicor,  1  [suspicio,  look  askance 
af],  mistrust,  suspect. 

sustineo,  2,  -tinui,  -tentum  [sub, 
teneo],  hold  up,  bear,  endure;  sus- 
tain. 

suus,  -a,  -um,  poss.  pron.  [sui],  his, 
hers,  her,  its,  theirs,  their  (own). 


taceo,  2,  tacui,  tacitum,  be  silent, 
be  silent  about.     Tacit. 

taedet,  2,  taeduit,  taesum  est,  im- 
pers.,  it  disgusts,  wearies  ;  (one)  is 
disgusted,  ivearied.    (416.) 

talea,  -ae,  f.,  thin  bar. 

tarn,  adv., /so;  tam  .  .  .  quam,  as 
.  .  .  as.     Cf .  ita  and  sic. 

tamen,  adv.,  yet,  but,  nevertheless. 

tandem,  adv.  [tam],  (just  so  far), 
at  length,  finally. 

tango,  3,  tetigi,  tactum,  touch. 

tan  to,  adv.  [tantus],  by  so  much,  so 
much  the  (with  comparatives). 

tantum,  adv.  [tantus],  only. 

tantus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  so  great. 

Tarentinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Ta- 
rentum,  Tarent/ne. 

Tarquinius,  -i,  m.,  Tarquin  the 
Proud,  seventh  king  of  Rome. 

tectum,  -i,  n.  [tego,  cover],  cover- 
ing, shelter,  roof. 

telum,  -1,  N.,  weapon. 

temerarius,  -a,  -um  [temere], 
rash,  inconsiderate. 

temere,  adv.,  rashly,  inconsiderately. 

temeritas,  -atis,  f.  [temere], 
chance ;  rashness,  temerity. 

tempestas,  -atis,  r.  [tempus], 
(state  or  condition  of  time),  weath- 
er ;  stormy  weather,  storm,  tempest. 

templum,  -i,  n.,  temple. 

tempus,  -oris,  n.,  time.    Temporal. 

tenebrae,  -arum,  r.,  darkness, 
shades. 


tenebricosus 


257 


tripartite 


tenebricosus, -a,  -um,  adj.  [tene- 
brae],  (^full  of  darkness),  dark, 
gloomy. 

teneo,  2,  -ui,  tentura,  hold,  keep, 
have ;  memoria  tenere,  remember. 

tener,  -era,  -erum,  adj.,  sojl,  deli- 
cate,  tender. 

tenuis,  -e,  adj.,  thin,  light. 

ter,  num.  adv.  [tres],  thrice,  three 
times. 

Terentius,  -i,  m.,  a  Roman  family 
name. 

tergum,  -i,  n.,  hack. 

terra,  -ae,  f.,  earth,  land.  Ter- 
race. 

terreo,  2  [terror],  frighten,  alarm, 
terrify. 

terror,  -5ris  [terreo],  terror,  alarm. 

tertio,  adv.  [tertius],  the  third  time. 

tertius,  -a,  -um,  num.  adj.  [tres], 
third. 

tertius  decimus,  num.  adj.,  thir- 
teenth. 

testimonium,  -i,  n.  [testor,  hear 
witness'],  witness,  evidence,  testi- 
mony. 

testudo,  -inis,  r.  [testa,  sheW],  tor- 
toise; shed  or  covering  to  protect 
besiegers. 

Teutones,  -um,  m.,  the  Teutons,  a 
German  tribe. 

Thales,  -is,  m.,  T hales,  a  Greek 
philosopher. 

Themistocles,  -is,  m.,  Themisto- 
cles,  a  famous  Athenian. 

Ticinus,  -i,  m.,  the  Ticinus,  a  river 
of  Italy. 

tigris,  -is,  or  -idis,  tiger. 

timeo,  2,  -ui, [timor], /ear.  he 

afraid  of. 

Timoleon,  -ontis,  m.,  TImoIeon,  a 
Corinthian  general. 

timor,  -oris,  m.  [timeo], year,  dread, 
alarm.     Timorous. 


toler5,  1,  hear,  endure.    Tolerate 
tollo,   3,   sustuli,    sublatum,    lift^ 

raise,  pick  up;  weigh  (anchor). 
tot,  adj.,  indecl.,  so  many.   Cf .  quot. 
totus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  whole,  all,  entire. 

(200.)     Total. 
tracto,  1   [traho],  handle,  manage, 

treat. 
tra-do,  3,  -didi,  -ditum  Itrsms'],  give 

over,  deliver  ;  relate,  recoujU.    Tra- 
dition. 
traho,  3,  traxi,  -ctum,  draw,  drag; 

derive. 
tra-icio,   3,  -jeci,  -jectum    [trans, 

jacio],   throw   across;    pass   over, 

cross. 
trajectus,  -us,  m.  [traicio],  a  cross- 
ing over,  passage. 
tranquillitas,  -atis,  f.   [tranquil- 

lus],    calmness,    tranquillity ;     a 

calm. 
trans,  prep.  w.  ace,  across,  beyond, 

over. 
tran-scendo,     3,     -di,     -scensum 

[scando,  climb'],  step  or  pass  over  ; 

cross.    Transcend. 
trans-eo,   -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  go   over, 

cross.     (372.) 
trans-figo,  3,  -fixi,  -fixum,  pierce 

through,  pierce,  stab ;  transfix. 
tran-silio,  4,  -ii,  and  -ui, [sa- 

lio,   leap],   leap    over    or    across. 

Cf .  desilid  and  subsilio. 
treeenti,  -ae,  -a,  num.  adj.   [tres, 

centum],  three  hundred. 
tredecim,  num.  adj.,  indecl.  [tres, 

decem],  thirteen. 
tres,  tria,  num.  adj.,  three.    (311.  4.) 
tribunus,  -i,  m.  [tribus,  tribe],  trib' 

une. 
triginta,  num.  adj.,  indecl.  [trei?], 

thirty. 
tripartito,  adv.  [tres,  partior],  in 

three  divisions. 


tristis 


268 


venator 


tristis,  -e,  adj.,  sad,  gloomy. 

triumphus,  -i,  triumph. 

ta,  pers.  pron.,  thou.     (264.) 

tuba,  -ae,  f.,  trumpet.    (14.) 

tueor,  2,  tuitus,  and  tutus,  look  at ; 
watchy  defend,  guard.  Cf.  defendo. 

TuUia,  -ae,  r.,  Tullia,  Cicero's 
daughter. 

turn,  adv.,  at  that  time,  then. 

tuuc,  adv.  [turn],  at  that  time,  then. 

turgldulus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.,  swollen. 
Turgid. 

turpis,  -e,  adj.,  ugly,  foul;  base,  dis- 
graceful, shameful. 

turpiter,  adv.  [turpis], ^M//y,6ase- 
ly,  shamefully, 

turpi  to  do,  -inis,  f.  [turpis],  ugli- 
ness, baseness. 

turris,  -is,  f.,  tower.     (149.) 

tutus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [P.  of  tueor], 
safe. 

tuus,  -a,  -um,  poss.  pron.,  thy,  thine  ; 
your,  yours  (of  only  one). 

tyrannus,  -i,  m.,  tyrant. 


ubi,  adv.,  where,  when. 

ullus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [for  unulus, 
diminutive  of  unus],  any,  any  one. 
(200.) 

ulterior,  -us,  adj.,  comp.  (no  posi- 
tive), ywr^Aer. 

nltimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  (superl.  of 
ulterior),  furthest,  last.  Ulti- 
mate. 

umerus,  -i,  m.,  shoulder, 

unde,  adv.,  whence. 

undi-que,  adv.,  from  all  parts,  on 
all  sides,  everywhere. 

uni-versus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  (turned 
^nto  one),  all  together. 

unquam,  adv.,  at  any  time,  ever. 

Gnus,  -a,  -um,  num.  adj.,  one;  alone. 
(200,  311,  3.) 


urbs,   -is,   F.,  city.     (163.)     Sub- 

URBS. 

urgeo,   2,  ursi,  ,  press,  drive, 

impel,  urge. 
usque,  adv.,  all  the  time,  continually. 
ut  or  uti,  adv.  and  conj.,  hoio,  as; 

that,  in  order  that,  so  that. 
uter,  -tra,  -trum,  interrog.  pron., 

which  of  two.     (200.) 
uterque,  utraque,  utrumque,  indef . 

pron.,  each  of  two,  both.     (200.) 
utilis,  -e,  adj.  [utor],  useful,  advan- 
tageous. 
uti-nani,  adv.,  would  that,  0  that, 

I  wish  that. 
utor,  3,  usus,  use,  employ ;  w.  abl. 
utrum,  adv.,  whether;  used  chiefly 

in  double  questions. 
nva,  -ae,  f.,  grape,  bunch  of  grapes. 
uxor,  -oris,  f.,  wife.     Cf.  conjunx. 


vagor,  1,  go  to  and  fro,  wander. 

Vagrant. 
valeo,  2,  -ui,  -itum,   be  strong  or 

well;  y ale,  farewell,  good  by.     Cf. 

convalesco. 
valetudo,  -inis,  f,  [valeo],  state  of 

health,  health. 
validus,    -a,    -um,    adj.    [valeo], 

strong,  stout,  sturdy.    Valid. 
vallis  (orvalles),  -is,F.,  valley,  vale. 
varius,    -a,    -um,    adj.,    different, 

changeable,  various. 
Varro,  -onis,  m.,  Varro,  a  Roman 

consul. 
vasto,  1   [vastus,  waste,  desolate'], 

lay  waste,  ravage. 
velio,  3,  vexi,  vectum,  carry,  draw, 

convey  ;  pass.,  ride,  sail. 
velox,  -ocis,  adj.,  swift,  fleet,  quick. 

(179.)     Velocity. 
venator,  -oris,  m.    [venor,   hunf], 

hunter. 


venenum 


259 


Zama 


venenum,  -i,  n.,  poison.    Venom. 
venia,  -ae,   f.,   indulgence,    mercy, 

kindness.     Venial. 
venio,  4,  veni,  ventum,  come. 
vent  us,  -i,  m.,  wind. 
Venus,  -eris,  f.,  Venus,  goddess  of 

love. 
Venusia,  -ae,  f.,  Venus/a,  a  town 

in  Apulia. 
venustus,  -a,  -um,  adj.   [Venus], 

lovely,  charming. 
ver,  veris,  n.,  spring.     Vernal. 
verbuin,  -i,  n.,  word.     Verb. 
vereor,  2,  reverence,  respect,  fear. 
vero,  adv.  and  conj.   [verus],  in 

truth,  in  fact,  hut  in  fact. 
verum,  -i,  n.  [verus],  the  truth, 
verus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  true,  real. 
vester,   -tra,    -trum,    poss.    pron., 

your,  yours  (of  more  than  one). 
veterrimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  superl. 

of  vetus. 
vestio,  4  [vestis,  garment"],  clothe. 
veto,  1,  -ui,  -itum,  forbid,  prevent. 

Veto. 
vetus,  -eris,  adj.  (comp.  vetustior, 

superl.veterrimus),  old.  (141,208.) 
vetustior,  -us,  adj.,  comp.  of  vetus. 
via,  -ae,  f.,  way,  road,  street, 
vicinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [vicus],  near, 

neighboring.    Vicinity. 
victor,   -oris,    m.    [vi(n)co],   con- 
queror, victor. 
victoria,  -ae,  r.  [victor],  victory. 
vicus,  -i,  M.,  village. 
video,  2,  vidi,  visum,  see,  perceive; 

pass.,  he  seen,  seem.    Vision. 
vigil,  adj.  [vigeo,  he  lively'],  watch- 
ful.   (151.  4.)    Vigilant. 
vigilia,   -ae,   f.    [vigilo,   vigil],   a 

watching,  watch,  i.e.,  the  fourth  part 

of  the  night. 
vigilo,  1  [vigil],  watch. 


viginti,  num.  adj.,  indecl.,  twenty, 
vincio,  4,  vinxi,  vinctum,  bind. 
vinco,  3,  vici,  victum,  conquer,  c/e- 

feat.    (186.) 
vindico,  1,  claim ;  avenge,  punish. 

Vindicate. 
vinum,  -i,  n.,  wine. 
viola,  -ae,  f.,  violet. 
vir,  viri,  m.,  man,  hero.    (138,  262.) 
virgo,  -inis,  f.,  maiden,  virgin. 
virtus,  -utis,  f.  [vir],  (^manliness), 

courage,  bravery  ;  virtue. 
vis,  vis,  F.  (gen.  and  dat.,  rare), 

strength,  power.     (262.) 
vita,  -ae  [vivo],  life.    Vital. 
vitis,  -is,  F.  [vieo,  twist   together], 

vine. 
vitium,   -i,   n.    [vitis],    (a    moral 

twist),  fault,  blemish,  vice»      Cf. 

culpa. 
vito,  1,  avoid,  shun, 
vitrum,  -i,  n.,  woad,  a  dye. 
vitupero,  1,  blame,  censure.    Vitu- 
peration.   Cf.  culpo. 
vivo,  3,  vixi,  victum  [vivus],  live. 

(194.) 
vivus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [vivo],  alive, 

living, 
vix,  adv.,  hardly,  with  difficulty. 
volo,  velle,  volui,   ,   wish,   be 

willing,  desire,  intend.   (316,  319.) 
voluptas,  -atis,  f.,  pleasure,  enjoy- 
ment. 
vox,  vocis,  F.  [voc5,  call],  voice. 
vulnero,  1   [vulnus],  wound,  hurt, 

injure.     Vulnerable. 
vulnus,  -eris,  n.  [vulnerd],  wound. 
vulpes,  -\s,Y.,fox. 
vultus,  -us,  M.,  countenance, 

features. 

Zama,   -ae,   f.,   Zama,  a  town  in 
Africa, 


ENGLISH-LATIN   VOCABULARY. 


a,  commonly  not  translated;  quidam, 

quaedam,  quoddam  (279.  5). 
able  (be),  possum  (292). 
about,  de,  w.  abl. 
absent  (be),  absum  (297). 
accept,  accipio,  3. 
accompany,  comitor,  1. 
accord     (own),    ipse,    -a,    -um 

(270.  6). 
accuse,  accuse,  1. 
across,  trans,  w.  ace. 
act,  ago,  3. 
admire,  admiror,  1. 
admonish,  moneo,  2  (112). 
adorn,  orno,  1. 

advance,  procedo,  3 ;  progredior,  3. 
advice,  consilium,  -i,  n. 
advise,  moneo,  2  (112). 
afar,  longe. 

affair,  res,  rei,  f.  (254.) 
afraid  (be),  metuo,  3;  timeo,  2. 
Africa,  Africa,  -ae,  f. 
after,  post,  w.  ace. ;  cum,  w.  suhj. ; 

postquam,  w.  ind. 
afterwards,  postea,  deinde. 
again,  iterum,  rursus. 
against,  adversus,  contra,  in,  iv. 

ace. 
age  (old),  senectus,  -utis,  f. 
agriculture,  agri  cultura,  -ae,  f. 
aid,  auxilium,  -i,  n. 
air,  aer,  aeris,  m. 
Alexander,  Alexander,  -dri,  m. 
alive,  vivus,  -a,  -um. 


arrangement 

all,  omnis,  -e ;  totus,  -a,  -um  (200) 

Alps,  Alpes,  -ium,  f. 

alone,  solus,  -a,  -um  (200). 

aloud  (read),  recitd,  1. 

altar,  ara,  -ao,  f. 

always,  semper. 

ambassador,  legatus,  -i,  m.;  ora- 
tor, -oris,  M. 

among,  in,  w.  abl. ;  inter,  ?/;.  ace. 

ancient,  antiquus,  -a,  -um  ;  vetus, 
-eris  (141). 

and,  et ;  atque,  or  ac ;  -que. 

Androclus,  Androclus,  -i,  m. 

anger,  ira,  -ae,  f. 

angrily,  cum  Ira  (144). 

animal,  animal,  -alis,  n.  (149). 

another,  alius,  -a, -ud  (201);  one 
.  .  .  another,  alius  .  .  .  alius. 

another's,  alienus,  -a,  -um. 

ansvrer,  respondeo,  2,  w.  dat. 

any,  ullus,  -a,  -um  (200)  ;  aliquis, 
-qua,  -quid,  or  -quod  (279)  ;  quis 
(p.  211,  note  15) ;  quisquam, 
,  quidquam  (279.  6). 

approach,  appropinquo,  1,  w.  dat., 
and  ad,  w.  ace. 

arm,  n.,  bracchium,  -i,  n. 

arm,  v.,  armo,  1. 

arms,  arma,  -orum,  n. 

army,  exercitus,  -us,  m.,  the  general 
word ;  on  the  march,  agmen,  -inis, 
N. ;  in  order  of  battle,  acics,  -ci,  f. 

Arpinum,  Arpinum,  -i,  n. 

arrangement,  ordo,  -inis,  m. 


I 


arrival 


261 


brook 


arrival,  adventus,  -us,  m. 

arrow,  sagitta,  -ae,  f. 

art,  ars,  artis,  f. 

as,   ut ;  as  .  .  .  as,  tarn  .  .  .  quam ; 

saine  .  ,  ,  as,  idem  .  .  .  qui ;    (= 

since),  cum,  w.  suhj. ;    (=  when) 

cum. 
Asia,  Asia,  -ae,  f. 
ashamed  (be),  pudet,  2  (415). 
ask  of,  quaero,  3. 
assemble,  convenio,  4. 
at,  in,  w,  ace.  or  ahl.;  ad,  w.  ace; 

apud,  w.  ace;  in  combination  w. 

verbs    (wonder    at,   etc.),   see    the 

verbs ;  w.  names  of  towns,  locative 

case  (334). 
Athenian,  Atheniensis,  -e. 
Athens,  Athenae,  -arum,  f. 
attentively,  diligenter. 
author,  auctor,  -oris,  m. 
away  (go),  abed  (327)  ;  discedo,  3. 
aw^ay  from,  a  or  ab,  w.  abl. ;  e  or 

ex,  w.  abl. 


back   (bring   or    carry),   refero 

(321) ;  reporto,  1. 
bad,  malus,  -a,  -um ;  improbus,  -a, 

-um. 
basely,  turpiter. 
battle,  pugna,  -ae,  f.;  proelium, 

-1,  N. 

be,  sum  (73). 

bear,  fero  (321);  veho,  3;  tolero, 

1 ;  (off),  aufero. 
beast,  bestia,  -ae,  f. 
beautiful,  pulcher,  -chra,  -chrum. 
beauty,  pulchritudo,  -inis,  f. 
because,  quod ;  quia. 
become,  fio  (327) ;   it  becomes, 

decet,  2  (415). 
beg,  peto,  3;  oro,  1. 
begin,  incipio,  3 ;  ordior,  4. 
believe,  credo,  3,  w,  dat. 


benefit,  n.,  beneficium,  -i,  n. 
benefit,  v.,  prosum  (293),  w.  dat. 
besiege,  obsideo,  2;  oppugno,  1. 
best,  optimus,  -a,  -um. 
better,  melior,  -us,  compar.  of  bo- 
nus (208). 
betw^een,  inter,  w.  ace, 
big,  magnus,  -a,  -um. 
bind,  vincio,  4. 
bird,  avis,  -is,  f.  (154). 
black,    niger,   -gra,  -grum;   ater, 

atra,  atrum. 
blame,  vitupero,  1 ;  culpo,  1. 
blind,  caecus,  -a,  -um. 
blood,   sanguis,   -inis,  m.  ;   cruor, 

-oris,  M. 
boar,  aper,  apri,  m. 
boat,   navicula,   -ae,  f.  ;    cymba, 

-ae,  F. 
body,  corpus,  -oris,  n. 
bold,  audax,  -acis. 
boldly,  audacter. 
book,  liber,  -bri,  m. 
booty,  praeda,  -ae,  f. 
born  (be),  nascor,  3. 
Boston,  Bostonia,  -ae,  f. 
both  {each  of  two),  uterqiio,  utra- 

qiie,  utrumque  (200)  ;  both  .  .  . 

and,  et  .  .  .  et. 
boy,  puer,  -eri,  m. 
bow,  arcus,  -us,  m.  (247). 
brave,  fortis,  -e. 
bravely,  fortiter. 
bravery,  fortitudo,  -inis,  f. 
break,  f  rango,  3 ;  (through)  per- 

fringo,  3. 
breeze,  ventus,  -i,  m.  ;  aura,  -ae,  f. 
bribe,  corrumpo,  3. 
bridge,  pons,  pontis,  M. 
bring,  porto,  1 ;  fero  (321);  (up), 

educ5,  1. 
Britain,  Britannia,  -ae,  F. 
broad,  latus,  -a,  -um. 
brook,  rivus,  -i,  M. 


brother 


262 


cunning 


brother,  frater,  -tris,  m. 

Brutus,  Brutus,  -i,  m. 

build,  aedifico,  1. 

burden,  onus,  -eris,  n. 

but,  at;  autem;  sed(393);  (that), 

quin. 
buy,  emo,  3. 
by,  a,  ab,  lo.  ahl. ;  {denoting  means 

or  instrument)  y  w.  ahl.  alone. 


Caesar,  Caesar,  -aris,  m. 

call,  nomiuo,  1;  appello,  1;  voco,  1. 

calm,  aequus,  -a,  -um. 

camp,  castra,  -orum,  n. 

Campania,  Campania,  -ae,  f. 

can,  possum  (292). 

care,  cura,  -ae,  f. 

carefully,  diligenter;    cum  cura 

(144). 
carry,     porto,    1 ;     fero    (321) ; 

(back),  refero;  carry  on  wary 

bellum  gerere. 
cart,  carrus,  -i,  m. 
Carthage,  Carthago,  -inis,  F. 
Cato,  Cato,  -onis,  m. 
certain   (a),  quidam,   quaedam, 

quid  (quod)  dam  (279.  4)  ;   sure, 

certus,  -a,  -um. 
chance,  f  ors,  -tis,  f.  ;  casus,  -iis,  M. 
change,  muto,  1. 
cherish,  colo,  3. 
chief,  princeps,  -cipis,  m. 
children,  puerT,  -orum,  M. ;  libe- 

ri,  -orum,  m.  (60). 
Cicero,  Cicero,  -onis,  m. 
Cimbri,  Cimbri,  -orum,  m. 
circumstance,  res,  rei,  f. 
citadel,  arx,  arcis,  f. 
citizen,  civis,  -is,  m.  and  f.  (154.) 
city,  urbs,  -is,  f. 
clerk,  scriba,  -ae,  m. 
cliflf,  rupes,  -is,  f. 
clothe,  vestio,  4. 


cold,  adj.,  frigidus,  -a,  -um. 
cold,  n.,  f  rigus,  -oris,  n. 
Collatinus,  Collatinus,  -i,  m. 
come,  venio,  4;   (down),  descen- 

do,  3;   (out),  egredior,  3;   (to- 
gether),   convenio,   4  ;    (off), 

abeo  (327). 
coming,  n.,  adventus,  -us,  m. 
command,  impero,  1,  lo.  dat;  ju- 

beo,  2,  w.  ace. ;  praesum,  w.  dat. 
commander,  imperator,  -oris,  M. ; 

dux,  ducis,  M. 
commonwealth,  res  publica,  rei 

publicae,  f. 
comrade,  comes,  -itis,  m.  and  f. 
companion,  comes,  -itis,  m.  and  F. 
compel,  cogo,  3. 
condemn,  damno,  1. 
conquer,  supero,  1;  vinco,3  (186). 
consul,  consul,  -is,  M. 
consulship,  consulatus,  -iis,  m. 
contemplate,  coutemplor,  1. 
contented,  contentus,  -a,  -um,  w. 

ahl, 
converse,  colloquor,  3. 
Corinth,  Corinthus,  -i,  F. 
Cornelia,  Cornelia,  -ae,  f. 
correct,  corrigo,  3. 
counsel,  c5nsilium,  -i,  n. 
country  (Jatherland) ,  patria,  -ae, 

F.;  (not  city),  rus,  riiris,  n. 
courage,  virtiis,  -utis,  f. 
covered  w^ith  leaves,  frondosus, 

-a,  -um. 
cowardice,  ignavia,  -ae,  F. 
cowardly,  ignavus,  -a,  -um. 
create,  creo,  1. 
creator,  creator,  -oris,  M. 
cross,  tr.y  transcendo,  3;    tr.  aud 

intr.,  transeo  (327). 
cruelly,  crudeliter. 
cultivate,  colo,  3. 
Cumae,  Cumae,  -arum,  f. 
cunning,  n.,  calliditas,  -atis,  f. 


cup 


263 


Elnuius 


cup,  poculum,  -T,  N. 
Cyrus,  Cyrus,  -i,  m. 


Daedalus,  Daedalus,  -i,  M. 

daily,  cotidie. 

danger,  periculum,  -i,  N. 

daughter,  f  ilia,  -ae,  r. 

day,  dies,  -ei,  m.  and  f.  (254). 

daybreak  (at),  prima  luce. 

dear,  carus,  -a,  -um. 

death,  mors,  -tis,  f. 

deep,  altus,  -a,  -um;   profundus, 

-a,  -um. 
defeat,  n.,  clades,  -is,  f. 
defeat,  v.,   vinco,   3;    supero,   1 

(186). 
defend,  defends,  3. 
defender,  defensor,  -oris,  m. 
delay,  mora,  -ae,  r. 
delight,  delecto,  1. 
deliver,  defero  (321). 
demand  restitution,  res  repeto,  3. 
Demosthenes,  Demosthenes,  -is. 
depart,  discedo,  3;   exeo  (327). 
deprive,  privo,  1;  w.  ahl. 
descend,  descends,  3. 
desert,  desero,  3. 
deserve,  mere5,  mereor,  2. 
design,  consilium,  -i,  n. 
desire,  volo   (316) ;    desidero,   1 

(319)  ;  cupio,  3. 
despair,  despero,  1. 
despise,  contemno,  3. 
destroy,  deleo,  2. 
difficult,  difflcilis,  -e.  (207.) 
difficulty  (with),  vix. 
diligently,  diligenter. 
discharge,  fungor,  3,  w.  ahl. 
disclose,  enuntio,  1. 
disgraceful,  turpis,  -e. 
disgusted  (be),  piget,  2  (416). 
divide,   divido,  3;    (share) ,  par- 

tior,  4. 


do,  facio,  3;  ago,  3. 

dog,  canis,  -is,  m.  and  f. 

doubt,  n.y  dubium,  -i,  n. 

doubt,  v.,  dubito,  1. 

doubtful,  dubius,  -a,  -um. 

dove,  columba,  -ae,  f. 

dov^n  (tear),rescindo,  3 ;  (come) 

descends,  3. 
draw,  traho,  3 ;  (up),  subduco,  3. 
drink,  bibo,  3. 

drive,  ago,  3 ;  (off) ,  submoveo,  2. 
duty,  officium,  -i,  n. 
dwell,  habito,  1 ;  vivo,  3  (194). 


each  (one),  quisque  quaeque, 
quid  (quod)  que  (279.  4)  ;  (of 
two),  uterque  utraque,  utrum- 
que  (200). 

eagle,  aquila,  -ae,  f. 

earth,  terra,  -ae,  f. 

easily,  facile. 

easy,  facilis,  -e.  (207.) 

eat,  edo,  3. 

e^S,  ovum,  -I,  N. 

eight,  octo. 

eighth,  octavus,  -a,  -um. 

either  ...  or,  aut .  .  .  aut. 

elegant,  elegans,  -antis. 

elephant,  elephantus,  -i,  m. 

else,  alius,  -a,  -ud  (201). 

embark,  consceudo,  3. 

employ,  admoveo,  2 ;  Utor,  3,  w. 
ahl. 

encircle,  cingo,  3. 

end,  n.,  finis,  -is,  m.  (154.) 

end,  v.,  finiS,  4. 

endure,  patior,  3;  fero  (321), 
tolero,  1. 

endurance,  fortitudo,  -inis,  f. 

enemy,  hostis,  -is,  m.  and  f.  ;  ini 
micus,  -1,  M.  (172). 

enjoy,  fruor,  3,  w.  ahl. 

Ennius,  Ennius,  -i,  M. 


enough 


264 


frighten 


enough,  satis. 

enter,  iiigredior,  3;  ineo  (327). 

entertain    the    hope,    venio    in 

spem. 
entreaty,  preces,  -um,  F. 
Epirus,  Epirus,  -i,  F. 
equally,  pariter. 
equanimity,  aequus  animus,  M. 
Europe,  Europa,  -ae,  f. 
even,  etiam;  ipse  (270.  G). 
evident  (it  is),  constat,  1. 
excellently,  optime. 
explain,  explico,  1. 
expulsion,  P.  o/expello. 
eye,  oculus,  -i,  m. 

Fabrlcius,  Fabricius,  -I,  M. 
fact,  res,  rei,  f. 
fail,  deficio,  3 ;  desum   (297). 
fair,  pulcher,  -chra,  -chrum. 
faithful,  ndus,  -a,  -um;  fldelis,  -e. 
faithfully,  flduliter. 
Faliscans,  Falisci,  -orum,  m. 
famous,  clarus,  -a,  -um. 
far  and  wide,  louge  lateque. 
farmer,  agricola,  -ae,  M. 
father,  pater,  -tris,  m. 
father-in-law,  socer,  -erl,  M. 
fault,  vitium,  -I,  n.  ;    culpa,  -ae, 

F. ;  find  fault  withy  vitupero,  1 ; 

culpo,  1. 
favor,  faveo,  2,  w.  dat. 
fear,  n.,  metus,  -us,  m. 
fear,  v.,  timeo,  2 ;  metuo,  3. 
few,  pauci,  -ae,  -a. 
fidelity,  fides,  -ei,  F. 
field,  ager,  agri,  m. 
fierce,  atrox,  -ocis. 
fiftieth,  qumquagesimus,  -a,  -um. 
fifty,  quinquaginta. 
fight,  pugiio,  1;  dimico,  1. 
till,  impleo,  2,  -evi,  -etum;  com- 

pleo,  2. 
finally,  denique. 


find,  reperio,  4 ;  in  venio,  4. 

finger,  digitus,  -I,  m. 

finish,  finio,  4;  conflcio,  3. 

fire.  Ignis,  -is,  m. 

first,  primus,  -a,  -um. 

fit,  apto,  1. 

five,  quTnque. 

five  hundred,  quingenti,  -ae,  -a. 

flee,  fugio*  3. 

fleet,  classis,  -is,  f.  (154.) 

flight,  fuga,  -ae,  f. 

flock,  grex,  gregis,  f. 

flow,  fluo,  3. 

flower,  flos,  floris,  m. 

fodder,  pabulum,  -I,  n. 

follow,  sequor,  3. 

folly,  stultitia,  -ae,  f. 

food,  cibus,  -1,  M. 

foot,  pes,  pedis,  m. 

foot-soldier,  pedes,  -itis,  m. 

for,  conj.,  nam ;  euim  {not  the  first 

word). 
for,  sign  of  dative  ;  prep.y  de,  pro, 

w.  abl. ;  of  time,  space,  purpose, 

in,  w.  ace. 
forces,  copiae,  -arum,  f. 
forget,  obliviscor,  3. 
forgetful,  oblitus,  -a,  -um. 
former  (the),  ille  (275.  6). 
forth    (go),   exeo   (327)  ;     egre- 

dior,  3. 
fortify,  munio,  4. 
fortune,  fortuna,  -ae,  f. 
forty,  quadraginta. 
forum,  forum,  -i,  n. 
forward  (go),  procedo,  3;   pro- 

gredior,  3. 
foully,  turpiter. 
fourteen,  quattuordecim. 
fourth,  quartus,  -a,  -um. 
free,  liber,  -era,  -erum.  (71.) 
free  from,  libero,  1 ;  w.  abl. 
friend,  amicus,  -i,  M. 
frighten,  terreo,  2. 


I 


frog 


265 


huge 


frog,  rana,  -ae,  r. 

from,  de,  w.  ahl. ;  away  from,  a  or 

ab,  w.  ahl. ;  out  of,  e  or  ex,  id. 

ahl.;  (afar),  longe. 
fruit,  f ructus,  -us,  m. 
full,  plenus,  -a,  -urn. 
furnish,  praebeo,  2. 

Galba,  Galba,  -ae,  m. 

game,  ludus,  -i,  M. 

garden,  hortus,  -i. 

Gaul,  Gallia,  -ae,  f. 

Gauls,  Gain,  -orum,  m. 

general,  dux,  duels,  m.  and  F.; 

imperator,  -oris,  m. 
Germans,  Germani,  -orum,  m. 
get,  adipiscor,  3;    (possession), 

potior,  4,   w.  ahl.;    (by  lot), 

sortior,  4. 
gift,  donum,  -T,  N. 
girl,  puella,  -ae,  F. 
give,  do,  1. 
glory,  gloria,  -ae,  r. 
go,  eo  (327) ;  (forth  or  out) ,  exeo; 

(off  or  away) ,  abeo ;  discedo,  3 ; 

(down),  descends,  3. 
God,  Deus,  -I,  m.  (2G2). 
goddess,  dea,  -ae,  f. 
gold,  aurum,  -i,  n. 
golden,  aureus,  -a,  -um. 
good,  bonus,  -a,  -um  (71,  208). 
good  thing,  bonum,  -i,  n. 
grain,  fru men  turn,  -i,  n. 
great,  magnus,  -a,  -um. 
greatly,  maxime. 
Greece,  Graecia,  -ae,  f. 
Greek,  Graecus,  -a,  -nm. 
guard,  n.,  custos,  -odis,  m.  and  v. 
guard,  v.,  custodio,  4. 

hand,  manus,  -us,  f. 
handsome,  pulcher,  -chra,  -chrum. 
Hannibal,  Hannibal,  -alis,  M. 


happy,  beatus,    -a,    -um;    felix, 

-Icis. 
hard,  durus,  -a,  -um;    (difficult), 

difficilis,  -e. 
hasten,  contends,  3. 
haughtily,  superbe. 
have,  liabeo,  2. 
he,  is,  hic  (270)  ;  ille  (275). 
head,  caput,  -itis,  n.;    he  at  the 

head  of,  praesum    (297). 
headlong,  praeceps,  -cipitis. 
hear,  audio  (223). 
heart,  cor,  cordis,  N. 
heat,  calor,  -oris,  M. 
heaven,  caelum,  -i,  N. 
heavy,  gravis,  -e. 
Hector,  Hector,  -oris,  m. 
hero,  vir,  viri,  m.  (2G2). 
hesitate,  dubitd,  1 ;  cunctor,  1. 
high,  altus,  -a,  -um. 
hill,  collis,  -is,  m.  (154.) 
himself,  see  self. 
his,    ejus     (270);     illius    (275); 

(own),  suus,  -a,  -um. 
history,  historia,  -ae,  f. 
hold,  habeo,  2 ;  teneo,  2. 
home,  domicilium,  -i,  n.  ;  domus, 

-us,  F.  (262). 
Homer,  Homerus,  -T,  M. 
honor,  n.,  honestas,  -atis,  F. 
honor,  v.,  honoro,  1. 
hope,  spes,  -ei,  F. 
Horatius,  Horatius,  -i,  m. 
horn,  cornu,  -us,  N. 
horse,  equus,  -i,  m. 
horseback  (ride),  in  equ5  vehl; 

eqnito,  1. 
horseftian,  horse-soldier,  eques, 

-itis,  M. 
hour,  hora,  -ae,  f. 
house,  domus,  -us,  f.  (262). 
how,  quam ;  (many),  quot. 
huge,  magnus,  -a,  -um;    Imma- 

nis,  -e ;  ingens,  -entis. 


human 


266 


line  of  battle 


human,  humanus,  -a,  -um. 
hundred,  centum. 
hunger,  fames,  -is,  f. 
hunter,  venator,  -oris,  m. 
hurl,  conicio,  3. 
hurtful  (be),  noceo,  2,  w,  dat. 
hustle,  exturbo,  1. 

I,  ego  (264). 

Icarus,  Icarus,  -T,  M. 

if,  SI ;  if  notj  nisi. 

ignorant  (be),  nescio,  4 ;  Tgnoro. 

illustrious,  clarus,  -a,  -um. 

imitate,  imitor,  1. 

immediately,  statim. 

in,  in,  w.  abl. 

increase,  augeo,  2. 

inhabitant,  incola,  -ae,  M.  andF, 

inhabit,  habito,  1 ;  incolo,  3. 

injure,  noceo,  2;  obsum;^<7.  dat. 

Instruct,  erudio,  4;  doceo,  2. 

intend,  in  animo  est  j  w.  dat. 

into,  in,  w.  ace. 

invite,  invito,  1. 

iron  (of),  ferreus,  -a,  -um. 

island,  insula,  -ae,  f. 

it,  is,  ea,  id  (270). 

Italian,  Italus,  -i,  m. 

Italy,  Italia,  -ae,  f. 

itself,  see  self. 

Janus,  Janus,  -T,  m. 

javelin,  pilum,  -i,  N. 

jewel,  ornamentum,  -i,  n. 

joy,  gaudium,  -i,  n. 

judge,  judex,  -icis,  m.  (105). 

judgment,  judicium,  -T,  n.  , 

Julius,  Julius,  -1,  M. 

Jupiter,  Juppiter,  Jovis,  m.  (262). 

justly,  juste. 

keen,  acer,  acris,  acre. 
keep  off,  arceo,  2. 


kill,  neco,  Ij  interflcio,  3;  occi- 

do,  3. 
kind,  benignus,  -a,  -um. 
king,  rex,  regis,  m. 
kingdom,  regnum,  -i,  n.  ;  impe- 

rium,  -1,  N. 
knife,  culter,  -tri,  m. 
know,  know  how,  scio,  4. 
known,  notus,  -a,  -um. 

labor,  labor,  -oris,  m. 

lack,  desum   (297) 

Lsevinus,  Laevinus,  -T,  M. 

lake,  lacus,  -us,  m.  (247). 

land,  ager,  agri,  m.  ;  terra,  -ae,  r. 

language,  lingua,  -ae,  f. 

large,  raagnus,  -a,  -um. 

last,  supremus,  -a,  -um. 

Latin,  Latinus,  -a,  -um. 

latter  (the),  liic,  haec,  hoc  (275. 

5). 
laugh,  rideo,  2 ;  (at),  iriideo,  2 ; 

(aloud),  cachiund,  1. 
law,  lex,  legis,  f. 
lazy,  piger,  -gra,  -grum. 
lead,  duco,  3 ;  (out),  educo,  3. 
leader,  dux,  ducis,  M.  and  F. 
leaf,  folium,  -i,  n. 
leap  over,  transili5,  4. 
learn,  disco,  3. 
leg,  crus,  cruris,  n. 
legion,  legio,  -onis,  F. 
lesson,  pensum,  -T,  n. 
let,  sign  of  subj.  or  imperative. 
letter,  epistula,  -ae,  f.  ;  litterae, 

-arum,  f. 
levy,  delectus,  -us,  m. 
life,  vita,  -ae,  r. 
light,  adj.,  levis,  -e  (150). 
light,   ?!.,   lux,  liicis,  f.;    lumen, 

-in is,  N. 
like,  amo,  1. 
likeness,  imagd,  -inis,  f. 
line  of  battle,  acies,  -ei,  f. 


lion 


267 


ocean 


lion,  le5,  -onis,  m.  (134). 
listen,  audio,  4  (223). 
literature,  litterae,  -arum,  r. 
little,  parvus,  -a,  -um. 
live,  VIVO,  3;  habito,  1  (194). 
long,  longus,  -a,   -um;    a    long 

time,  diti. 
longer  (no),  jam,  lo,  neg. 
look  at,  specto,  1. 
lose,  amitto,  3;  perdo,  3. 
lot  (obtain  by),  sortior,  4. 
loud  (laugh  out),  cachinno,  1. 
love,  amo,  1  (319), 
low,  humilis,  -e. 
lucky,  fellx,  -icis. 

maiden,  puella,  -ae,  v. 

make,  facio,  3;  (trial  of),  expe- 
rior,  4. 

man,  vir,  vhi,  M.'  (262)  ;  homo, 
-inis,  M.  (138). 

Manlius,  Manlius,  -i,  m. 

manner,  mos,  moris,  m. 

many,  multi,  -ae,  -a. 

Marcellus,  Marcellus,  -T,  m. 

marshal,  mstruo,  3. 

master,  dominus,  -i,  m.  ;  magis- 
ter,  -tri,  m. 

may,  licet;  w.  dat. 

means  (by  means  of),  use  ahl. 

meet,  obeo  (327)  ;  go  to  meet, 
obviam  eo,  w.  dat. 

memory,  memoria,  -ae,  r. 

messenger,  nuntius,  -i,  m.  • 

migrate,  migro,  1. 

mind,  animus,  -i,  m.;  mens,  men- 
tis, r.  (273). 

mindful,  memor,  -oris  (150). 

mine,  meus,  -a,  -um  (266). 

Minerva,  Minerva,  -ae,  f. 

miserable,  miser,  -era,  -erum. 

miss,  desidero,  1. 

Mithridates,  Mithridates,  -is,  m. 

modesty,  modestia,  -ae,  f. 


month,  mensis,  -is,  m. 
monument,  monumentum,  -I,  n. 
moon,  Itina,  -ae,  f. 
more,  plus  (208),  magis. 
most,  pltirimus,  -a,  -um  (208). 
mother,  mater,  -tris,  f. 
mountain,  mons,  montis,  m. 
move,  moveo,  2. 
much,  multus,  -a,  -um  (208). 
multitude,  multitudo,  -inis,  f. 
must,  oportet,  2 ;  gerundive. 
my,  meus,  -a,  -um  (266). 

name,  nomen,  -inis,  n. 
nation,  gens,  gentis,  f. 
native  land,  patria,  -ae,  F. 
near,  prope,  w.  ace. 
neighboring,  flnitimus,  -a,  -um. 
Neptune,  NeptHnus,  -i,  m. 
never,  nunquam. 
nevr,  novus,  -a,  -um. 
night,  nox,  noctis,  f. 
nightingale,  luscinia,  -ae,  F. 
ninety,  nonaginta. 
ninth,  nonus,  -a,  -um. 
no,  ntillus,  -a,  -um  (200). 
nobody,  no  one,  nemo,  -inis,  M. 

and  F.  (286)  ;  that  no  one  (neg. 

purpose),  ne  quis. 
no  longer,  jam,  w.  neg. 
not,  non. 

nothing,  niliil,  indecl. 
nourish,  alo,  3 ;  ntitrio,  4. 
now,  nunc;  jam. 
Numa,  Numa,  -ae,  m. 
number,  numerus,  -i,  m. 
nurture,  nutrio,  4. 

oak,  quercus,  -us,  F. 

obey,  pareo,  2,  w.  dat. 

obtain,  adipiscor,  3;  potior,  4,  w. 

ahl.;  (by  lot),  sortior,  4. 
ocean,  oceanus,  -i,  m. 


of 


268 


prevent 


of,  sign  of  genitive*  de,  w,  ahl.; 
{out  of),eor  ex,  to,  ahl, 

offer,  propono,  3;  offero  (321); 
praebeo,  2. 

often,  saepe. 

old,  antiquus,  -a,  -um ;  vetus,  -eris 
(141)  ;  (man),  senex,  -is  (262)  ; 
(age),  senectus,  -litis,  f. 

on,  in,  w.  ahl. ;   {of  time),  ahl. 

one,  unus,  -a,  -um  (200)  ;  one  .  .  . 
another y  alius  .  .  .  alius ;  the  one 
. .  .  the  other,  alter  . .  .  alter. 

open,  adj.,  patens,  -entis. 

open,  v.,  aperio,  4. 

opinion,  judicium,  -i,  n. 

oppose,  obsisto,  3;  w.  dat. 

orator,  orator,  -oris,  m. 

order,  v.,  impero,  1,  w.  dat. ;  jubeo, 
2,  w.  ace. 

order  (in  order  to) ,  ut,  w.  suhj. 

other,  alius,  -a,  -ud  (201)  ;  some 
.  .  .  others,  alii  .  .  .  alii;  {of 
two),  alter,  -era,  -orum. 

ought,  debeo,  2;  oportet,2;  gerun- 
dive. 

our,  noster,  -tra,  -trum. 

ourselves,  see  self. 

out,  in  comhination  w.  verhs^  see 
the  verhs. 

out  of,  e  or  ex,  lo.  ahl. 

over,  in  comhination  w.  verhs,  see 
the  verhs. 

overcome,  vinco,  3;  supero,  1 
(186). 

owe,  debe5,  2, 

OAvn,  proprius,  -a,  -um ;  (his,  her, 
their) ,  suus,  -a,  -um ;  (my),  me- 
ns, -a,  -um ;  (our),  noster,  -tra, 
-trum;  (your),  vester,  -tra, 
-trum;   (thy),  tuus,  -a,  -um. 

pain,  dolor,  -oris,  m. 

parent,  parens,  -entis,  M.  and  f. 

part,  pars,  partis,  f. 


pass  (narrow),  angustiae,  -arum, 

F. 

pass  by,  praetereo  (327). 

patience  (with),  patienter.    See 
also  144. 

patiently,  patienter. 

peace,  pax,  pacis,  f. 

people,    populus,  -i,   m.  ;     (com- 
mon), plebs,  -is,  f. 

peril,  peiiculum,  -T,  n. 

perish,  pereo  (327). 

Persians,  Persae,  -arum,  m. 

physician,  medicus,  -i,  m. 

place,  n.y  locus,  -i,  M.,  in  plu^ 
M.  and  N. 

place  v.,  pono,  3. 

plain,  planities,  -ei,  F. 

plan,  consilium,  -T,  n. 

pleasant,  grains,  -a,  -um. 

pleasing,  gratus,  -a,  -um. 

pleasure,     voluptas,     -atis,     f.  ; 
(with),  libenter. 

pledge,  fides,  -ei,  f. 

plough,  71.,  aratrum,  -i,  N. 

plough,  v.,  aro,  1. 

poem,  poema,  -atis,  N. 

poet,  poeta,  -ae,  m. 

point  (be  on  the),  see  422. 

Polyphemus,  Polyphemus,  -T,  M. 

Pompey,  Pompejus,  Pompei,  m. 

poor,  miser,  -era,  -erum ;  pauper, 
-eris  (167.  3). 

possess,  habeo,  2 ;  potior,  4,  w.  ahl 

possession    {get  possessioii    of) 
potior,  4,  w.  ahl. ;  adipiscor,  3 

postpone,  differo  (321). 

power,  imperium,  -i,  x. 

praise,  n.,  laus,  laudis,  f. 

praise,  v.,  laudo,  1. 

precept,  praeceptum,  -i,  n. 

prefer,  malo  (316). 

present  (be),  adsum,  w.  dat. 

pretty,  pulcher,  -chra,  -clirum. 

prevent,  prohibeo,  2. 


prisoner 


269 


Samnite 


prisoner,  captivus,  -i,  m.  ;  captiva, 

-ae,  F. 
proceed,  procedo,  3. 
proclamation  (malte),  edico,  3. 
promise,   polliceor,    2;     promit- 

to,  3. 
property,  bona,  -orum,  n. 
proud,  superbus,  -a,  -urn. 
province,  provincia,  -ae,  f. 
prow,  r5strum,  -i,  n. 
prudence,  prudentia,  -ae,  F. 
punisli,  punio,  4. 
punishment,  poena,  -ae,  f. 
pupil,  discipulus,  -i,  m. 
purpose  {for  the  purpose  of),  ut 

or  qui,  w.  suhj.-;  ad,  w.  gerund 

or  gerundive  ;  supine. 
put  (to  flight),  fug5,  1;    (off), 

differo  (321)  ;  (by),  depono,  3  ; 

(an  end  to),  finio,  4. 
Pyrrhus,  Pyrrhus,  -T,  m. 

queen,  regina,  -ae,  F. 
quickly,  celeriter. 

raise,  tollo,  3  ;  levo,  1. 
rather  (wish),  malo  (316). 
read,  lego,  3 ;   (aloud),  recito,  1. 
receive,   recipio,  3;    accipio,  3; 

excipio,  3. 
recite,  recitS,  1. 
recognize,  agn5sco,  3. 
red,  ruber,  -bra,  -brum. 
refresh,  recreo,  1. 
Regulus,  Regulus,  -i,  m. 
reign,  regno,  1. 
relate,  trado,  3 ;  narro,  1. 
relieve,  libero,  1 ;  w.  ahl. 
remain,  maneo,  2 ;  resto,  1. 
remember,  memoria  teneo. 
remove  (=  emigrate),  demigr5,  1. 
Remus,  Remus,  -T,  m. 
render  aid,  auxilium  fero. 
renown,  f  ama,  -ae,  f. 


renowned,  amplus,  -a,  *um;  cla- 

rus,  -a,  -um. 
report,  nuntio,  1. 
republic,  res  publica,  rei  publi- 

cae,  F. 
respect,  vereor,  2. 
respects  (in  all),  omnibus  rebus, 
rest  (the),  ceterT,  -ae,  -a. 
restitution  (demand),  res  repe- 

to,  3. 
restrain,  coerceo,  2. 
results  (it),  fit  (327). 
retain,  retined,  2. 
retreat,  se  recipio,  3. 
return,  redeo,  (327). 
reward,  praemium,  -T,  n. 
Rhine,  Rhenus,  -i,  m. 
Rhone,  Rhodanus,  -T,  m. 
rich,  dives,  -itis  (167.  3). 
ride,  pass,  of  veho,  3;  equito,  1. 
rightly,  recte. 
rise,  orior,  4. 
river,   amnis,  -is,  M. ;  fluvius,  -i, 

M.;  flumen,  -inis,  n.  (172). 
road,  via,  -ae,  f. 
rob,  spolio,  1 ;  privo,  1 ;  w.  ahl. 
robber,  latro,  -onis,  m. 
Roman,  R5manus,  -a,  -um. 
Rome,  Roma,  -ae,  f. 
Romulus,  Romulus,  -T,  M. 
rose,  rosa,  -ae,  f. 
rough,  asper,  -era,  -erum. 
ruddy,  ruber,  -bra,  -brum. 
rule,  rego,  3  (180)  ;  regno,  1. 

sad,  tristis,  -e. 
safe,  tutus,  -a,  -um. 
sagacious,  prtidens,  -entis. 
sail,  pass,  of  veho,  3;  navigo,  1. 
sailor,  nauta,  -ae,  m. 
sake  {for  the  sake),  causa,  w.  gen, 
Sallust,  Sallustius,  -i,  m. 
same,  Idem,  eadem,  idem  (270). 
Samnite,  Samnis,  -Itis. 


Saturn 


270. 


study 


Saturn,  Saturnus,  -i,  M. 

save,  servo,  1. 

say,  dico,  3;  (keep  saying),  die- 
tit  o,  1. 

scare,  terreo,  2. 

school,  schola,  -ae,  f. 

Scipio,  Scipio,  -onis,  M. 

sea,  mare,  -is,  N. 

see,  video,  2;  (through),  per- 
spicio,  3. 

second,  secundus,  -a,  -um. 

seek,  peto,  3;  quaero,  3. 

seem,  videor,  2. 

seize,  rapio,  3. 

self,  ipse,  -a,  -um  (270) ;  sui  (264). 

send,  mitto,  3 ;  (back)  remitto,  3. 

senate,  senatus,  -us,  m. 

September,  September,  -bris,  M. 

servant,  minister,  -tri,  M. ;  ser- 
vus,  -T,  M.  (66). 

set  out,  proficiscor,  3. 

seven,  septem. 

seventh,  Septimus,  -a,  -um. 

share,  partior,  4. 

sharply,  acriter. 

she,  ea,  ejus,  F. 

sheep,  ovis,  -is,  F. 

shepherd,  pastor,  -oris,  M. 

shield,  sciitura,  -C,  n. 

ship,  navis,  -is,  f.  (154). 

shore,  litus,  -oris,  n. 

short,  brevis,  -e. 

shout,  clamor,  -oris,  M. 

Sicily,  Sicilia,  -ae,  f. 

sick,  aeger,  -gra,  -grum.   (71.) 

side,  latus,  -eris,  N. 

signal,  sTgnum,  -T,  N. 

silent  (be),  tace5,  2. 

since,  cum,  w.  subj. 

sing,  canq,  3 ;  canto,  1. 

sister,  soror,  -oris,  f. 

sit,  sedeo,  2. 

sixth,  sextus,  -a,  -um. 

skilful,  peritus,  -a,  -um. 


slave,  servus,  -i,  m.  (66). 

slavery,  servitus,  -utis,  f. 

slay,  neco,  1 ;   interficio,  3 ;   oo 

cido,  3. 
sleep,  n.,  somuus,  -i,  m. 
sleep,  v.,  dormio,  4. 
small,  parvus,  -a,  -um. 
smith,  faber,  -bri,  m. 
Socrates,  Socrates,  -is,  m. 
soldier,  miles,  -itis,  m. 
Solon,  Solon,  -onis,  m. 
some  one,    aliquis,  -qua,    (quid) 

-quod  (279.2);    quidam,  quae- 

dam,  quod(quid)dam  (279.  5); 

some  .  .  .  others,  alii  .  .  .  alii; 

(o/  two  parties),  alter! . . .  alter! ; 

ofte7i  not  expressed. 
something,  aliquid. 
son,  filius,  -i,  m. 
song,  cantus,   -us,  m.;    carmen, 

-iuis,  N.  (278). 
son-in-law,  gener,  -eri,  m. 
soon,  mox. 
soothe,  mollio,  4. 
source,  fons,  fontis,  m. 
Spain,  Hispania,  -ae,  f. 
spare,  parco,  3 ;  w.  dat. 
speak,  loquor,  3;  dico,  3;  speak 

to,  alloquor,  3. 
spear^asta,  -ae,  f. 
spiritedly,  acriter. 
spring,  fons,  fontis,  M. 
spy,  explorator,  -oris,  m. 
stab,  transf!go,  3. 
stain,  maculo,  1. 
star,  Stella,  -ae,  f.  (301). 
start  (=  set  out),  profisciscor,  3. 
state,  clvitas,  -atis,  f. 
statue,  statua,  -ae,  f. 
step,  gradus,  -us,  m.  (245). 
story,  f  abula,  -ae,  f. 
street,  via,  -ae,  f. 
strong,  validus,  -a,  -um  ;  f ortis,  -e. 
study,  71.,  studiura,  -i,  n. 


study 


271 


tower 


study,  v.,  studeo,  2,  w.  dat. 
sturdy,  validus,  -a,  -um. 
successfully,  optime ;  f eliciter. 
suddenly,  imprdviso. 
suffer,  patior,  3;  tolero,  1;    suf- 

fero  (321). 
suitable,  opportunus,  -a,  -um. 
summer,  aestas,  -atis,  F. 
summon,  invito,  1. 
sun,  sol,  solis,  m. 
surpass,    supero,     1;     viuco,    3 

(186). 
surrender,  dedo,  3. 
surround,   cingo,    3;    circumve- 

nio,  4. 
survive,  supersum  (297). 
swear,  juro,  1. 
sweet,  dulcis,  -e ;  suavis,  -e. 
swift,  velox,  -ocis ;  celer,  -eris,  -ere 

(179). 
sword,  gladius,  -i,  m. 


table,  raensa,  -ae,  f, 

tail,  Cauda,  -ae,  f. 

take,  capio,  3;    sumo,  3;   take  a 

walk,  ambuld,  1. 
tall,  altus,  -a,  -um. 
Tarentlne,  Tarentinus,  -i,  m. 
Tarquin,  Tarquinius,  -i,  m. 
task,  pen  sum,  -i,  N. 
teach,  doceo,  2. 
teacher,  magister,  -tri,  m.  ;  prae- 

ceptor,  -oris,  m. 
tear  down,  rescindo,  3. 
tedious,  longus,  -a,  -um. 
tell,  narro,  1 ;  dTc5,  3. 
temple,  templum,  -i,  n. 
tender,  tenor,  -era,  -erum. 
tenth,  decimus,  -a,  -um. 
terrify,  terreo,  2. 
terror,  terror,  -oris,  m. 
than,  quam;  ahl.  (212). 
that,  conj.  (in  purpose  or  result 


clauses),  ut ;  (^after  verbs  of  fear- 
ing), ne;  (not),  ne;  (^after  ex- 
pressions of  doubt),  quin ;  after 
verbs  of  saying  and  the  like,  not 
translated. 

that,  pron.  {determ.),  is,  ea,  id 
(270);  (demon.),  ille,  -a,  -ud 
(275);  iste, -a, -ud  (275)  ;  (reZ.), 
qui,  quae,  quod  (279). 

their,  gen.  plur.  of  is;  (own), 
suus,  -a,  -um. 

themselves,  see  self. 

then,  tum ;  delude. 

there,  ibi;  as  an  expletive,  not 
translated. 

thing,  res,  -ei,  F. 

think,  arbitror,  1 ;  puto,  1  (429). 

thirst,  sitis,  -is,  f.  (^acc.  -im, 
abl.  -i). 

thirty,  triginta. 

this,  (determ.),  is,  ea,  id  (270); 
(demon.),  hie,  haec,  hoc  (275). 

thou,  tu. 

though,  cum,  w.  subj, 

thousand,  mille  (311.  6). 

three,  tres,  tria  (311.  4). 

three  hundred,  trecenti,  -ae,  -a. 

thrust  forth,  exturbo,  1. 

through,  per,  w.  ace. 

throw,  jacio,  3 ;  couicio,  3. 

time,  tempus,  -oris,  n. 

tired,  defessus,  -a,  -um. 

to,  sign  of  dative;  ad,  in,  w.  ace; 
(expressing  purpose),  ut,  w. 
subj.;  ad,  w.  gerund  or  gerund- 
ive; supine. 

to-day,  hodie. 

together  vrith,  cum,  xo.  abl. 

toil,  laboro,  1. 

to-morrow,  eras. 

too,  quoque;  (much),  nimium. 

touch,  tango,  3. 

towards,  ad,  in,  w.  ace. 

tower,  turris,  -is,  f.  (149). 


town 


272 


wonder 


town,  oppidum,  -I,  n. 

townsman,  oppidanus,  -i,  m. 

train,  exerceo,  2. 

tree,  arbor,  -oris,  f. 

trial  (make),  experior,  4. 

true,  verus,  -a,  -um. 

trumpet,  tuba,  -ae,  f. 

truth,  verum,  -T,  n. 

try,  experior,  4;  couor,  1. 

turn,  converto,  3;  (from),  aver- 
to,  3  ;   (out),  eveuio,  4. 

twenty,  vTginti. 

two,  duo,  -ae,  -o  (311.  4)  ;  (which 
of),  uter,  -tra,  -trum ;  (each  of), 
iiterque,  utraque,  utruinque. 

tyrant,  tyrannus,  -I,  m. 

uncertain,  incertus,  -a,  -urn. 
undertake,  suscipio,  3 ;  conor,  1. 
unwilling  (be),  nolo  (316). 
up,  in  combination  to.  verbs ^  see 

the  verbs. 
upon,  in,  w.  ace.  or  abl. 
use,  utor,  3;  w.  abl, 
useful,  utilis,  -e. 

vain  (in),  frustra. 

valley,  vallis  {or  valles),  -is,  f. 

valor,  virtus,  -iitis,  f. 

very,  superl.  degree  ;  admodum. 

victorious,  victor,  -oris,  m. 

victory,  victoria,  -ae,  f. 

virtue,  virtus,  -utis,  f. 

voice,  vox,  vocis,  f. 

wage  (war),  gero,  3. 

w^agon,  carrus,  -i,  m. 

walk  (=  take  a  walk)^  ambulo,  1. 

w^all,  murus,  -T,  m. 

wander,  vagor,  1. 

want  (=  wish),  volo  (316)  ;    de- 

sTdero,  1. 
want  (=  lack),  careo,  2. 


war,  bellum,  -i,  n. 

vrarn,  moueo,  2. 

w^atch,  vigil5,  1. 

watchful,  vigil,  -is  (151.  4). 

water,  aqua,  -ae,  f. 

way,   via,   -ae,    f.;    (=  respect), 

res,  rei,  f. 
weapon,  telum,  -i,  n. 
weary,  defessus,  -a,  -um. 
weep,  fleo,  2. 
Avelcome,  excipio,  3. 
well,  bene. 
well  (be),  valeo,  2. 
what,  interrog.,  quis,  quae,  quid 

(quod)   (279);   (=  that  which) , 

id  quod. 
when,  cum. 
whether,  num ;  utrum. 
which,  qui,  quae,  quod  (279)  ;  {of 

two),  uter,  utra,  utrum  (200). 
while,  dum. 
white,  albus,  -a,  -um;  candidus, 

-a,  -um. 
who,   rel.,    qui,   quae;    inten^og., 

quis,  quae  (279). 
whole,  t5tus,  -a,  -um  (200). 
why,  cur. 

w^ide,  latus,  -a,  -um. 
wife,  uxor,  -oris,  f. 
wild,  f  erus,  -a,  -um. 
wild  beast,  fera,  -ae,  f. 
wind,  ventus,  -i,  M. 
wine,  vinum,  -i,  N. 
w^lng,  ala,  -ae,  f. 
winter,  hiems,  -is,  f. 
wise,  sapiens,  -entis. 
wisely,  sapienter. 
wish,  volo  (316). 
with,  cum,  w.  abl. ;  sometimes  abl, 

alone. 
without,  sine,  w.  abl. 
witness,  specto,  1. 
wonder,  miror,   1;    (at),  admi- 

ror,  1. 


wooden 


273 


zeal 


wooden,  ligneus,  -a,  -urn. 

woods,  silva,  -ae,  f. 

w^ord,  \erbum,  -I,  n. 

work,  n.,  labor,  -oris,  m.;  opus, 

-eris,  N. 
work,  v.,  laboro,  1. 
world,  mundus,  -i,  m. 
worthy,  clTgnus,  -a,  -um. 
would  rather,  malo  (316). 
would  that,  utinam. 
wound,  n.,  vulnus,  -eris,  N. 
wound,  v.,  vulnero,  1. 
wretched,  miser,  -era,  -erum. 
write,  scribo,  3. 


writing,  scriptum,  -T,  n. 
wrong,  injuria,  -ae,  F. 

year,  annus,  -i,  m. 

yesterday,  heri. 

yonder  (that),  ille,  -a,  -ud  (275. 3). 

you,  sing,  tu,  plur.  vos. 

young   man,  adulescens,  -entis, 

M. ;  juvenis,  -is,  m. 
your,  sing,   tuus,  -a,   -um;  pliir. 

vester,  -tra,  -trum. 

Zama,  Zama,  -ae,  f. 
zeal,  studium,  -I,  n. 


GLOSSARIUM    GRAMMATICUM. 


ablative 

ablative,  ablativus,  -T,  m.  ;  {of 
instrument)  instrument!;  {of 
agent)  agentis  ;  {of  manner) 
modi;  {of  specification)  respec- 
tus;  {of  separation)  separatio- 
nis;   {of  description)  qwhlit^ii^. 

absolute,  absolutus,  -a,  -um. 

acfcent,  accentus,  -us,  m. 

accusative,  accusativus,  -i,  m. 

active,  activus,  -a,  -um. 

adjective,  adjectivum,  -T,  n. 

adverb,  adverbium,  -i,  n. 

agent,  agens,  -eutis,  m. 

agree,  congruo,  3;  w.  ahl.;  con- 
cordd,  1. 

agreement,  concordatio,  -onis,  f. 

alphabet,  alphabetum,  -i,  n. 

answer,  ?i.,  responsum,  -T,  n. 

answer,  v.,  respondeo,  2. 

antecedent,  antecedens,  -entis,  n. 

apposition,  appositio,  -onis,  f.  ; 
(be  in)  appono,  3. 

cardinal,  cardinaliSj  -e. 
case,  casus,  -us,  m. 
clause,  clausula,  -ae,  f. 
common  or  appellative,  appella- 

tivus,  -a,  -um. 
comparative,  comparativus,  -a, 

-um. 
comparison,  comparatio,  -onis,  f. 
compound,  compositus,  -a,  -um. 
concessive,  conccssivus,  -a,  -um. 
condition,    hypothesis,    -is,    f.  ; 

conditio,  -onis,  f. 


distributive 

conditional,    hypotheticus,     -a,^ 

-um ;  conditionalis,  -e. 
conjugation,  conjugatio,  -onis,  F^ 
conjunction,  conjunctio,  -5nis,  f, 
consonant,     ITttera     consonans,^ 

-antis,  or  cousouans,  -antis,  f. 
construction,  constructio,-6nis,F.] 
conversation,  colloquium,  -i,  n. 
correct,  adj.y  rectus,  -a,  -um. 
correct,  v.,  corrigo,  3 ;  cmendo,  1.  J 
correctly,  recte. 

dative,  dativus,  -T,  m. 
declension,  declinatio,  -onis,  f. 
decline,  declino,  1. 
declinable,  declinabilis,  -e. 
defective,  defectivus,  -a,  -um. 
degree,  gradus,  -us,  m. 
demonstrative,   demonstrativus,j 

-a,  -um. 
deponent,  deponens,  -entis. 
derive,  traho,  3. 
description   (abl.  of),  qualitas, 

-atis,  F. 
determinative,  definitus,  -a,  -um. 
difference,  discrimen,  -inis,  n. 
diminutive,  deminutivum,  -i,  n. 
diphthong,  diphthongus,  -i,  m. 
direct,  directus, -a, -um ;   rectus, 

-a,  -um. 
discourse,  oratio,  -onis,  r. 
discuss,  tracto,  1. 
dissyllable,  dissyllabus,  -i,  m. 
distributive,    distributivus,    -a, 

-um. 


end 


275 


pluperfect 


end,  v.,  desino,  3. 
English,  Anglicus,  -a,  -um. 
English  (in),  Aiigiice. 
etymology,  etymologia,  -ae,  r. 
example,  exemplum,  -i,  n.  ;  (for) 

ut;  exempli  causa. 
exception,  exceptio,  -onis,  F. 

feminine,  feraininus,  -a,  -um. 
finite,  finitus,  -a,  -um. 
formation,  formatio,  -onis,  F. 
future,  futurum,  -i,  n. 
future  perfect,  futurum  exactum. 


gender,  genus,  -eris,  n. 
genitive,  genetivus,  -i,  m. 
gerund,  gerundium,  -i,  n. 
gerundive,  gerundivum,  -i,  n. 
govern,  rego;  pass.  0/ jungo  or 

conjungo,  foil,  by  cum  w.  abl. 
grammar,  grammatica,  -ae,  F. 

imperative,  modus  imperativus 

07"  imperativus,  -T,  m. 
imperfect,  imperfectum,  -T,  n. 
impersonal,  impersonalis,  -e. 
increase,  cresco,  3. 
indicative,    modus    indicativus, 

-1,  M.,  or  indicativus,  -1,  M. 
Indeclinable,  indecliuabilis,  -e. 
indirect,  indirectus,  -a,  -um ;  ob- 

liquus,  -a,  -um. 
infinitive,  modus  infinitivus   or 

infinitivus,  -T,  m. 
instrument,  instrumentum,  -T,  n. 
interjection,  interjectio,  -onis,  F. 
interrogative,  interrogatlvus,  -a, 

-um. 
Intransitive,     intransitivus,     -a, 

-um. 
Irregular,    irregularis,    -e;    ano- 

malus,  -a,  -nm. 


Latin,  Latinus,  -a,  -um. 
Latin  (in),  Latlne. 
lesson,  pensum,  -1,  N. 
letter,  littera,  -ae,  F. 
limit,  v.,  limit 0,  1. 
liquid,  liquidus,  -a,  -um. 
locative,  locativus,  -T,  m. 
long,  longus,  -a,  -um;  productus, 
-a,  -um. 

manner,  modus,  -T,  M. 
masculine,  masculinus,  -a,  -um. 
mean,  signiflco,  1. 
meaning,  significatio,  -onis,  f. 
mistake,  n.,  error,  -5ris,  m. 
mistake,  v.,  erro,  1. 
monosyllable,  monosyllabum,  -1, 

N. 

mood,  modus,  -1,  m. 
mute,  mtitus,  -a,  -um. 

negative,  negativus,  -a,  -um. 
neuter,  neuter,  -tra,  -trum. 
nominative,  nominativiis,  -T,  m. 
noun,  n5men,  -inis,  n.;  substan- 

tivum,  -T,  N. 
numeral,  numeralis,  -e. 

object,  objectimi,  -T,  n. 
ordinal,  ordinalis,  -e. 

paradigm,  paradigma,  -atis,  N. 
participle,  participium,  -1,  n. 
particle,  particula,  -ae,  f. 
partitive,  partitivus,  -a,  um. 
passive,  passivus,  -a,  -um. 
perfect,  perfectum,  -1,  n. 
person,  persona,  -ae,  f. 
personal,  pers5nalis,  -e. 
phrase,  plirasis,  -is,  f. 
pluperfect,  plusquamperfectum, 


plural  276 


yes 


plural,  pluralis,  -e. 
positive,  positivus,  -a,  -um. 
preposition,  praepositio,  -onis,  f. 
present,  praesens,  -entis,  n. 
principal,  principalis,  -e. 
pronoun,  pronomen,  -iuis,  N. 
proper,  proprius,  -a,  -um. 

quantity,  quantitas,  -atis,  f. 
question,  i liter rogatio,  -5nis,  f. 

reflexive,  reciprocus,  -a,  -um ;  re- 

flexivus,  -a,  -um. 
regular,  regularis,  -e. 
relative,  relativus,  -a,  -um. 
remember,  memoria  teiieo. 
review,  recognosco,  3;   (lesson) 

pensum  rccognoscendum. 
Toot,  radix,  -Icis,  f. 
rule,  regula,  -ae,  f. 

school,  schola,  -ae,  f. 
sentence,  seiitentia,  -ae,  f. 
separation,  separiitionis. 
sequence,  consecutio,  -oii'is,  f. 
short,  brevis,  -e;    correptiis,  -a, 

-um. 
sibilant,  slbilus,  -a,  -um. 
singular,  siugularis,  -e. 
sound,  souus,  -i,  M. 
specification,  respectus,  -us,  M. 
speech  (part  of),  oratio. 
stem,  basis,  -is,  f. 
study,  w.,  studium,  -i,  n. 


study,  v.,  studeo,  2. 
subject,  subjectum,  -i,  n. 
subjunctive,    modus    subjuucti- 
vus,  -T,  M.,  or  subjunctivus,  -i,  m. 
substantive,  substautivum,  -i,  n. 
substantively,  substantive. 
superlative,  superlativus,  -a, 
supine,  supinum,  -i,  n. 
syllable,  syllaba,  -ae,  f. 
syntax,  syntaxis,  -is,  f. 

teacher,    praeceptor,   -oris,    m.; 

raagister,   -tii,    m.  ;    magistra, 

-ae,  F. 
tense,  tempus,  -oris,  n. 
termination,  terminatio,  -5nis,  f. 
transitive,  transitivus,  -a,  -um 
treat  (=  discuss),  tracto,  1. 


verb,  verbum,  -T,  N. 
vocabulary,  vocabularium,  -i,  n. 
vocative,  vocativus,  -i,  m. 
voice,    vox,    vocis,    f.  ;     genus, 

-eris,  N. 
vowel,  littera  vocalis,  -is,  f.,  or 

vocalis,  -is,  f. 


I 


w^ish,  optatid,  -onis,  f. 
word,  verbum,  -i,  n.  ;  vocabulum, 
-1,  N.;  vox,  vocis,  f. 


1 


yes,  certe,  certissime;  vero;  ita 
est,  ista  sunt ;  verb  of  question 

repeated. 


I 


PRESSVVORK   BY   GiNN   &   Co.,    BoSTON. 


INDEX. 


The  general  vocabularies  are  to  be  used  as  an  index  to  words  (with  some  excep- 
tions) for  which  reference  is  needed.  Full-face  figures  refer  to  sections,  not 
pages.  A  superior  figure  (e.g.  102)  indicates  a  foot-note.  Most  abbreviations 
will  readily  be  understood:  ff.  =  and  following;  imv.  =  imperative. 


A. 

a  or  ab,  61,  62. 

a- verbs,  86. 

Abbreviations  beginning  letters, 
4371,  438. 

Ablative,  translation  of,  14^,  59^ ; 
of  agent,  61,  62;  of  means  or  i7i- 
strumenty  90,  91 ;  of  material,  92, 
II,  81;  of  separation,  128-130; 
of  timey  135,  136;  of  manner, 
144,  145 ;  w.  comparatives,  211, 
212;  of  specification,  259,  260; 
w.  utor,  etc.,  303,  304;  w.  preps., 
333 ;  of  place,  335,  3 ;  descriptive, 
341,  p.  2223.'!;  absolute,  412;  abl. 
sing,  of  vowel  stems  in  3d  decl., 
151,  2. 

Abstract  nouns,  I68I. 

-abus,  in  dat.  and  abl.  plu.,  19^. 

Accent,  7 ;  before  enclitics,  7,  (1). 

Accusative,  direct  ohj.,  25,  26; 
predicate,  92,  I,  5^,  93,  II,  7^  171, 
II,  31,  250,  II,  45;  two  aces.,  131, 
I,  82,  197,  II,  108;  w,  verbs  of 
remembering  and  forgetting,  305, 
306;  of  extent,  312,  313;  w. 
preps.,  333,  4 ;  of  limit,  334,  335, 
2;  w.  inf.,  400,  401;  w.  some 
impers.  verbs,  415,  3,  4,  416. 

Ad,  w.  gerunds  and  gerundives, 
432,  3. 


Adjectives,  of  1st  and  2d  decls., 
44,  71;  of  3d  decl.,  105,  134, 
141,  150,  164;  irregular,  200; 
comparison  of,  205  ff.;  poss.  adj. 
prons.,  266;  interrog.,  279,  3; 
numeral,  311;  agreement  with 
nouns,  45,  II,  1^,  53,  54;  used  as 
nouns,  117 ;  of  one,  two,  or  three 
terminations,  155 ;  agreement 
with  understood  subject,  197, 
I,  8*5;  order  w.  prep,  and  noun, 
64, 1,  71 ;  order  w.  gen.  and  noun, 
124,  I,  63;  method  of  declining, 
442. 

Adverbs,  formation  of,  216  ff. ; 
comparison  of,  219;  numeral, 
311,  8. 

Agent,  abl.  of,  61,  62;  dat.  of, 
425  (5),  426,  444*,  cf.  428,  II,  96. 

Aliquod  as  adj.,  279,  2. 

Alphabet,  1. 

And,  omitted,  57,  II,  63, 227,  II,  1^, 
cf.  p.  2208;  inserted,  35,  II,  S^.^, 
50,  II,  8S  57, 1,  8*. 

Antecedent  of  rel.  pron.,  280  ff. ; 
omitted,  287, 1,  lO^,  p.  221io. 

Antepenult,  5,  5. 

Anything  at  all,  quidquam  not 
aliquid,  279,  6,  440ii. 

Apposition,  118,  I,  2\  157,  158, 
197,  II,  87. 

Augustus  et  lulus  (Coll.),  9. 


278 


INDEX. 


B. 

Battle  of  Cannae  (for  trans.), 

339,  378. 
Battle  of  Marathon  (for  trans.), 

291. 

C. 

Caesar's  Two  Invasions  of  Bri- 
tain (for  trans.),  448. 

Cardinal  numerals,  311. 

Cases,  names  of,  10 ;  alike  in  form, 
16. 

Cause,  expressed  by  cum  clause, 
375 ;  by  part.,  409,  7,  412,  3. 

Chardn  et  Mercurius  (Coll.),  187. 

Cognomen,  195,  204. 

Collective  nouns,  168'-. 

CoLLOQuiA,  Augustus  ct  Klus,  9, 
58,  80 ;  Pater  et  Filiolus,  95, 
222,  302  ;  Frater  et  Sororcula, 
111,  162,  269,  274  ;  Praeceptor 
et  Discipulus,  126,  133,  195, 
204,  234,  261 ;  Magister  et  Dis- 
cipulus, 139;  Duo  Pueri,  148; 
Father  and  Son,  173;  Charon 
et  Mercurius,  187 ;  Jacdbus  et 
Augustus,  242 ;  Socrates  et 
Rhadamanthus,  290;  Tityrus 
et  Meliboeus,  332 ;  Johannes  et 
Jacobus,  388. 

Commands  and  appeals,  391. 

Comparative  degree,  formation 
of,  206,  (1),219;  with  and  with- 
out quam,  211,  212 ;  trans,  by 
too,  p.  2205. 

Comparison  of  adjs.,  205  ff. ;  of 
advs.,  219. 

Compound  tenses,  97. 

Concession,  expressed  by  cum 
clause,  372,  375,  p.  219^1;  by 
part.,  409,  4,  412,  3. 

Conditions,  383  ff . ;  expressed  by 
part.,  409,  5,  412,  3,  p.  2142. 


Conjugations  :  1st,  86  ff .,  351  ff. 

2d,  112  ff.,  351  ff. ;  review  of  1st 

and  2d,  127  ff. ;  3d,  180  ff.,  357  ff. 

review  of  1st,  2d,  and  3d,  196. 

197 ;  4th,  223  ff .,  357  ff. ;  3d  in  -zo" 

235  ff .,  357  ff . ;  review  of  the  four 

conjs.,   240,   241;    periphrastic, 

422  ff. 
Consonants,  3 ;  sounds  of,  4. 
Consonant  stems,  104,  134,  140. 
Cum,  conj.,  temporal,  causal,  and 

concessive,  372  ff. 
Cum,  prep.,  with  me,  te,  etc.,  265,  3 ; 

w.  abl.  of  manner,  144,  145. 
Customs    and     Habits    of    the 

Britons  (for  trans.),  449. 

D. 

Dative  of  possessor^  32 ;  indirect 
ohj.,  31,  I,  7,  8,  9,  II,  2,  6,  10,  33, 
34;  w.  comps.  of  sum,  295  ;  of 
service,  291^,  296,  II,  7^  344;  w. 
certain  verbs,  342,  343;  double 
dative,  344  ;  w.  intransitives,  417, 
418;  of  agent,  425,426;  not  to 
be  taken  for  abl.,  184,  6. 

Death  of  the  Pet  Sparrow  (fot 
trans.),  421.  | 

Declension,   paradigms   of:     Is^ 
14;  2d  in  -us  and  -um,  38;  in  -er, 
59,  65;  adjs.  of  1st  and  2d,  71 
3d,  mute  stems,  105 ;  liquid  stems, 
134;   sibilant   stems,  140,  141 
i  stems,  149,  150 ;  mixed  stemSj 
163-165 ;     comparatives,    209 
4th,  245;  5th,  254;  special,  262 
prons.,  264,  270,  275,  279;  duo 
and  tres,  311,  4. 

Definitions,  sometimes  not  given 
in  vocabs.,  57,  I,  1^ 

Demonstrative  pronouns,  275. 

Deponent  verbs,  1st  and  2d  conjs., 
298  ff. ;  3d  and  4th  conjs.,  303  ff. 

Derivation,  345. 


INDEX. 


279 


Descriptive   abl.  and  gen.,  341; 

abl.,  p.  2223.4. 
Determinative    pronouns,  270; 

used  like  adjs.,  270,  1. 
Die,  imv.  of  dico,  p.  ISO^. 
Diphthongs,  4 ;  quantity  of,  6,  2. 
Distributive  numerals,  311,  8. 
-d5,  nouns  in,  168. 
Double  consonants,  3. 
Double  dative,  344. 
Diic,  imv.  of  diicd,  p.  150^. 
DuM  with  pres.  ind.,  26313,  44210. 
Duo  Pueri  (Coll.),  148. 


e-verbs,  112. 

e- verbs,  180,  235. 

English  method  of  pronunciation, 

8. 
Enclitics,  7,  (1). 
-er,  nouns  and  adjs.  of  2d  decl.  in, 

67 ;   compar.   of   adjs.  in,  206, 

(1).  (3)- 
-evi,  perfects  in,  1102. 
Extent,  accusative  of,  312,  313. 

F„ 
Fables  (for  trans.),  441-447. 
Fac,  imv.  of  facio,  p.  ISQi. 
Father  and  Son  (Coll.),  173. 
Feminine  gender,  11,  2,  4 ;  in  1st 

decl.,  13  ;  in  3d  decl.,  168,  2  ;  in 

4th  decl.,  244,  1;   in  5th  decl., 

253. 
Fer,  imv.  of  fer5,  p.  ISQi. 
Fero,  compounds  of,  322. 
Fifth  decl.,  252  ff. 
First  conj.,  86  ff.,   351  ff.;  first 

periphrastic  conj.,  422. 
First  decl.,  12  ff.,  52  ff. 
Fourth  conj.,  223  ff .,  357  fC. 
Fourth  decl.,  243  ff. 
Frater  et  Sororcula  (Coll.),  Ill, 

162,  269,  274. 


Future  translated  by  Eng.  pres., 
116, 1,  13,  385,  31 ;  fut.  imv.,  391, 
(3)  ;  equivalent  to  imv.,  438^^. 

G. 

Gender,  general  rules  of,  11 ;  in 
1st  decl.,  13;  in  2d  decL  37; 
in  3d  decl.,  168;  in  4th  decl., 
244;  in  5th  decl.,  253.  Agree- 
ment in,  45,  II,  11,  53,  54,  281. 

Genitive,  like  Eng.  possessive,  30, 
I,  61 ;  of  nouns  in  -lus  and  -lum, 
79;  with  verbs  of  remembering 
and  forgetting,  305,  306 ;  parti- 
tive, 340,  4381^  4395,  44012;  de- 
scriptive, 341 ;  with  certain  im- 
pers.  verbs,  415,  3, 4,  416 ;  order 
w.  adj.  and  noun,  124, 1,  03. 

Gerund,  430-432;  nom.  of  sup- 
plied by  inf.,  431,  1. 

Gerundive,  p.  342;  423,  432;  diff. 
between  gerund  and  gerundive 
construction,  432. 

-g5,  nouns  in,  168. 

H. 

Hie,  demon,  of  1st  pers.,  275,  1 ; 

in  contrast  with  ille,  275,  5. 
Historical  tenses,  347;  pres.  444^. 
Hortatory  subjunctive,  390, 391. 

I. 

i-stems,  149  ff . 

i- verbs,  223. 

Ille,  demon,  of  3d  pers.,  275,  3 ;  in 

contrast  with  hie,  275,  5. 
Imperfect,  denoting  continuance, 

115,  I,  52;  of  customary  action, 

44512. 
Imperative,  389  ff. ;  not  common 

in  prohibitions,  391,  (2)3. 
Impersonal  verbs  and  verbs  used 

impersonally,  415  ff.,  425,  (4). 
In  not  always  to  be  translated  b/ 


280 


INDEX. 


in,  146,  I,  21,  185,  II,  7,  296, 

II,  105. 
In  omitted,  291^ 
Increase  in  the  gen.,  152,  l^. 
Indefinite  pronouns,  279. 
Indicative  in  cond.  sentences,  385. 
Indirect  discourse,  399  ff. 
Indirect  object  31,  I,  7,  8,  9,  II, 

2,  6,  10,  33,  34. 
Indirect  questions,  379  ff. 
Infinitive  as  in  Eng.,  395  ff. ;  w. 

sub.  ace,  399  ff. ;  tenses  of,  402- 

403;  fut.  pass.,  402i,  405, 1,  2i. 
Instrument,  abl.  of,  90,  91. 
Interrogative  pronoun,  279 ;  adj ., 

279,3,  ad  vs.,  380,  1. 
Intransitive  verbs  used  imperson- 
ally in  the  passive,  417,  418. 
-io,  nouns  in,  168;  verbs  in,  of  3d 

conj.,  235. 
Ipse,  distinguished  from  se,  270, 4, 

6  ;  how  translated,  270,  6. 
Irregular   adjs.,  200  ff. ;    verbs, 

72  ff.,  292  ff.,  316  ff. 
Is  as   pers.  pron.,  270,  2 ;   this  or 

that,  275,  6. 
Islands,  names  of,  3342. 
It,  expletive,  35, 1,  l^,  56, 1,  7^. 
-ium  in  gen.  plu.,  151,  3. 
-ius  in  gen.  sing,  of  adjs.,  200. 
-ius  and  -ium,  gen.  of   nouns  in, 

79;  voc.  of  nouns  in  -ius,  79. 
-ivi,  perfs.  in,  often  drop  v,  231, 1, 

91.2,327,2. 

J. 
Jacobus  et  Augustus  (Coll.),  242. 
Johannes  et  Jacobus  (Coll.) ,  388. 

L. 

Letters  (for  trans.),  437-440. 

Limit,  acc.  of,  335,  28. 

Liquids,  3. 

Liquid  stems,  134  ff. 

-lis,  superlative  of  adjs.  in,  207. 


Locative,  10,  3,  334,  335, 1 ;  in  1st 
decl.,  14,  2;  in  2d  decL,  40;  in 
3d  decL,  175. 


I 


M. 

Magister  et  Discipulus   (Coll.) 

139. 
Manner,  how  expressed,  144,  145. 
Marcus  Porcius  Cat5,  Puer  (fo: 

trans.),  394. 
Masculine  gender,  11, 1,  3  ;  in  2< 

decl.,  37  ;  in  3d  decL,  168,  1 ;  in 

4th  decl.,  244;  in  5th  decl.,  253. 
Material,  how  expressed,  92,  II,  8i. 
Means,  abl.  of,  90,  91. 
Mixed  stems,  163  ff. 
Motion,  verbs  of,  foil,  by  acc.  with 

and  without  prep.,  333-335. 
Mutes,  3. 
Mute  stems,  105  ff. 

N. 
Narrative  sentences,  372,  (3). 
Nasica  and  Ennius  (for  trans.), 

407. 
Ne,  enclitic,  7,  (1),  28,  12,  51,  38, 

586. 
Ne,  358,  369,  391,  (1);  omitted 

after  cave,  p.  178*. 
Neuter  gender,  11,  5 ;  in  2d  decl., 

37 ;  in  3d  decl.,  168,  3. 
N5li  in  prohibitions,  391  (l)i. 
Nomen,  195,  204. 
Nominative,  subj.,  24;  pred.,  46, 

47,  92, 1,  63,  93,  II,  QK 
N5nne,  51,  38. 
-ns,  nouns  in,  167,  1. 
Numeral  adjs.,  311 ;  advs.,  311,  8. 

O. 

0,  w.  voc,  56,  II,  1*. 
Object,   direct,   25,  26;  indirect, 
31, 1,  7,  8,  9,  II,  2,  6, 10,  33,  34. 


INDEX. 


281 


Of  =  because  of,  330,  II,  23. 
Omission  of  my,  thy^  his,  etc.,  100 ; 

of  ut,  4389,  44611;  of  in,  29^; 

of  ne,  p.  178* ;  of  fore  in  trans., 

428, 1,  4*. 
Order  of  words  in  sentence,  23 ; 

35,  1 ;  56, 1,  103  j  64,  I,  7^ ;  69, 

I,  101;  77,1,55;  93^  i^  92.  124, 

I,  63;   202,  I,  65;   215";   quis- 

que,  287, 1,  62 ;  fere,  329,  I,  6I; 

386,   I,  33;    404;    410,   II,  O^; 

43810;  44010;  446';  p.  2163;  p, 

2176 ;  p.  21913. 
Ordinal  numerals,  311. 
Ought,  of  past  time,  419,  I,  83. 


Participles,  408  ff. ;  in  principal 
parts,  861 .  (Jecl.  of  pres.  act., 
165,  408,  1,  of  perf.  and  fut., 
408,  2 ;  perf.  in  comp.  tenses 
as  adj.,  192,  I,  71,  404,  I,  41  ; 
part,  and  verb  trans,  by  two  co- 
ordinate verbs,  409,  2,  410,  I,  5*, 
412,  4;  abl.  absolute,  412,  413; 
Eng.  perf.  act.  part.,  how  ren- 
dered, 412,  6,  7 ;  used  as  nouns, 
2913. 

Passive  to  be  distinguished  from 
progressive  form  in  Eng.,  69,  II, 
85,  123,  II,  31. 

Pater  et  Filiolus  (Coll.),  95,  222, 
302. 

Partitive  gen.,  340,  4381^  4395, 
44012. 

Penult,  5,  5. 

Perfect,  sometimes  distinguished 
from  pres.  by  long  penult,  1195, 
191, 1,  21,  232,  I,  11 ;  definite  and 
indefinite,  347 ;  perf.  subj.  in  pro- 
hibitions, 391,  (2)  ;  perf.  part, 
trans,  by  pres.,  44212,  p.  217^ ;  w. 
ubi,  ut,  etc.,  4449 ;  perf.  subj. 
really  fut.  perf.,  391,  (2)2, 


Periphrastic  conjugations  :  act., 

422 ;  pass,,  423 ;  paradigms,  424. 
Personal    pronouns,    264,    265; 

when  nom.  of  is  expressed,  265, 2. 
Place,  expressions  of,  334  ff. 
Possessive  adj.  prons.,  266 ;  when 

omitted,  100. 
Possessor,  dat.  of,  32  ;  cf.  441*. 
Praeceptor  et  Discipulus  (Coll.), 

126,  133,  195,  204,  234,  261. 
Praenomen,  195,  204. 
Predicate  nom.,  46,  47,  92, 1,  63, 

93,  II,  63;  ace,  92,  I,  5^,  93,  II, 

7^  171,  II,  31. 

Prepositions,  333 ;  order  w.  adj. 
and  noun,  64,  I,  71. 

Present,  translation  of,  43i;  de- 
noting continuance,  115,  I,  52; 
Eug.  pres.  for  Lat.  fut.,  116,  I, 
13,  385,  31 ;  for  Lat.  fut.  perf., 
413,  II,  102;  sometimes  distin- 
guished from  perf.  by  short  pe- 
nult, 1195,  191,  I,  21 ;  w.  dum, 
26313, 442iOj  historical,  444^;  pres. 
subj.  trans,  as  fut.,  369,  1,  4. 

Primary  tenses,  347. 

Principal  parts  of  verbs,  86I. 

Principal  tenses,  347. 

Prohibitions,  391,  (1),  (2). 

Progressive  form  in  Eng.  to  be 
distinguished  from  passive,  69, 
II,  85,  123,  II,  31. 

Pronunciation,  Roman  method, 
4 ;  English  method,  8. 

Proserpina  (for  trans.),  199,  215, 
263. 

Piiblius  Cornelius  Scipio  (for 
trans.),  188. 

Purpose,  expressed  by  ut  w.  subj., 
352,  353;  qui  w.  subj.,  364; 
fut.  part.,  410,  I,  95;  ad  w. 
gerundive,  432,  3;  supine,  433, 
434 ;  causa  w.  gen.  of  gerund  or 
gerundive,  435, 1,  3,  p.  2215. 


282 


INDEX. 


Q. 

Quantity  of  vowels  and  diph- 
thongs, 6,  1,  2 ;  of  syllables,  6, 
3,  4,  5. 

Quin,  w.  subj.,  349,  350. 

Quis,  indef.  pron.  w.  si,  etc.,  362, 
I,  0>,  43815. 

R. 

r,  as  sign  of  passive,  87 1;  for  s, 
731-8,4^  142. 

Reflexive  pronoun,  264,  265. 

Relative  pronoun,  279;  agree- 
ment, 280  ff. ;  in  purpose  clause, 
364. 

Rest,  verbs  of,  foil,  by  abl.,  333- 
335. 

Result,  w.  ut,  368«ff.;  to  be  dis- 
tinguished from  purpose,  352, 
368,  44712. 

Roman  method  of  pronun.,  4. 

-rs,  nouns  in,  167,  1. 


-s,  monosyllables  in,  167,  2. 

Secondary  tenses,  347. 

Second  conj.,  112  if.,  351  fP.  Sec- 
ond periphrastic  conj.,  423. 

Second  decl.,  in  -us  and  -m/w,  36  ff., 
52  ff.,  in  -er,  59  ff. 

Semi-deponents,  p.  IT?^. 

Separation,  how  expressed,  128  ff. 

Sequence  of  tenses,  347  ff. 

Service,  dat.  of,  291i,  296,  II,  7^ 
344. 

Sibilant,  3. 

Sibilant  stems,  140  ff. 

Sdcratea  et  Rhadamanthus  (Coll.), 
290. 

Sounds  of  letters,  4. 

Specification,  abl.  of,  259,  260,  p. 
218«. 

Stem,  12^ ;  in  2d  decL,  36,  42 ;  in 


verbs,  86I ;  in  3d  decl.,  103, 
104,  107,  151,  1,  152,  166,  167 ; 
in  4th  decl.,  243;  in  5th  decl., 
252.  Perf.  stem  w.  long  vowel, 
1195. 

Subject  nom.,  24 ;  ace.  401  ; 
omitted,  50,  I,  Qi. 

Subjunctive  of  purpose,  352,  353, 
364  ;  of  result,  368 ;  w.  cum,  372  ; 
in  ind.  questions,  379  ff. ;  in  wishes 
and  conditions,  383  ff. ;  hortatory, 
390 ;  perf.  really  fut.  perf.,  391, 
(2)2;  fut.  tense  of,  425  (1). 
Meanings  not  given  in  paradigms, 
p.  261. 

Superlative  degree,  formation  of, 
206,  (2),  (3)  ;  strengthened  by 
quam,  437^. 

Supine,  433,  434. 

S.  V.  B.  E.  v.,  4371. 

Syllables,  5;  quantity  of,  6,  3, 
4,5. 

Synonymous  Words,  pueri,  liberi, 
60;  magister,  dominus,  66;  min- 
ister, servus,  66 ;  homo,  vir,  138 ; 
amnis,  flumen,  fluvius,  172 ;  hos- 
tis,  inimicus,  172 ;  celer,  vel5x, 
179;  superd,  vinco,  186;  habitd, 
viv5,  194  ;  animus,  mens,  273  ; 
cantus,  carmen,  278 ;  sidus,  stel- 
la,  301 ;  amo,  diligd,  volo,  de- 
sidero,  319 ;  interrogd,  rogo, 
quaerd,  382 ;  at,  sed,  autem,  393 ; 
jiidico,  censeo,  existimo,  arbi- 
tror,  puto,  opinor,  429. 

T. 
Terminations,  15. 
There,  expletive,  35,  I,  22;  56, 1, 

72 ;  220,  I,  12. 
Third  conj.,  180  ff.,  357  ff. ;  verbs 

in  45,  235  ff.,  357  ff. 
Third  decl.,  mute  stems,  105  ff. ; 

liquid    stems,    134  ff. ;    sibilant 


INDEX. 


283 


stems,  140  ff. ;  i-stems,  149  ff. ; 
mixed  stems,  163  ff. 

Time  when  or  within  which,  135, 
136;  how  long,  312,  313;  ex- 
pressed  by  cum  clause,  372,  373, 
by  part.,  409,  1,  2,^,  412 ;  rela- 
tive time  in  tenses  of  inf.,  402, 
403,  405,  II,  86,  of  part.,  409. 

Tityrus  et  Meliboeus  (Coll.),  332. 

Towns,  names  of,  334,  335. 

Translation,  passages  for,  Piiblius 
Cornelius  Scipio,  188;  Prdser- 
pina,  199,  215,  263;  Battle  of 
Marathon,  291 ;  Maxims,  320  ; 
Battle  of  Cannae,  339, 378 ;  Mar- 
cus Porcius  Cato,  Puer,  394 ;  Na- 
sica  and  Ennius,  407  ;  Death  of 
the  Pet  Sparrow,  421 ;  Letters, 
437-440 ;  Fables,  441-447  ;  Cae- 
sar^s  Two  Invasions  of  Britain, 
448;  Customs  and  Habits  of 
the  Britons,  449. 

U. 

-ubus  in  dat.  and  abl.  of  4th  decl., 
247. 


Ultima,  5,  5. 

Ut,  of  purpose,  352  ff. ;  of  result, 

367  ff. ;    w.    ind.,    437*,    4392 . 

omitted,  438^,  446-1. 

V. 

V,  sometimes  dropped,  231,  I,  9^>% 

327,  2,  4215. 
Vocative,  10,  2  ;  in  2d  decl.,  39 ; 

of  filius,  etc.,  79. 
Vocabularies  following  exercises, 

75,2. 
Vowels,  how  marked,  2;   sounds 

of,  4 ;  quantity  of,  6,  1,  2. 

W. 

Wishes,  383  ff. 

With  not  always  to  be  translated 
by  cum,  185,  II,  62. 

X. 

-X,  monosyllables  in,  167,  2. 

Y. 

You,  sing,  or  plu.,  732. 


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